Overview
Darkness triggers the body to make more melatonin, which signals the body to sleep. Light decreases melatonin production and signals the body to be awake. Some people who have trouble sleeping have low levels of melatonin. It's thought that adding melatonin from supplements might help them sleep.
People most commonly use melatonin for insomnia and improving sleep in different conditions, such as jet lag. It is also used for depression, chronic pain, dementia, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support most of these uses. There is also no good evidence to support using melatonin for COVID-19.
Uses & Effectiveness ?
Likely Effective for
- Trouble falling asleep at a conventional bedtime (delayed sleep phase syndrome). Taking melatonin by mouth seems to shorten the time needed to fall asleep in young adults and children with this condition.
- Non-24-hour sleep wake disorder. Taking melatonin by mouth at bedtime seems to improve sleep in children and adults who are blind.
Possibly Effective for
- Sleep disturbance caused by certain blood pressure medicine (beta blocker-induced insomnia). Taking melatonin by mouth might reduce sleep problems in people taking beta-blocker drugs.
- Cancer. Taking high doses of melatonin by mouth or as a shot, administered by a healthcare provider along with chemotherapy or other cancer treatments, might reduce tumor size and improve survival rates in some people with cancer.
- Confusion and agitation after surgery. In children receiving a medication called sevoflurane during surgery, taking melatonin by mouth before anesthesia might help to prevent anxiety and agitation while waking up. The effect of taking melatonin in adults undergoing surgery is unclear.
- High blood pressure. Taking the controlled-release form of melatonin by mouth before bedtime seems to lower blood pressure in people with high blood pressure. Immediate-release products don't seem to work.
- Insomnia. Taking melatonin by mouth, short-term, seems to shorten the time it takes to fall asleep in people with insomnia, but only by about 7-12 minutes. It's not clear if it affects the amount of time spent sleeping. It also seems to be more helpful in older adults and those with certain other conditions.
- Jet lag. Taking melatonin by mouth can improve certain symptoms of jet lag such as alertness and reduce daytime sleepiness and tiredness. But it might not help shorten the time it takes for people with jet lag to fall asleep.
- Migraine. Taking melatonin by mouth before bed can prevent migraines in adults and children. It's not clear if melatonin helps to treat migraines.
- Anxiety before a procedure. Taking melatonin by mouth or under the tongue somewhat reduces anxiety before surgery in adults. It's not clear if it helps in children.
- Sedation before a procedure. Taking melatonin by mouth might reduce the amount of sedatives needed for some medical procedures in children.
- Sunburn. Applying melatonin gel to the skin before sun exposure seems to help prevent sunburn.
- A group of painful conditions that affect the jaw joint and muscle (temporomandibular disorders or TMD). Taking melatonin by mouth at bedtime for 4 weeks reduces pain in females with jaw pain.
- Low levels of platelets in the blood (thrombocytopenia). Taking melatonin by mouth can improve low blood platelet counts associated with cancer, cancer treatment, and other disorders.
Possibly Ineffective for
- Athletic performance. Taking melatonin by mouth shortly before resistance exercise or cycling doesn't appear to improve performance.
- Involuntary weight loss in people who are very ill (cachexia or wasting syndrome). Taking melatonin by mouth doesn't improve appetite, body weight, or body composition in people with wasting syndrome from cancer.
- Tiredness in people with cancer. Taking melatonin by mouth doesn't seem to improve tiredness in people with cancer.
- Pain in people with cancer. Taking melatonin by mouth doesn't seem to reduce pain in people with cancer.
- Critical illness (trauma). Taking melatonin by mouth doesn't seem to shorten hospital stay in people that are critically ill.
- Diseases, such as Alzheimer disease, that interfere with thinking (dementia). Taking melatonin by mouth doesn't improve behavior or affect symptoms in people with Alzheimer disease or other forms of memory loss. But it might reduce confusion when the sun goes down in people with these conditions.
