Overview
Irvingia gabonensis seeds are high in fiber which might help lower cholesterol. The seeds might also affect fat cells, which might reduce fat cell growth and increase the breakdown of fats.
People use Irvingia gabonensis for high cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.
Uses & Effectiveness ?
We currently have no information for IRVINGIA GABONENSIS overview.
Side Effects
Special Precautions and Warnings
Pregnancy and breast-feeding: There isn't enough reliable information to know if Irvingia gabonensis is safe to use when pregnant or breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.
Surgery: Irvingia gabonensis might affect blood sugar. This might interfere with blood sugar control during and after surgery. Stop taking Irvingia gabonensis at least 2 weeks before a scheduled surgery.
Interactions ?
Medications for diabetes (Antidiabetes drugs) interacts with IRVINGIA GABONENSIS
Irvingia gabonensis might lower blood sugar levels. Taking Irvingia gabonensis along with diabetes medications might cause blood sugar to drop too low. Monitor your blood sugar closely.
Testosterone interacts with IRVINGIA GABONENSIS
Irvingia gabonensis might increase testosterone levels. Taking Irvingia gabonensis along with testosterone might cause too much testosterone in the body. This might increase the chance of testosterone side effects. Do not take Irvingia gabonensis if you are taking testosterone.
Moderate Interaction
Be cautious with this combination
Dosing
Abdulrahman, F., Inyang, I. S., Abbah, J., Binda, L., Amos, S., and Gamaniel, K. Effect of aqueous leaf extract of Irvingia gabonensis on gastrointestinal tract in rodents. Indian J.Exp.Biol. 2004;42(8):787-791. View abstract.
Abdulude FO. In vitro digestibility of some tropical plant seeds. Rivista Italiana delle Sostanze Grasse. 2005;82(3):152-154.
Achinewhu SC. Ascorbic acid content of some Nigerian local fruits and vegetables. Qualitas Plantarum Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 1983;33(4):261-266.
Adamson, I., Okafor, C., and Abu-Bakare, A. A supplement of Dikanut (Irvingia gabonesis) improves treatment of type II diabetics. West Afr.J.Med. 1990;9(2):108-115. View abstract.
Adamson, I., Okafor, C., and Abu-Bakare, A. Erythrocyte membrane ATPases in diabetes: effect of dikanut (Irvingia gabonensis). Enzyme 1986;36(3):212-215. View abstract.
Adebooye OC, Bello SA. Fruit characteristics and nutrient analysis of fifteen accessions of Irvingia gabonensis var. dulcis of Southwest Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Tree Crop Research. 1998;2(1):30-40.
Adedeji J, Hartman TG Lech J Ho CT. Characterization of glycosidically bound aroma compounds in the African mango (Mangifera indica L.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1992;40(4):659-661.
Adeyeye EI, Arogunjo FA. The nutritional value of the fruits from Pyrus communis, Irvingia gabonensis and Mangifera indica consumed in Nigeria. Rivista Italiana delle Sostanze Grasse. 1997;74(3):117-121.
Aina JO, Oladunjoye OO. Respiration, pectolytic activity and textural changes in ripening African mango (Irvingia gabonensis) fruits. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 1993;63(4):451-454.
Aina JO. Physico-chemical changes in African mango (Irvingia gabonensis) during normal storage ripening. Food Chemistry. 1990;36(3):205-212.
Ainge L, Brown N. Irvingia gabonensis and Irvingia wombolu. 2001;
Akanni MS, Adekunle AS Oluyemi EA. Physicochemical properties of some non-conventional oilseeds. Journal of Food Technology. 2005;3(2):177-181.
Alexis SD, Marie K Gnopo N. Physicochemical properties of some traditional vegetablesin Cote d'Ivoire: seeds of Beilschmiedia mannii (Lauraceae), seeds of Irvingia gabonensis (Irvingiaceae) and mushroom Volvariella volvaceae. Journal of Food Technology. 2011;9(2):57-60.
Amubode FO, Fetuga BL. Amino acid composition of seeds of some lesser known tree crops. Food Chemistry. 1984;13(4):299-307.
Atawodi SE. Polyphenol content and in vitro antioxidant activity of methanol extract of seeds of Irvingia gabonensis Baill of Nigerian origin. Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2011;10(6):2314-2321.
