SCHISANDRA

Other Names:

Bac Ngu Vi Tu, Baie de Schisandra, Beiwuweizi, Bei Wu Wei Zi, Chinese Mongolavine, Chinese Schizandra, Chinesischer Limonenbaum, Chosen-Gomischi, Five-Flavor-Fruit, Five-Flavor-Seed, Fructus Schisandrae, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis, Fruit aux ...
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SCHISANDRA Overview Information

Schisandra is a plant. The fruit is used as food and also to make medicine.

Schisandra is used as an “adaptogen” for increasing resistance to disease and stress, increasing energy, and increasing physical performance and endurance.

Schisandra is also used for preventing early aging and increasing lifespan; normalizing blood sugar and blood pressure; and stimulating the immune system and speeding recovery after surgery.

It is also used for treating liver disease (hepatitis) and protecting the liver from poisons. The Chinese have developed a liver-protecting drug called DBD that is made from schisandrin, one of the chemicals in schisandra.

Other uses for schisandra include treatment of high cholesterol, coughs, asthma, sleep problems (insomnia), nerve pain, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), chronic diarrhea, dysentery, night sweats, spontaneous sweating, involuntary discharge of semen, thirst, erectile dysfunction (ED), physical exhaustion, excessive urination, depression, irritability, and memory loss.

Some people use schisandra for improving vision, protecting against radiation, preventing motion sickness, preventing infection, boosting energy at the cellular level, counteracting the effects of sugar, and improving the health of the adrenal glands.

How does it work?

The chemicals in schisandra improve liver function by stimulating enzymes (proteins that speed up biochemical reactions) in the liver and promoting liver cell growth.

SCHISANDRA Uses & Effectiveness

Possibly Effective for:

Mental performance. Taking schisandra fruit extract by mouth, alone or in combination with rhodiola and Siberian ginseng, seems to improve concentration, attention, and speed of thinking.
Hepatitis. Schisandra fruit extracts reduce blood levels of an enzyme called glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) in people with hepatitis. SGPT level is a marker for liver damage. A higher SGPT level means more damage; a lower SGPT means less damage.

Insufficient Evidence for:

Exercise performance. Taking schisandra fruit extract by mouth seems to improve coordination and endurance.
Inherited fever disorder (Familial Mediterranean fever). Early research suggests that taking a combination product (ImmunoGuara, Inspired Nutritionals) containing andrographis, Siberian ginseng, schisandra, and licorice reduces the severity and frequency of familial Mediterranean fever attacks.
Nearsightedness. Early research suggests that applying a solution of schisandra for 20-24 days can improve vision in children with nearsightedness. However, schisandra does not improve vision in children with progressive nearsightedness.
Pneumonia. Early research suggests that taking a combination of rhodiola, schisandra, and Siberian ginseng (Chisan) twice daily for 10-15 days reduces the need for antibiotics and improves quality of life in people with pneumonia when taken along with standard care.
Preventing premature aging.
Preventing motion sickness.
Diabetes.
High blood pressure.
Other conditions.

More evidence is needed to rate schisandra for these uses.

SCHISANDRA Side Effects & Safety

Schisandra fruit is POSSIBLY SAFE when taken by mouth appropriately. It can cause heartburn, upset stomach, decreased appetite, stomach pain, skin rash, and itching.

Special Precautions & Warnings:

Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Schisandra is POSSIBLY UNSAFE when taken by mouth during pregnancy. There is some evidence that it might cause the uterus to contract, and this might lead to miscarriage. Do not use schisandra during pregnancy. There is not enough reliable information about the safety of taking schisandra during breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.

Epilepsy: At least one expert warns against using schisandra if you have epilepsy. The reason for this warning is not clear, but it may be due to a concern that schisandra could possibly stimulate the central nervous system.

Gastroesophageal reflex disease (GERD) or peptic ulcers: Schisandra might make these conditions worse by increasing stomach acid.

High brain (intracranial) pressure: There is a concern that schisandra might make this condition worse because it could possibly stimulate the central nervous system.

SCHISANDRA Interactions

Moderate Interaction Be cautious with this combination

Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) substrates) interacts with SCHISANDRA
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver.
Schisandra might increase how quickly the liver breaks down some medications. Taking schisandra along with medications that are broken down by the liver might decrease the effects of these medications. Before taking schisandra, talk to your healthcare provider if you are taking any medications that are changed by the liver.