- Inability to become pregnant within a year of trying to conceive (infertility). Taking melatonin by mouth doesn't seem to improve pregnancy rates in females undergoing fertility treatments.
- Sleep disorder due to rotating or night shifts (shift work disorder). Taking melatonin by mouth doesn't seem to improve sleeping problems in people who do shift work.
Likely InEffective for
- Withdrawal from drugs called benzodiazepines. Taking melatonin by mouth at bedtime doesn't reduce withdrawal symptoms in people with insomnia who have stopped taking these drugs.
- Depression. Taking melatonin by mouth doesn't seem to reduce symptoms of depression, and might make symptoms worse in some people.
Side Effects
When applied to the skin: Melatonin is likely safe for most adults when used short-term.
Special Precautions and Warnings
When applied to the skin: Melatonin is likely safe for most adults when used short-term.
Pregnancy: Melatonin is possibly unsafe when regularly taken by mouth or in high doses while trying to become pregnant. Melatonin might have effects similar to birth control, making it more difficult to become pregnant. There isn't enough reliable information to know if melatonin is safe to use when pregnant. Until more is known, it's best not to use melatonin while pregnant or trying to become pregnant.
Breast-feeding: There isn't enough reliable information to know if melatonin is safe to use when breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.
Children: Melatonin is possibly safe when taken by mouth, short-term. Melatonin is usually well tolerated when taken in doses up to 3 mg daily in children and 5 mg daily in adolescents. There is some concern that melatonin might interfere with development during adolescence. Melatonin should only be used in children with a medical need. There isn't enough evidence to know if melatonin is safe in children when taken by mouth, long-term.
Bleeding disorders: Melatonin might make bleeding worse in people with bleeding disorders.
Depression: Melatonin can make symptoms of depression worse.
High blood pressure: Melatonin can raise blood pressure in people who are taking certain medications to control blood pressure. Avoid using it.
Seizure disorders: Using melatonin might increase the risk of having a seizure.
Transplant recipients: People who have had a transplant often take medications to suppress the immune system. Melatonin can increase immune function. This might interfere with the effects of some transplant medications.
Interactions ?
Birth control pills (Contraceptive drugs) interacts with MELATONIN
Birth control pills seem to increase how much melatonin the body makes. Taking melatonin along with birth control pills might increase the effects and side effects of melatonin.
Caffeine interacts with MELATONIN
Caffeine might increase or decrease melatonin levels in the body. When taken together with melatonin supplements, caffeine seems to increase melatonin levels.
Fluvoxamine (Luvox) interacts with MELATONIN
Taking fluvoxamine can increase the amount of melatonin that the body absorbs. Taking melatonin along with fluvoxamine might increase the effects and side effects of melatonin.
Medications for diabetes (Antidiabetes drugs) interacts with MELATONIN
Melatonin might lower blood sugar levels. Taking melatonin along with diabetes medications might cause blood sugar to drop too low. Monitor your blood sugar closely.
Medications that decrease the immune system (Immunosuppressants) interacts with MELATONIN
Melatonin can increase the activity of the immune system. Some medications, such as those used after a transplant, decrease the activity of the immune system. Taking melatonin along with these medications might decrease the effects of these medications.
Medications that slow blood clotting (Anticoagulant / Antiplatelet drugs) interacts with MELATONIN
Melatonin might slow blood clotting. Taking melatonin along with medications that also slow blood clotting might increase the risk of bruising and bleeding.
Nifedipine GITS (Procardia XL) interacts with MELATONIN
Nifedipine GITS is used to lower blood pressure. Taking melatonin might decrease the effects of nifedipine GITS for lowering blood pressure.
Sedative medications (CNS depressants) interacts with MELATONIN
Melatonin might cause sleepiness and slowed breathing. Some medications, called sedatives, can also cause sleepiness and slowed breathing. Taking melatonin with sedative medications might cause breathing problems and/or too much sleepiness.