Attama AA, Akpa PA. Determination of the amorphicity and glass transition temperatures of some natural polysaccharides. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2008;18:219-220.
Bello AB, Sule MS Alhassan AJ. Optimum pH and pH stability of crude polyphenol oxidase (PPO) extracted from five fruit samples commonly consumed in Kano State, Nigeria. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences. 2011;4(1):26-31.
Coetzer LA, Robbertse PJ Janse van Vuuren BPH. The effect of different boron applications on the leaf boron concentration, fruit set and fruit yield in a commercial mango plantation. / Die invloed van verskillende boortoedienings op die boorkonsentrasie in die blare, vrugset en vrugopbrengs in 'n kommersiële mango-boord. Yearbook - South African Mango Growers' Association. 1992;12:48-51.
Colyn J. The South African mango industry. Acta Horticulturae. 1993;341:60-68.
Davie SJ, Stassen PJC Grové HG. Starch reserves in the mango tree. South African Mango Growers' Association Yearbook. 2000;19-20:14-17.
Dawodu FA. Physico-chemical studies on oil extraction processes from some Nigerian grown plant seeds. Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2009;8(2):102-110.
Dudu PO, Okiwelu SN Lale NES. Attractancy of diethyl ether extracts of Arachis hypogaea (Linnaeus) (Papilionaceae), Citrullus lanatus (Thunberg) (Cucurbitaceae) and Irvingia gabonensis var. excelsa (Baillon) (Irvingiaceae) to Oryzaephilus mercator (Fauvel) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae). Journal of Stored Products Research. 1998;34(4):237-241.
Egras, A. M., Hamilton, W. R., Lenz, T. L., and Monaghan, M. S. An evidence-based review of fat modifying supplemental weight loss products. J Obes. 2011;2011 View abstract.
Ejiofor MAN, Okafor JC. Prospects for commercial exploitation of Nigerian indigenous trees, vegetables, fruits and seeds through food and industrial products formulation. International Tree Crops Journal. 1997;9(2):119-129.
Ekpe OO, Umoh IB Eka OU. Effect of a typical rural processing method on the proximate composition and amino acid profile of bush mango seeds (Irvingia gabonensis). African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development. 2007;7(1):1-12.
Fadare, D. A. and Ajaiyeoba, E. O. Phytochemical and antimicrobial activities of the wild mango-Irvingia gabonensis extracts and fractions. Afr.J.Med.Med.Sci. 2008;37(2):119-124. View abstract.
Finnemore, HJ. A perspective on the South African mango industry (past & future). South African Mango Growers' Association Yearbook. 2000;19(20):1-7.
Fontanay, S., Grare, M., Mayer, J., Finance, C., and Duval, R. E. Ursolic, oleanolic and betulinic acids: antibacterial spectra and selectivity indexes. J.Ethnopharmacol. 11-20-2008;120(2):272-276. View abstract.
George IN, Zhao YM. Pharmacological activity of 2,3,8-tri-O-methyl ellagic acid isolated from the stem bark of Irvingia gabonensis. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2007;6(16):1910-1912.
Hasani-Ranjbar, S., Nayebi, N., Larijani, B., and Abdollahi, M. A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of herbal medicines used in the treatment of obesity. World J Gastroenterol. 7-7-2009;15(25):3073-3085. View abstract.
Janse van Vuuren BPH, Robbertse PJ Coetzer LA Hudson-Lamb DC. The uptake and translocation of boron and enriched boron by mango. / Die opname en translokering van boor en verrykte boor by mangoplante. Yearbook - South African Mango Growers' Association. 1992;12:14-19.
Jirovetz L, Buchbauer G Ngassoum MB. Aroma compounds of fruit essential oils of Irvingia gabonensis ('African bush mango' or 'wild mango') from Cameroon. Ernährung. 1999;23(1):9-11.
Joseph JK. Physico-chemical attributes of wild mango (Irvingia gabonensis) seeds. Bioresource Technology. 1995;53(2):179-181.
Kruger FJ, Fraser C. Potential use of the immobile mineral element composition of mango fruit as an indicator of susceptibility to lenticel damage. Research Journal - South African Mango Growers' Association. 2004;44-46.