Some medications changed by the liver include celecoxib (Celebrex), diclofenac (Voltaren), fluvastatin (Lescol), glipizide (Glucotrol), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), irbesartan (Avapro), losartan (Cozaar), phenytoin (Dilantin), piroxicam (Feldene), tamoxifen (Nolvadex), tolbutamide (Tolinase), torsemide (Demadex), and warfarin (Coumadin).
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) substrates) interacts with SCHISANDRA
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver.

Schisandra might change how the liver breaks down some medications. Taking schisandra along with some medications that are broken down by the liver might increase or decrease the effects of these medications. Before taking schisandra, talk to your healthcare provider if you are taking any medications that are changed by the liver.

Some medications changed by the liver include lovastatin (Mevacor), clarithromycin (Biaxin), cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune), diltiazem (Cardizem), estrogens, indinavir (Crixivan), triazolam (Halcion), and many others.
Tacrolimus (Prograf) interacts with SCHISANDRA
Schisandra might increase how much tacrolimus (Prograf) is absorbed from the gut. Taking schisandra along with tacrolimus (Prograf) might increase the effects and side effects of tacrolimus (Prograf). The dose of your tacrolimus (Prograf) might need to be changed if it is taken with schisandra.
Warfarin (Coumadin) interacts with SCHISANDRA
Warfarin (Coumadin) is used to slow blood clotting. The body breaks down warfarin (Coumadin) to get rid of it. Schisandra might increase the breakdown and decrease the effectiveness of warfarin (Coumadin). Decreasing the effectiveness of warfarin (Coumadin) might increase the risk of clotting. Be sure to have your blood checked regularly. The dose of your warfarin (Coumadin) might need to be changed.

SCHISANDRA Dosing

The following doses have been studied in scientific research:

BY MOUTH:

For hepatitis: Schisandra extract standardized to 20 mg lignan content (equivalent to 1.5 grams crude schisandra) given daily.
For improving mental and physical performance: 500 mg to 2 grams of schisandra extract daily or 1.5-6 grams of crude schisandra daily. 5-15 grams daily of a boiled tea made from crude schisandra has also been used. People have also taken 100 mg of schisandra extract twice daily. Appropriate dosing may vary depending on extract type and the lignan content.

View clinical references for this vitamin or supplement Sources

References:

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Lu, H. and Liu, G. T. Effect of dibenzo[a,c]cyclooctene lignans isolated from Fructus schizandrae on lipid peroxidation and anti-oxidative enzyme activity. Chem Biol Interact. 1991;78(1):77-84. View abstract.

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Maeda, S., Takeda, S., Miyamoto, Y., Aburada, M., and Harada, M. Effects of gomisin A on liver functions in hepatotoxic chemicals- treated rats. Jpn J Pharmacol 1985;38(4):347-353. View abstract.

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Mak, D. H., Ip, S. P., Li, P. C., Poon, M. K., and Ko, K. M. Effects of Schisandrin B and alpha-tocopherol on lipid peroxidation, in vitro and in vivo. Mol.Cell Biochem 12-20-1996;165(2):161-165. View abstract.

Matsuzaki, Y., Ishibashi, E., Koguchi, S., Wakui, Y., Takeda, S., Aburada, M., and Oyama, T. [Determination of gomisin A (TJN-101) and its metabolite in rat serum by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry]. Yakugaku Zasshi 1991;111(10):617-620. View abstract.

Matsuzaki, Y., Matsuzaki, T., Takeda, S., Koguchi, S., Ikeya, Y., Mitsuhashi, H., Sasaki, H., Aburada, M., Hosoya, E., and Oyama, T. [Studies on the metabolic fate of gomisin A (TJN-101). I. Absorption in rats]. Yakugaku Zasshi 1991;111(9):524-530. View abstract.

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Miyamoto, K., Wakusawa, S., Nomura, M., Sanae, F., Sakai, R., Sudo, K., Ohtaki, Y., Takeda, S., and Fujii, Y. Effects of gomisin A on hepatocarcinogenesis by 3'-methyl-4- dimethylaminoazobenzene in rats. Jpn J Pharmacol 1991;57(1):71-77. View abstract.

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Nagai, H., Yakuo, I., Aoki, M., Teshima, K., Ono, Y., Sengoku, T., Shimazawa, T., Aburada, M., and Koda, A. The effect of gomisin A on immunologic liver injury in mice. Planta Med 1989;55(1):13-17. View abstract.