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) substrates) interacts with MELATONIN
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Melatonin might change how quickly the liver breaks down these medications. This could change the effects and side effects of these medications.
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) substrates) interacts with MELATONIN
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Melatonin might change how quickly the liver breaks down these medications. This could change the effects and side effects of these medications.
Medications for high blood pressure (Antihypertensive drugs) interacts with MELATONIN
Melatonin might lower blood pressure. Taking melatonin along with medications that lower blood pressure might cause blood pressure to go too low. Monitor your blood pressure closely.
Medications used to prevent seizures (Anticonvulsants) interacts with MELATONIN
Melatonin may increase the risk of seizures. Therefore, taking melatonin may decrease the effects of medications used to prevent seizures. This might increase the risk of seizures.
Medications that increase the chance of having a seizure (Seizure threshold lowering drugs) interacts with MELATONIN
Melatonin might increase the risk of seizures in some people. There are also some medications that can increase the risk of seizures. Taking these products together might increase the risk of a seizure even more.
Methamphetamine (Desoxyn) interacts with MELATONIN
Taking melatonin with methamphetamine might increase the effects and side effects of methamphetamine.
Warfarin (Coumadin) interacts with MELATONIN
Warfarin is used to slow blood clotting. Melatonin might increase the effectiveness of warfarin. Taking melatonin along with warfarin might increase the chances of bruising and bleeding. Be sure to have your blood checked regularly. The dose of your warfarin might need to be changed.
Moderate Interaction
Be cautious with this combination
Flumazenil (Romazicon) interacts with MELATONIN
Flumazenil might decrease the effects of melatonin. Taking flumazenil along with melatonin might decrease the effects of melatonin supplements.
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) substrates) interacts with MELATONIN
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Melatonin might change how quickly the liver breaks down these medications. This could change the effects and side effects of these medications.
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) substrates) interacts with MELATONIN
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Melatonin might change how quickly the liver breaks down these medications. This could change the effects and side effects of these medications.
Minor Interaction
Be watchful with this combination
Dosing
Some melatonin supplements are slow-release and others are fast-release. Some melatonin products can be placed under the tongue or in the cheek to absorb faster. Melatonin is also used in creams, gargles, and gels. Speak with a healthcare provider to find out what type of product and dose might be best for a specific condition.
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Cugini, P., Touitou, Y., Bogdan, A., Auzeby, A., Pellegrino, A. M., Fontana, S., Vacca, K., Siena, G. D., Di Rosa, R., Zannella, F. P., Zannella, P., Zannella, A., Sepe, F. A., and Sepe, L. Is melatonin circadian rhythm a physiological feature associated with healthy longevity? A study of long-living subjects and their progeny. Chronobiol Int 2001;18(1):99-107. View abstract.
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Dauchy, R. T., Blask, D. E., Dauchy, E. M., Davidson, L. K., Tirrell, P. C., Greene, M. W., Tirrell, R. P., Hill, C. R., and Sauer, L. A. Antineoplastic effects of melatonin on a rare malignancy of mesenchymal origin: melatonin receptor-mediated inhibition of signal transduction, linoleic acid metabolism and growth in tissue-isolated human leiomyosarcoma xenografts. J.Pineal Res. 2009;47(1):32-42. View abstract.
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Dawson, D., Rogers, N. L., van den Heuvel, C. J., Kennaway, D. J., and Lushington, K. Effect of sustained nocturnal transbuccal melatonin administration on sleep and temperature in elderly insomniacs. J Biol Rhythms 1998;13(6):532-538. View abstract.
de Leiva, A., Tortosa, F., Peinado, M. A., Serrano, J., Rodriguez-Espinosa, J., and Puig-Domingo, M. Episodic nyctohemeral secretion of melatonin in adult humans: lack of relation with LH pulsatile pattern. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1990;122(1):76-82. View abstract.