Leakey RRB, Greenwell P Hall MN Atangana AR Usoro C Anegbeh PO Fondoun JM Tchoundjeu Z. Domestication of Irvingia gabonensis: 4. Tree-to-tree variation in food-thickening properties and in fat and protein contents of dika nut. Food Chemistry. 2005;90(3):365-378.
Leakey RRB, Tchoundjeu Z. Diversification of tree crops: domestication of companion crops for poverty reduction and environmental services. Experimental Agriculture. 2001;37(3):279-296.
Longe OG. Apparent digestibility of nitrogen and energy in diets containing certain plant fiber sources for rats. Nutrition Reports International. 1984;29(1):233-241.
McKenzie CB. Mango leaf analysis survey report 1995/96: laboratory variation, and relationship between leaf nutrient concentration, and fruit yield and quality. Yearbook - South African Mango Growers' Association. 1996;16:36-48.
McKenzie CB. Preliminary results of calcium and potassium uptake from foliar sprays on Sensation mango. Yearbook - South African Mango Growers' Association. 1994;14:24-25.
McKenzie CB. The effect of calcium and potassium foliar and fruit sprays on Sensation mango leaf nutrient concentrations and fruit quality. Yearbook - South African Mango Growers' Association. 1995;15:44-47.
Nangue, T. J., Womeni, H. M., Mbiapo, F. T., Fanni, J., and Michel, L. Irvingia gabonensis fat: nutritional properties and effect of increasing amounts on the growth and lipid metabolism of young rats wistar sp. Lipids Health Dis. 2011;10:43. View abstract.
Ndukwe GI, Amupitan JO Zhao YM. Isolation and characterization of 2, 3, 8-tri-me ether ellagic acid from the stem bark of Irvingia gabonensis (Baill). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2008;2(9):234-236.
Ngondi J, Djiotsa EJ Fossouo Z Oben J. Hypoglycaemic effect of the methanol extract of Irvingia gabonensis seeds on streptozotocin diabetic rats. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines. 2006;3(4):74-77.
Ngondi JL, Fossouo Z Djiotsa EJ Oben J. Glycaemic variations after administration of Irvingia gabonensis. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines. 2006;3(4):94-101.
Ngondi JL, Makamto SC Oben J. Irvingia gabonensis on body weight and bloods lipids in normolipidemic Guinea pigs. Journal of Food Technology. 2005;3(4):472-474.
Ngondi JL, Mbouobda HD Etame S Oben J. Effect of Irvingia gabonensis kernel oil on blood and liver lipids on lean and overweight rats. Journal of Food Technology 2005;3(4):592-594.
Njoku OU, Ugwuanyi JO. Nutritional and toxicological properties of dika fat (Irvingia gabonensis). Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants. 1997;4(4):53-58.
Nwanekezi EC, Alawuba OCG Mkpolulu CCM. Characterization of pectic substances from selected tropical fruits. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 1994;31(2):159-161.
Nya PJ, Omokaro DN Nkang AE. Changes in activities of polyphenol oxidase, ascorbate, peroxidase, hydroperoxide and lipid levels during desiccation of Irvingia gabonensis (variety excelsa) seeds. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences. 2003;9(2):165-170.
Obianime AW, Uche FI. The phytoconstituents and the comparative effects of aqueous extract of Irvingia gabonensis seeds and proviron on the biochemical parameters of male guinea pigs. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2010;3(2):101-104.
Oboh, G. and Ekperigin, M. M. Nutritional evaluation of some Nigerian wild seeds. Nahrung 2004;48(2):85-87. View abstract.
Ogunwande IA, Matsui T Fujise T Matsumoto K. á-Glucosidase inhibitory profile of Nigerian medicinal plants in immobilized assay system. Food Science and Technology Research. 2007;13(2):169-172.
Oke OL, Umoh IB. Lesser known oilseeds. 1. Chemical composition. Nutrition Reports International. 1978;17(3):293-297.
Oke OL, Umoh IB. Lesser known oilseeds: a preliminary note on their nutritive value as determined by in vitro digestion. Ecology of Food and Nutrition. 1975;4(2):87-89.