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Nishiyama, N., Chu, P. J., and Saito, H. An herbal prescription, S-113m, consisting of biota, ginseng and schizandra, improves learning performance in senescence accelerated mouse. Biol Pharm.Bull. 1996;19(3):388-393. View abstract.

Nishiyama, N., Wang, Y. L., and Saito, H. Beneficial effects of S-113m, a novel herbal prescription, on learning impairment model in mice. Biol Pharm.Bull. 1995;18(11):1498-1503. View abstract.

Niu, X. Y., Bian, Z. J., and Ren, Z. H. [Metabolic fate of schizandrol A and its distribution in the rat brain determined by thin layer chromatography]. Yao Xue.Xue.Bao. 1983;18(7):491-495. View abstract.

Nomura, M., Nakachiyama, M., Hida, T., Ohtaki, Y., Sudo, K., Aizawa, T., Aburada, M., and Miyamoto, K. I. Gomisin A, a lignan component of Schizandora fruits, inhibits development of preneoplastic lesions in rat liver by 3'-methyl-4-dimethylamino-azobenzene. Cancer Lett. 1-15-1994;76(1):11-18. View abstract.

Nomura, M., Ohtaki, Y., Hida, T., Aizawa, T., Wakita, H., and Miyamoto, K. Inhibition of early 3-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene-induced hepatocarcinogenesis by gomisin A in rats. Anticancer Res 1994;14(5A):1967-1971. View abstract.

Ohkura, Y., Mizoguchi, Y., Morisawa, S., Takeda, S., Aburada, M., and Hosoya, E. Effect of gomisin A (TJN-101) on the arachidonic acid cascade in macrophages. Jpn.J Pharmacol. 1990;52(2):331-336. View abstract.

Ohkura, Y., Mizoguchi, Y., Sakagami, Y., Kobayashi, K., Yamamoto, S., Morisawa, S., Takeda, S., and Aburada, M. Inhibitory effect of TJN-101 ((+)-(6S,7S,R-biar)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,2,3,12-tetramethoxy -6,7-dimethyl-10,11- methylenedioxy-6-dibenzo[a,c]cyclooctenol) on immunologically induced liver injuries. Jpn.J Pharmacol. 1987;44(2):179-185. View abstract.

Ohsugi, M., Fan, W., Hase, K., Xiong, Q., Tezuka, Y., Komatsu, K., Namba, T., Saitoh, T., Tazawa, K., and Kadota, S. Active-oxygen scavenging activity of traditional nourishing-tonic herbal medicines and active constituents of Rhodiola sacra. J Ethnopharmacol 1999;67(1):111-119. View abstract.

Ohtaki, Y., Hida, T., Hiramatsu, K., Kanitani, M., Ohshima, T., Nomura, M., Wakita, H., Aburada, M., and Miyamoto, K. I. Deoxycholic acid as an endogenous risk factor for hepatocarcinogenesis and effects of gomisin A, a lignan component of Schizandra fruits. Anticancer Res 1996;16(2):751-755. View abstract.

Ohtaki, Y., Nomura, M., Hida, T., Miyamoto, K., Kanitani, M., Aizawa, T., and Aburada, M. Inhibition by gomisin A, a lignan compound, of hepatocarcinogenesis by 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene in rats. Biol Pharm.Bull. 1994;17(6):808-814. View abstract.

Ono, H., Matsuzaki, Y., Wakui, Y., Takeda, S., Ikeya, Y., Amagaya, S., and Maruno, M. Determination of schizandrin in human plasma by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr.B Biomed.Appl. 12-15-1995;674(2):293-297. View abstract.

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Pan, S. Y., Han, Y. F., Carlier, P. R., Pang, Y. P., Mak, D. H., Lam, B. Y., and Ko, K. M. Schisandrin B protects against tacrine- and bis(7)-tacrine-induced hepatotoxicity and enhances cognitive function in mice. Planta Med 2002;68(3):217-220. View abstract.

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SHCHERBAKOVA, M. N. [CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF SCHIZANDRA CHINENSIS. II.]. Aptechn.Delo 1963;12:27-30. View abstract.

Shidoji, Y. and Ogawa, H. Natural occurrence of cancer-preventive geranylgeranoic acid in medicinal herbs. J Lipid Res 2004;45(6):1092-1103. View abstract.

Shiota, G., Yamada, S., and Kawasaki, H. Rapid induction of hepatocyte growth factor mRNA after administration of gomisin A, a lignan component of shizandra fruits. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 1996;94(2):141-146. View abstract.

Sladkovsky, R., Solich, P., and Opletal, L. Simultaneous determination of quercetin, kaempferol and (E)-cinnamic acid in vegetative organs of Schisandra chinensis Baill. by HPLC. J Pharm.Biomed.Anal. 2001;24(5-6):1049-1054. View abstract.

Song, W. [Quality of Schisandra incarnata Stapf]. Zhongguo Zhong.Yao Za Zhi. 1991;16(4):204-6, 253. View abstract.

Sterbova, H., Sevcikova, P., Kvasnickova, L., Glatz, Z., and Slanina, J. Determination of lignans in Schisandra chinensis using micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Electrophoresis 2002;23(2):253-258. View abstract.

Suekawa, M., Shiga, T., Sone, H., Ikeya, Y., Taguchi, H., Aburada, M., and Hosoya, E. [Effects of gomisin J and analogous lignan compounds in schisandra fruits on isolated smooth muscles]. Yakugaku Zasshi 1987;107(9):720-726. View abstract.

Suprunov, N. I. and Vetlugina, I. V. [Determination and study of lignan distribution in the fruits of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill]. Farmatsiia. 1972;21(3):34-37. View abstract.

Takeda, S., Arai, I., Hasegawa, M., Tatsugi, A., Aburada, M., and Hosoya, E. [Effect of gomisin A (TJN-101), a lignan compound isolated from Schisandra fruits, on liver function in rats]. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi 1988;91(4):237-244. View abstract.

Takeda, S., Arai, I., Kase, Y., Ohkura, Y., Hasegawa, M., Sekiguchi, Y., Sudo, K., Aburada, M., and Hosoya, E. [Pharmacological studies on antihepatotoxic action of (+)-(6S,7S,R-biar)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,2,3,12-tetramethoxy++ + -6,7-dimethyl-10,11-methylenedioxy-6-dibenzo[a,c] cyclooctenol (TJN-101), a lignan component of Schisandra fruits. Influences of resolvents on the efficacy of TJN-101 in the experimental acute hepatic injuries]. Yakugaku Zasshi 1987;107(7):517-524. View abstract.

Takeda, S., Funo, S., Iizuka, A., Kase, Y., Arai, I., Ohkura, Y., Sudo, K., Kiuchi, N., Yoshida, C., Maeda, S., and . [Pharmacological studies on schizandra fruits. III. Effects of wuweizisu C, a lignan component of schizandra fruits, on experimental liver injuries in rats]. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi 1985;85(3):193-208. View abstract.

Takeda, S., Kase, Y., Arai, I., Hasegawa, M., Sekiguchi, Y., Funo, S., Aburada, M., Hosoya, E., Mizoguchi, Y., and Morisawa, S. [Effects of TJN-101 ((+)-(6s,7s,R-biar)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,2,3,12-tetramethoxy-6,7 -dimethyl-10,11-methylenedioxy-6-dibenzo [a,c] cyclooctenol) on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy, and on regional hepatic blood flow and fine structure of the liver in normal rats]. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi 1986;88(4):321-330. View abstract.

Takeda, S., Kase, Y., Arai, I., Ohkura, Y., Hasegawa, M., Sekiguchi, Y., Tatsugi, A., Funo, S., Aburada, M., and Hosoya, E. [Effects of TJN-101, a lignan compound isolated from Schisandra fruits, on liver fibrosis and on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rats with chronic liver injury induced by CCl4]. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi 1987;90(1):51-65. View abstract.

Takeda, S., Maemura, S., Sudo, K., Kase, Y., Arai, I., Ohkura, Y., Funo, S., Fujii, Y., Aburada, M., and Hosoya, E. [Effects of gomisin A, a lignan component of Schizandra fruits, on experimental liver injuries and liver microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes]. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi 1986;87(2):169-187. View abstract.

Voevodina, O. N. and Volkova, V. D. [Effect of small doses of Schizandra chinensis on situation orienting conditioned reflexes in normal and irradiated animals]. Farmakol.Toksikol. 1965;28(2):135-137. View abstract.

Volicer L, Janku I, and Motl O. The mode of action of Schizandra chinesis. Pharmacology of Oriental Plants. New York: Pergamon Press Books, Macmillan Company;1965.

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Wang, J. P., Raung, S. L., Hsu, M. F., and Chen, C. C. Inhibition by gomisin C (a lignan from Schizandra chinensis) of the respiratory burst of rat neutrophils. Br.J Pharmacol. 1994;113(3):945-953. View abstract.

Wang, K., Song, W., and Tong, Y. [Identification of Schisardra by TLC-densitometry]. Zhongguo Zhong.Yao Za Zhi. 1991;16(2):70-1, 125. View abstract.

Wang, K., Tong, Y. Y., and Song, W. Z. [Determination of the active ingredients in Chinese drug wuweizi (Schisandra chinensis) by TLC-densitometry]. Yao Xue.Xue.Bao. 1990;25(1):49-53. View abstract.

Wang, L. W., Liu, X. M., Lu, G. H., Gao, N. N., and Xiao, P. G. [Primary research of pharmacological effects of PEC on mice]. Zhongguo Zhong.Yao Za Zhi. 2004;29(6):568-9, 593. View abstract.

Wang, Y. H., Gao, J. P., and Chen, D. F. [Determination of lignans of Schisandra medicinal plants by HPLC]. Zhongguo Zhong.Yao Za Zhi. 2003;28(12):1155-1160. View abstract.

Wu, M. D., Huang, R. L., Kuo, L. M., Hung, C. C., Ong, C. W., and Kuo, Y. H. The anti-HBsAg (human type B hepatitis, surface antigen) and anti-HBeAg (human type B hepatitis, e antigen) C18 dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans from Kadsura matsudai and Schizandra arisanensis. Chem.Pharm.Bull.(Tokyo) 2003;51(11):1233-1236. View abstract.

Wu, T., Kong, D. Y., and Li, H. T. [Identification of the structure of two new nitro group phenolic glycosides from Schisandra propinqua (Wall. ) Baill var. intermidia A. C. Smith]. Yao Xue.Xue.Bao. 2004;39(7):534-537. View abstract.

Wu, X. F., Chen, H., and Zhao, Z. R. [Determination of schisandrin in shengmaiyin by HPLC]. Zhongguo Zhong.Yao Za Zhi. 2003;28(1):39-40, 72. View abstract.

Xiao, W. L., Zhu, H. J., Shen, Y. H., Li, R. T., Li, S. H., Sun, H. D., Zheng, Y. T., Wang, R. R., Lu, Y., Wang, C., and Zheng, Q. T. Lancifodilactone G: a unique nortriterpenoid isolated from Schisandra lancifolia and its anti-HIV activity. Org.Lett. 5-26-2005;7(11):2145-2148. View abstract.

Xie, J. X., Zhou, J., Zhang, C. Z., Yang, J. H., and Chen, J. X. Studies on antihepatitic drugs. Total synthesis of (+/-)schizandrin C and its analogs. Sci.Sin.[B] 1983;26(12):1291-1303. View abstract.

Xuejiang, W., Magara, T., and Konishi, T. Prevention and repair of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by Chinese herbal medicine, shengmai san, in rats. Free Radic.Res 1999;31(5):449-455. View abstract.

Yamada, S., Murawaki, Y., and Kawasaki, H. Preventive effect of gomisin A, a lignan component of shizandra fruits, on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Biochem Pharmacol 9-14-1993;46(6):1081-1085. View abstract.

Yan-yong, C., Zeng-bao, S., and Lian-niang, L. Studies of Fructus schizandrae. IV. Isolation and determination of the active compounds (in lowering high SGPT levels) of Schizandra chinensis Baill. Sci.Sin. 1976;19(2):276-290. View abstract.

Yang, S. B. [Study on supercritical CO2 fluid extraction and separation of components from fruits of Schisandra sphenanthera]. Zhongguo Zhong.Yao Za Zhi. 2001;26(11):755-757. View abstract.

Yasukawa, K., Ikeya, Y., Mitsuhashi, H., Iwasaki, M., Aburada, M., Nakagawa, S., Takeuchi, M., and Takido, M. Gomisin A inhibits tumor promotion by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13- acetate in two-stage carcinogenesis in mouse skin. Oncology 1992;49(1):68-71. View abstract.

Yim, T. K. and Ko, K. M. Schisandrin B protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by enhancing myocardial glutathione antioxidant status. Mol.Cell Biochem 1999;196(1-2):151-156. View abstract.

Zhang, L. and Niu, X. [Effects of schizandrol A on monoamine neurotransmitters in the central nervous system]. Zhongguo Yi.Xue.Ke Xue.Yuan Xue.Bao. 1991;13(1):13-16. View abstract.

Zhang, L., Chen, Z., and Li, X. [Seed germinative characteristics and embryo development of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Bail.]. Zhongguo Zhong.Yao Za Zhi. 1999;24(8):459-61, 510. View abstract.

Zhang, T. M., Wang, B. E., and Liu, G. T. [Action of schizandrin B, an antioxidant, on lipid peroxidation in primary cultured hepatocytes]. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue.Bao. 1989;10(4):353-356. View abstract.

Zhu, M., Lin, K. F., Yeung, R. Y., and Li, R. C. Evaluation of the protective effects of Schisandra chinensis on Phase I drug metabolism using a CCl4 intoxication model. J Ethnopharmacol. 1999;67(1):61-68. View abstract.

Zhu, M., Yeung, R. Y., Lin, K. F., and Li, R. C. Improvement of phase I drug metabolism with Schisandra chinensis against CCl4 hepatotoxicity in a rat model. Planta Med 2000;66(6):521-525. View abstract.

Amaryan G, Astvatsatryan V, Gabrielyan E, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, pilot clinical trial of ImmunoGuard--a standardized fixed combination of Andrographis paniculata Nees, with Eleutherococcus senticosus Maxim, Schizandra chinensis Bail. and Glycyrrhiza glabra L. extracts in patients with Familial Mediterranean Fever. Phytomedicine 2003;10:271-85. View abstract.

Azizov, A. P. and Seifulla, R. D. [The effect of elton, leveton, fitoton and adapton on the work capacity of experimental animals]. Eksp Klin Farmakol 1998;61(3):61-63. View abstract.

Fetrow CW, Avila JR. Professional's Handbook of Complementary & Alternative Medicines. 1st ed. Springhouse, PA: Springhouse Corp., 1999.

Iwata H, Tezuka Y, Kadota S, et al. Identification and characterization of potent CYP3A4 inhibitors in Schisandra fruit extract. Drug Metab Dispos 2004;32:1351-8. View abstract.

Lee IS, Jung KY, Oh SR, et al. Structure-activity relationships of lignans from Schisandra chinensis as platelet activating antagonists. Biol Pharm Bull 1999;22:265-7. View abstract.

Li, Y., Xu, C., Zhang, Q., Liu, J. Y., and Tan, R. X. In vitro anti-Helicobacter pylori action of 30 Chinese herbal medicines used to treat ulcer diseases. J Ethnopharmacol 4-26-2005;98(3):329-333. View abstract.

Makino, T., Mizuno, F., and Mizukami, H. Does a kampo medicine containing schisandra fruit affect pharmacokinetics of nifedipine like grapefruit juice? Biol.Pharm.Bull. 2006;29(10):2065-2069. View abstract.

Mu Y, Zhang J, Zhang S, et al. Traditional Chinese medicines Wu Wei Zi (Schisandra chinensis Baill) and Gan Cao (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch) activate pregnane X receptor and increase warfarin clearance in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006;316:1369-77. View abstract.

Qiao ZS, Wu H, Su ZW. [Comparison with the pharmacological actions of Morinda officinalis, Damnacanthus officinarum and Schisandra propinqua]. Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih 1991;11:390,415-7. View abstract.

Qin XL, Bi HC, Wang XD, et al. Mechanistic understanding of the different effects of Wuhzi Tablet (Schisandra sphenanthera extract) on the absorption and first-pass intestinal and hepatic metabolism of tacrolimus (FK506). Int J Pharm 2009;389:114-21. View abstract.

Sun HD, Qiu SX, Lin LZ, et al. Nigranoic acid, a triterpenoid from Schisandra sphaerandra that inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. J Nat Prod 1996;59:525-7. View abstract.

Upton R, ed. Schisandra Berry: Analytical, quality control, and therapeutic monograph. Santa Cruz, CA: American Herbal Pharmacopoeia 1999;1-25.

Xin HW, Wu XC, Li Q, et al. Effects of Schisandra sphenanthera extract on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2007;64:469-75. View abstract.

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