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Delagrange, P., Atkinson, J., Boutin, J. A., Casteilla, L., Lesieur, D., Misslin, R., Pellissier, S., Penicaud, L., and Renard, P. Therapeutic perspectives for melatonin agonists and antagonists. J Neuroendocrinol. 2003;15(4):442-448. View abstract.
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Dilek, M., Naziroglu, M., Baha, Oral H., Suat, Ovey, I, Kucukayaz, M., Mungan, M. T., Kara, H. Y., and Sutcu, R. Melatonin modulates hippocampus NMDA receptors, blood and brain oxidative stress levels in ovariectomized rats. J.Membr.Biol. 2010;233(1-3):135-142. View abstract.
Dollins, A. B., Lynch, H. J., Wurtman, R. J., Deng, M. H., and Lieberman, H. R. Effects of illumination on human nocturnal serum melatonin levels and performance. Physiol Behav. 1993;53(1):153-160. View abstract.
Dominguez-Rodriguez, A., Abreu-Gonzalez, P., Garcia-Gonzalez, M. J., Kaski, J. C., Reiter, R. J., and Jimenez-Sosa, A. A unicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study of Melatonin as an Adjunct in patients with acute myocaRdial Infarction undergoing primary Angioplasty The Melatonin Adjunct in the acute myocaRdial Infarction treated with Angioplasty (MARIA) trial: study design and rationale. Contemp.Clin Trials 2007;28(4):532-539. View abstract.
Dominguez-Rodriguez, A., Abreu-Gonzalez, P., Jimenez-Sosa, A., Avanzas, P., Bosa-Ojeda, F., and Kaski, J. C. Usefulness of intraplatelet melatonin levels to predict angiographic no-reflow after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Am.J.Cardiol. 12-1-2010;106(11):1540-1544. View abstract.
Dong, W., Huang, F., Fan, W., Cheng, S., Chen, Y., Zhang, W., Shi, H., and He, H. Differential effects of melatonin on amyloid-beta peptide 25-35-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in hippocampal neurons at different stages of culture. J.Pineal Res. 2010;48(2):117-125. View abstract.
Drake, M. J., Mills, I. W., and Noble, J. G. Melatonin pharmacotherapy for nocturia in men with benign prostatic enlargement. J Urol. 2004;171(3):1199-1202. View abstract.
Edwards, B. J., Atkinson, G., Waterhouse, J., Reilly, T., Godfrey, R., and Budgett, R. Use of melatonin in recovery from jet-lag following an eastward flight across 10 time-zones. Ergonomics 2000;43(10):1501-1513. View abstract.
Edwards, R. B., Manzana, E. J., and Chen, W. J. Melatonin (an antioxidant) does not ameliorate alcohol-induced Purkinje cell loss in the developing cerebellum. Alcohol Clin Exp.Res 2002;26(7):1003-1009. View abstract.
El-Batch, M., Hassan, A. M., and Mahmoud, H. A. Taurine is more effective than melatonin on cytochrome P450 2E1 and some oxidative stress markers in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Agric.Food Chem 5-11-2011;59(9):4995-5000. View abstract.
Elkhayat, H. A., Hassanein, S. M., Tomoum, H. Y., Abd-Elhamid, I. A., Asaad, T., and Elwakkad, A. S. Melatonin and sleep-related problems in children with intractable epilepsy. Pediatr.Neurol. 2010;42(4):249-254. View abstract.
Ersoz, N., Guven, A., Cayci, T., Uysal, B., Turk, E., Oztas, E., Akgul, E. O., Korkmaz, A., and Cetiner, S. Comparison of the efficacy of melatonin and 1400W on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury: a role for inhibiting iNOS. Ren Fail. 2009;31(8):704-710. View abstract.
