1. Influence of Dietary Fatty Acids on the Pathophysiology of Intrauterine Fetal Growth and Neonatal Development. Consensus Conference: Dietary fat intake during the perinatal period, 11-14 September 2005, Wildbad Kreuth/Germany. Dietary Recommendations for Pregnant Women http://www.perilip.org/PERILIPRecommendations.html
2. Mean and Percentiles for Usual Daily Intake of n-3 Docosahexaenoic Acid (22:6) (g), United States, CSFII (1994–1996, 1998)
3. [UK] Ruxton CHS, et al. The health benefits of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: a review of the evidence. The British Dietetic Assoc, 2004. 17:449-59.
4. [USA] Ervin RB, et al. Dietary Intake of Fats and Fatty Acids for the United State Population: 1999-2000. Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics, 2004. 348 (Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center or Health Statistics): p. DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 2005-1250 04-0565.
5. [USA] Kris-Etherton PM, et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr, 2000. 71 (1 Suppl):179S-88S.
6. [USA] Wang C, et al. Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Disease. Summary, Evidence Report/Technology Assessment: Number 94. (Prepared by Tufts-New England Medical Center Evidence-based Practice Center, under Contract No. 290-02-0022). AHRQ Publication Number 04-E009-1, 2004. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD.
7. [Canada] Dewailly EE, et al. Relations between n-3 fatty acid status and cardiovascular disease risk factors among Quebecers. Am J Clin Nutr, 2001. 74(5):603-11.
8. [Australia] Meyer BJ, et al. Dietary intakes and food sources of omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Lipids, 2003. 38(4):391-8.
9. [Australia] Ollis TE, et al. Australian food sources and intakes of omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Ann Nurt Metab, 1999. 43(6):346-55.
10. [Denmark] Marckmann P, et al. Biomarkers of habitual fish intake in adipose tissue. Am J Clin Nutr, 1995. 62(5):956-9.
11. [Japan] Tokudome Y, et al. Foods contributing to absolute intake and variance in intake of fat, fatty acids and cholesterol in middle-aged Japanese. J Epidemiol, 1999. 9(2):78-90.
12. [Norway] Johansson LR, et al. Intake of very-long-chain n-3 fatty acids related to social status and lifestyle. Eur J Clin Nutr, 1998. 52(10):716-21.
13. [Norway] Andersen LF, et al. Very-long-chain n-3 fatty acids as biomarkers for intake of fish and n-3 fatty acid concentrates. Am J Clin Nurt, 1996. 64(3):305-11.
14. [Norway] Solvoll K, et al. Dietary habits among patients with atopic dermatitis. Eur J Clin Nutr, 2000. 54(2):93-7.
15. Simopoulos AP, et al. Essentiality of and recommended dietary intakes for omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids. Ann Nutr Metab, 1999. 43(2):127-30.
16. Benisek D, et al. Dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids by pregnant or lactating women in the United States. Obstet Gynecol, 2000. 95(4 Suppl 1):S77-S78.
17. To view reference material for this graph, please go to http://consumer.martek.com/pregnantnursingwomen/dhainthediet/.
18. Goyens PL, Spilker ME, Zock PL, et al. Compartmental modeling to quantify alpha-linolenic acid conversion after longer term intake of multiple tracer boluses. J Lipid Res, 2005. 46:1474-83.
19. David BC, Kris-Etherton PM. Achieving optimal essential fatty acid status in vegetarians: current knowledge and practical implications. Am J Clin Nutr, 2003. 78:640S-646S.
20. Hussein N, Ah-Sing E, Wilkinson P, et al. Long-chain conversion of [13C] linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid in response to marked changed in their dietary intake in men. J Lipid Res, 2005. 46:269-80.
21. Gerster H. Can adults adequately convert alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) to eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3)? Int J Vitam Nutr Res, 1998. 68:159-73.
22. Su HM, Huang MD, Saad NM, et al. Fetal baboons convert 18:3n-3 to 22:6n-3 in vivo. A stable isotope tracer study. J Lipid Res, 2001. 42:581-6.
23. Burdge GC, Calder PC. Conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to longer-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human adults. Reprod Nutr Dev, 2005. 45:581-97.
24. Burdge GC. Alpha-linolenic acid metabolism in men and women: nutritional and biological implications. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 2004. 7:137-44.
25. Brenna JT. Efficiency of conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to long-chain n-3 fatty acids in man. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 2002. 5:127-132.
26. Birch, E. E., et al. Visual acuity and the essentiality of docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid in the diet of term infants. Pediatr Res, 1998. 44(2):201-9.
27. Forsyth, J. S., et al. Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infant formula and blood pressure in later childhood: follow up of a randomized controlled trial. BMJ, 2003. 326(7396):953.
28. Jensen, C. L., et al. Effects of maternal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation on visual function and neurodevelopment of breast-fed infants. Pediatr Res, 2001. 49(4):448A.
29. Jensen, C., Voigt, R., Llorente, A., et al. Effect of maternal docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) supplementation on neuropsychological and visual status of former breast-fed infants at five years of age (abstr.). Pediatric Research, 2004. 49:181A.
30. Martinez, M. Tissue levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids during early human development. J Pediart, 1992. 120:S129-38.
31. Salem, Jr. N, et al. Mechanisms of action of docosahexaenoic acid in the nervous system. Lipids, 2001. 36:945-59.
32. SanGiovannit JP, et al. The role of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in health and disease of the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2005. 24:87-138.
33. [UK] Ruxton CHS, et al. The health benefits of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: a review of the evidence. The British Dietetic Assoc, 2004. 17: p. 449-59.
34. [USA] Ervin RB, et al. Dietary Intake of Fats and Fatty Acids for the United States Population: 1999-2000. Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics, 2004. 348 (Hyattsville,Maryland: National Center or Health Statistics): p. DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 2005-1250 04-0565.
35. [USA] Kris-Etherton PM, et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr, 2000. 71(1 Suppl): p. 179S-88S.
36. [USA] Wang C, et al. Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Disease. Summary, Evidence Report/Technology Assessment: Number 94. (Prepared by Tufts-New England Medical Center Evidence-based Practice Center, under Contract No. 290-02-0022). AHRQ Publication Number 04-E009-1, 2004. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD.
37. [Canada] Dewailly EE, et al. Relations between n-3 fatty acid status and cardiovascular disease risk factors among Quebecers. Am J Clin Nutr, 2001. 74(5): p. 603-11.
38. [Australia] Meyer BJ, et al. Dietary intakes and food sources of omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Lipids, 2003. 38(4): p. 391-8.
39. [Australia] Ollis TE, et al. Australian food sources and intakes of omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Ann Nutr Metab, 1999. 43(6): p. 346-55.
40. [France] Astorg P, et al. Dietary intakes and food sources of n-6 and n-3 PUFA in French adult men and women. Lipids, 2004. 39: 27-535.
41. [Sweden] Becker W, et al. Dietary habits and nutrient intake in Sweden (in Swedish with English summary) (2002). National Food Administration, Uppsala. Taken from: Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies on a request from the Commission related to nutrition claims concerning omega-3 fatty acids, monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat and unsaturated fat. The EFSA Journal, 2005. 253, 1-29.
42. [Germany] DGE (Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Ernahrung) (2004). Ernahrungsbericht. ISBN 3-88749-183-1. Taken from: Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies on a request from the Commission related to nutrition claims concerning omega-3 fatty acids, monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat and unsaturated fat. The EFSA Journal, 2005. 253, 1-29.
43. [Germany] Linseisen J, et al. Quanity and quality of dietary fat, carbohydrate, and fiber intake in the German EPIC cohorts. Ann Nutr Metab, 2003. 47:37-46.
44. [Denmark] Marckmann P, et al. Biomarkers of habitual fish intake in adipose tissue. Am J Clin Nutr, 1995. 62(5): p. 956-9.
45. [Japan] Tokudome Y, et al. Foods contributing to absolute intake and variance in intake of fat, fatty acids and cholesterol in middle-aged Japanese. J Epidemiol, 1999. 9(2): p. 78-90.
46. [Norway] Johansson LR, et al. Intake of very-long-chain n-3 fatty acids related to social status and lifestyle. Eur J Clin Nutr, 1998. 52(10): p. 716-21.
47. [Norway] Andersen LF, et al. Very-long-chain n-3 fatty acids as biomarkers for intake of fish and n-3 fatty acid concentrates. Am J Clin Nutr, 1996. 64(3): p. 305-11.
48. [Norway] Solvoll K, et al. Dietary habits among patients with atopic dermatitis. Eur J Clin Nutr, 2000. 54(2): p. 93-7.
49. Simopoulos AP, et al. Essentiality of and recommended dietary intakes for omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids. Ann Nutr Metab, 1999. 43(2):127-30.
50. Benisek D, et al. Dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids by pregnant or lactating women in the United States. Obstet Gynecol, 2000. 95(4 Suppl 1):S77-S78.
51. Kris-Etherton, P. M., et al. Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: new recommendations from the American Heart Association. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2003. 23:151-152.
© 2007 Martek Biosciences