Oluyemi EA, Akanni MS Adekunle AS Aderogba MA. Oxidative stability and antioxidant activity of some non-conventional vegetable oils. Journal of Food Technology. 2005;3(1):101-104.
Omogbai FE. Lipid composition of tropical seeds used in the Nigerian diet. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 1990;50(2):253-255.
Omoruyi F, Adamson I. Effect of supplements of dikanut (Irvingia gabonensis) and cellulose on plasma lipids and composition of hepatic phospholipids in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Nutrition Research. 1994;14(4):537-544.
Omoruyi, F. and Adamson, I. Digestive and hepatic enzymes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats fed supplements of dikanut (Irvingia gabonensis) and cellulose. Ann.Nutr.Metab 1993;37(1):14-23. View abstract.
Oosthuyse SA. Mango production in South Africa as compared to the rest of the world. Acta Horticulturae. 2009;820:29-45.
Oosthuyse SA. Variation of leaf nutrition status in relation to fruit growth in mango. Yearbook - South African Mango Growers' Association. 1997;17:25-28.
Osadebe, PO Ukwueze SE. A comparative study of the phytochemical and anti-microbial properties of the Eastern Nigerian species of African mistletoe (Loranthus micranthus) sourced from different host trees. Bio-research 2(1)Nsukka:Faculty of Biological Sciences 2004;18-23.
Oyedeji FO, Oderinde RA. Characterization of isopropanol extracted vegetable oils. Journal of Applied Sciences. 2006;6(11):2510-2513.
Ozolua RI, Eriyamremu GE Okene EO Ochei U. Hypoglycaemic effects of viscous preparation of Irvingia gabonensis (Dikanut) seeds in streptozotocin-induced diabetic wistar rats. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants. 2006;12(4):1-9.
Raji Y, Ogunwande IA Adesola JM Bolarinwa AF. Antidiarrhegenic and antiulcer properties of Irvingia gabonensis in rats. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2001;39(5):340-345.
Ross, S. M. African mango (IGOB131): a proprietary seed extract of Irvingia gabonensis is found to be effective in reducing body weight and improving metabolic parameters in overweight humans. Holist.Nurs.Pract. 2011;25(4):215-217. View abstract.
Sakho M, Chassagne D Crouzet J. African mango glycosidically bound volatile compounds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1997;45(3):883-888.
Sakho M, Seek S Crouzet J. Volatile components of African mango. Journal of Food Science. 1985;50(2):548.
Silou T, Loumouamou BW Nsikabaka S Kinkela T Nzikou M Chalard P Figueredo G. Contribution to the varietal delimitation of Irvingia gabonensis and Irvingia wombulu chemical composition variability of fats extracted from kernels. Journal of Food Technology. 2011;9(1):36-42.
Smith BL. Time of leaf sampling and analysis norms for mangoes (cv. Sensation). Yearbook - South African Mango Growers' Association. 1992;12:54-56.
Spindler AA, Akosionu N. Gross composition and crude and dietary fiber content of soups made with African mango seeds. Nutrition Reports International. 1985;31(6):1165-1169.
Stafford W, Oke OL. Protein isolate from lesser known oilseeds from Nigeria. Nutrition Reports International. 1977;16(6):813-820.
Stassen PJC, Vuuren BPHJ Davie SJ. Macro elements in mango trees: requirement guidelines. Yearbook - South African Mango Growers' Association. 1997;17:20-24.
Stassen, P. J. C., Vuuren, B. P. H. J. van, and Davie, S. J. Macro elements in mango trees: uptake and distribution. Yearbook - South African Mango Growers' Association 1997;17:16-19.
Tairu, A. O., Hofmann, T., and Schieberle, P. Studies on the key odorants formed by roasting of wild mango seeds (Irvingia gabonensis). J.Agric.Food Chem. 2000;48(6):2391-2394. View abstract.
Udo SE, Madunagu BE Umana EJ Markson AA Takon I. The efficacy of extracts from four oilseeds and an oil fruit as agents against pathogenic microbes in comparison with known antibiotics. Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Social Sciences. 2006;4(2):119-125.
Wegwu, M. O. and Omeodu, S. I. Trace metal contents of selected seeds and vegetables from oil producing areas of Nigeria. Chem.Biodivers. 2010;7(7):1737-1744. View abstract.
Wolfe OA, Ijeoma UF. Effects of aqueous extracts of Irvingia gabonensis seeds on the hormonal parameters of male guinea pigs. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2010;3(3):200-204.
Zibokere DS. Insect inhibitive properties of some consumable local plant materials on grains in storage. AMA, Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America. 2005;36(2):43-45.
Agbor GA, Oben JE, Ngogang JY, et al. Antioxidant capacity of some herbs/spices from cameroon: a comparative study of two methods. J Agric Food Chem 2005;53:6819-24. . View abstract.
Kuete V, Wabo GF, Ngameni B, et al. Antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract, fractions and compounds from the stem bark of Irvingia gabonensis (Ixonanthaceae). J Ethnopharmacol 2007;114:54-60. View abstract.
Ngondi JL, Etoundi BC, Nyangono CB, et al. IGOB131, a novel seed extract of the West African plant Irvingia gabonensis, significantly reduces body weight and improves metabolic parameters in overweight humans in a randomized double-blind placebo controlled investigation. Lipids Health Dis 2009;8:7. View abstract.
Ngondi JL, Mbouobda HD, Etarne S, Oben J. Effect of Irvingia gabonensis kernel oil on blood and liver lipids on lean and overweight rats. J Food Technol 2005;3:592-4. Available at: www.medwelljournals.com/fulltext/jft/2005/592-594.pdf.
Ngondi JL, Oben JE, Minka SR. The effect of Irvingia gabonensis seeds on body weight and blood lipids of obese subjects in Cameroon. Lipids Health Dis 2005;4:12. View abstract.
Oben JE, Ngondi JL, Blum K. Inhibition of Irvingia gabonensis seed extract (OB131) on adipogenesis as mediated via down regulation of the PPARgamma and Leptin genes and up-regulation of the adiponectin gene. Lipids Health Dis 2008:7:44. View abstract.
Oben JE, Ngondi JL, Momo CN, et al. The use of Cissus quadrangularis/Irvingia gabonensis combination in the management of weight loss: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Lipids Health Dis 2008;7:12. View abstract.
Odeku OA, Patani BO. Evaluation of dika nut mucilage (Irvingia gabonensis) as binding agent in metronidazole tablet formulations. Pharm Devel Technol 2005;10:439-46. View abstract.
Okolo CO, Johnson PB, Abdurahman EM, et al. Analgesic effect of Irvingia gabonensis stem bark extract. J Ethnopharmacol 1995;45:125-9. View abstract.
Abdulrahman, F., Inyang, I. S., Abbah, J., Binda, L., Amos, S., and Gamaniel, K. Effect of aqueous leaf extract of Irvingia gabonensis on gastrointestinal tract in rodents. Indian J.Exp.Biol. 2004;42(8):787-791. View abstract.
Abdulude FO. In vitro digestibility of some tropical plant seeds. Rivista Italiana delle Sostanze Grasse. 2005;82(3):152-154.
Achinewhu SC. Ascorbic acid content of some Nigerian local fruits and vegetables. Qualitas Plantarum Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 1983;33(4):261-266.
Adamson, I., Okafor, C., and Abu-Bakare, A. A supplement of Dikanut (Irvingia gabonesis) improves treatment of type II diabetics. West Afr.J.Med. 1990;9(2):108-115. View abstract.
Adamson, I., Okafor, C., and Abu-Bakare, A. Erythrocyte membrane ATPases in diabetes: effect of dikanut (Irvingia gabonensis). Enzyme 1986;36(3):212-215. View abstract.
Adebooye OC, Bello SA. Fruit characteristics and nutrient analysis of fifteen accessions of Irvingia gabonensis var. dulcis of Southwest Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Tree Crop Research. 1998;2(1):30-40.
Adedeji J, Hartman TG Lech J Ho CT. Characterization of glycosidically bound aroma compounds in the African mango (Mangifera indica L.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1992;40(4):659-661.
Adeyeye EI, Arogunjo FA. The nutritional value of the fruits from Pyrus communis, Irvingia gabonensis and Mangifera indica consumed in Nigeria. Rivista Italiana delle Sostanze Grasse. 1997;74(3):117-121.
Aina JO. Physico-chemical changes in African mango (Irvingia gabonensis) during normal storage ripening. Food Chemistry. 1990;36(3):205-212.
Ainge L, Brown N. Irvingia gabonensis and Irvingia wombolu. 2001;
Akanni MS, Adekunle AS Oluyemi EA. Physicochemical properties of some non-conventional oilseeds. Journal of Food Technology. 2005;3(2):177-181.
Alexis SD, Marie K Gnopo N. Physicochemical properties of some traditional vegetablesin Cote d'Ivoire: seeds of Beilschmiedia mannii (Lauraceae), seeds of Irvingia gabonensis (Irvingiaceae) and mushroom Volvariella volvaceae. Journal of Food Technology. 2011;9(2):57-60.
Amubode FO, Fetuga BL. Amino acid composition of seeds of some lesser known tree crops. Food Chemistry. 1984;13(4):299-307.
Atawodi SE. Polyphenol content and in vitro antioxidant activity of methanol extract of seeds of Irvingia gabonensis Baill of Nigerian origin. Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2011;10(6):2314-2321.
Attama AA, Akpa PA. Determination of the amorphicity and glass transition temperatures of some natural polysaccharides. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2008;18:219-220.
Coetzer LA, Robbertse PJ Janse van Vuuren BPH. The effect of different boron applications on the leaf boron concentration, fruit set and fruit yield in a commercial mango plantation. / Die invloed van verskillende boortoedienings op die boorkonsentrasie in die blare, vrugset en vrugopbrengs in 'n kommersiële mango-boord. Yearbook - South African Mango Growers' Association. 1992;12:48-51.
Colyn J. The South African mango industry. Acta Horticulturae. 1993;341:60-68.
Davie SJ, Stassen PJC Grové HG. Starch reserves in the mango tree. South African Mango Growers' Association Yearbook. 2000;19-20:14-17.
Dawodu FA. Physico-chemical studies on oil extraction processes from some Nigerian grown plant seeds. Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2009;8(2):102-110.
Dudu PO, Okiwelu SN Lale NES. Attractancy of diethyl ether extracts of Arachis hypogaea (Linnaeus) (Papilionaceae), Citrullus lanatus (Thunberg) (Cucurbitaceae) and Irvingia gabonensis var. excelsa (Baillon) (Irvingiaceae) to Oryzaephilus mercator (Fauvel) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae). Journal of Stored Products Research. 1998;34(4):237-241.
Egras, A. M., Hamilton, W. R., Lenz, T. L., and Monaghan, M. S. An evidence-based review of fat modifying supplemental weight loss products. J Obes. 2011;2011 View abstract.
Ekpe OO, Umoh IB Eka OU. Effect of a typical rural processing method on the proximate composition and amino acid profile of bush mango seeds (Irvingia gabonensis). African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development. 2007;7(1):1-12.
Fadare, D. A. and Ajaiyeoba, E. O. Phytochemical and antimicrobial activities of the wild mango-Irvingia gabonensis extracts and fractions. Afr.J.Med.Med.Sci. 2008;37(2):119-124. View abstract.
Finnemore, HJ. A perspective on the South African mango industry (past & future). South African Mango Growers' Association Yearbook. 2000;19(20):1-7.
Fontanay, S., Grare, M., Mayer, J., Finance, C., and Duval, R. E. Ursolic, oleanolic and betulinic acids: antibacterial spectra and selectivity indexes. J.Ethnopharmacol. 11-20-2008;120(2):272-276. View abstract.
George IN, Zhao YM. Pharmacological activity of 2,3,8-tri-O-methyl ellagic acid isolated from the stem bark of Irvingia gabonensis. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2007;6(16):1910-1912.
Hasani-Ranjbar, S., Nayebi, N., Larijani, B., and Abdollahi, M. A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of herbal medicines used in the treatment of obesity. World J Gastroenterol. 7-7-2009;15(25):3073-3085. View abstract.
Janse van Vuuren BPH, Robbertse PJ Coetzer LA Hudson-Lamb DC. The uptake and translocation of boron and enriched boron by mango. / Die opname en translokering van boor en verrykte boor by mangoplante. Yearbook - South African Mango Growers' Association. 1992;12:14-19.
Jirovetz L, Buchbauer G Ngassoum MB. Aroma compounds of fruit essential oils of Irvingia gabonensis ('African bush mango' or 'wild mango') from Cameroon. Ernährung. 1999;23(1):9-11.
Joseph JK. Physico-chemical attributes of wild mango (Irvingia gabonensis) seeds. Bioresource Technology. 1995;53(2):179-181.
Kruger FJ, Fraser C. Potential use of the immobile mineral element composition of mango fruit as an indicator of susceptibility to lenticel damage. Research Journal - South African Mango Growers' Association. 2004;44-46.
Leakey RRB, Greenwell P Hall MN Atangana AR Usoro C Anegbeh PO Fondoun JM Tchoundjeu Z. Domestication of Irvingia gabonensis: 4. Tree-to-tree variation in food-thickening properties and in fat and protein contents of dika nut. Food Chemistry. 2005;90(3):365-378.
Leakey RRB, Tchoundjeu Z. Diversification of tree crops: domestication of companion crops for poverty reduction and environmental services. Experimental Agriculture. 2001;37(3):279-296.
McKenzie CB. Mango leaf analysis survey report 1995/96: laboratory variation, and relationship between leaf nutrient concentration, and fruit yield and quality. Yearbook - South African Mango Growers' Association. 1996;16:36-48.
McKenzie CB. Preliminary results of calcium and potassium uptake from foliar sprays on Sensation mango. Yearbook - South African Mango Growers' Association. 1994;14:24-25.
McKenzie CB. The effect of calcium and potassium foliar and fruit sprays on Sensation mango leaf nutrient concentrations and fruit quality. Yearbook - South African Mango Growers' Association. 1995;15:44-47.
Nangue, T. J., Womeni, H. M., Mbiapo, F. T., Fanni, J., and Michel, L. Irvingia gabonensis fat: nutritional properties and effect of increasing amounts on the growth and lipid metabolism of young rats wistar sp. Lipids Health Dis. 2011;10:43. View abstract.
Ndukwe GI, Amupitan JO Zhao YM. Isolation and characterization of 2, 3, 8-tri-me ether ellagic acid from the stem bark of Irvingia gabonensis (Baill). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2008;2(9):234-236.
Ngondi J, Djiotsa EJ Fossouo Z Oben J. Hypoglycaemic effect of the methanol extract of Irvingia gabonensis seeds on streptozotocin diabetic rats. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines. 2006;3(4):74-77.
Ngondi JL, Makamto SC Oben J. Irvingia gabonensis on body weight and bloods lipids in normolipidemic Guinea pigs. Journal of Food Technology. 2005;3(4):472-474.
Ngondi JL, Mbouobda HD Etame S Oben J. Effect of Irvingia gabonensis kernel oil on blood and liver lipids on lean and overweight rats. Journal of Food Technology 2005;3(4):592-594.
Njoku OU, Ugwuanyi JO. Nutritional and toxicological properties of dika fat (Irvingia gabonensis). Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants. 1997;4(4):53-58.
Nwanekezi EC, Alawuba OCG Mkpolulu CCM. Characterization of pectic substances from selected tropical fruits. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 1994;31(2):159-161.
Nya PJ, Omokaro DN Nkang AE. Changes in activities of polyphenol oxidase, ascorbate, peroxidase, hydroperoxide and lipid levels during desiccation of Irvingia gabonensis (variety excelsa) seeds. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences. 2003;9(2):165-170.
Obianime AW, Uche FI. The phytoconstituents and the comparative effects of aqueous extract of Irvingia gabonensis seeds and proviron on the biochemical parameters of male guinea pigs. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2010;3(2):101-104.
Oboh, G. and Ekperigin, M. M. Nutritional evaluation of some Nigerian wild seeds. Nahrung 2004;48(2):85-87. View abstract.
Ogunwande IA, Matsui T Fujise T Matsumoto K. á-Glucosidase inhibitory profile of Nigerian medicinal plants in immobilized assay system. Food Science and Technology Research. 2007;13(2):169-172.
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