Eryilmaz, O. G., Devran, A., Sarikaya, E., Aksakal, F. N., Mollamahmutoglu, L., and Cicek, N. Melatonin improves the oocyte and the embryo in IVF patients with sleep disturbances, but does not improve the sleeping problems. J.Assist.Reprod.Genet. 2011;28(9):815-820. View abstract.
Espino, J., Bejarano, I., Ortiz, A., Lozano, G. M., Garcia, J. F., Pariente, J. A., and Rodriguez, A. B. Melatonin as a potential tool against oxidative damage and apoptosis in ejaculated human spermatozoa. Fertil.Steril. 2010;94(5):1915-1917. View abstract.
Espino, J., Bejarano, I., Paredes, S. D., Gonzalez, D., Barriga, C., Reiter, R. J., Pariente, J. A., and Rodriguez, A. B. Melatonin counteracts alterations in oxidative metabolism and cell viability induced by intracellular calcium overload in human leucocytes: changes with age. Basic Clin.Pharmacol.Toxicol. 2010;107(1):590-597. View abstract.
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Esposti, D., Lissoni, P., Mauri, R., Rovelli, F., Orsenigo, L., Pescia, S., Vegetti, G., Esposti, G., and Fraschini, F. The pineal gland-opioid system relation: melatonin-naloxone interactions in regulating GH and LH releases in man. J Endocrinol Invest 1988;11(2):103-106. View abstract.
Esquifino, A., Agrasal, C., Velazquez, E., Villanua, M. A., and Cardinali, D. P. Effect of melatonin on serum cholesterol and phospholipid levels, and on prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid hormone levels, in hyperprolactinemic rats. Life Sci 1997;61(11):1051-1058. View abstract.
Esteban, S., Garau, C., Aparicio, S., Moranta, D., Barcelo, P., Fiol, M. A., and Rial, R. Chronic melatonin treatment and its precursor L-tryptophan improve the monoaminergic neurotransmission and related behavior in the aged rat brain. J.Pineal Res. 2010;48(2):170-177. View abstract.
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Fourtillan, J. B., Brisson, A. M., Fourtillan, M., Ingrand, I., Decourt, J. P., and Girault, J. Melatonin secretion occurs at a constant rate in both young and older men and women. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001;280(1):E11-E22. View abstract.
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Franca, E. L., Feliciano, N. D., Silva, K. A., Ferrari, C. K., and Honorio-Franca, A. C. Modulatory role of melatonin on superoxide release by spleen macrophages isolated from alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Bratisl.Lek.Listy 2009;110(9):517-522. View abstract.
Friedman, O., Orvieto, R., Fisch, B., Felz, C., Freud, E., Ben-Haroush, A., and Abir, R. Possible improvements in human ovarian grafting by various host and graft treatments. Hum.Reprod. 2012;27(2):474-482. View abstract.
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Garcia, J. J., Pinol-Ripoll, G., Martinez-Ballarin, E., Fuentes-Broto, L., Miana-Mena, F. J., Venegas, C., Caballero, B., Escames, G., Coto-Montes, A., and Acuna-Castroviejo, D. Melatonin reduces membrane rigidity and oxidative damage in the brain of SAMP8 mice. Neurobiol.Aging 2011;32(11):2045-2054. View abstract.
Garrido, M., Paredes, S. D., Cubero, J., Lozano, M., Toribio-Delgado, A. F., Munoz, J. L., Reiter, R. J., Barriga, C., and Rodriguez, A. B. Jerte Valley cherry-enriched diets improve nocturnal rest and increase 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and total antioxidant capacity in the urine of middle-aged and elderly humans. J.Gerontol.A Biol.Sci.Med.Sci. 2010;65(9):909-914. View abstract.
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Geihs, M. A., Vargas, M. A., Maciel, F. E., Caldas, S. S., Cruz, B. P., Primel, E. G., Monserrat, J. M., and Nery, L. E. Effect of melatonin in the antioxidant defense system in the locomotor muscles of the estuarine crab Neohelice granulata (Decapoda, Brachyura). