Gum disease is caused by the growth of bacteria on the teeth and gums. Bacteria are present in plaque, a clear, sticky substance your mouth produces. If plaque is not removed promptly, it builds up on the teeth.

• The bacteria in plaque feed on sugars in the foods you eat and drink and produce poisons (toxins) and other chemicals.
• The toxins irritate your gums, causing them to swell and bleed easily when brushed.
• Plaque can harden into a mineral buildup called calculus or tartar, which further irritates the gums and causes them to pull away from your teeth.

While bacteria are the direct cause of gum disease, a number of other factors also affect the health of your gums. You are more likely to have gum disease if:

• You smoke cigarettes or use spit tobacco.
• Gum disease runs in your family.
• You are a woman going through the hormonal changes caused by puberty, menopause, or pregnancy.
• You take certain medicines, such as birth control pills, antidepressants, or some heart medicines.
• You have a condition that makes it harder for your body to fight infection, such as:
  • Uncontrolled diabetes, AIDS, or leukemia.
  • A high level of stress.
  • A diet low in nutrients.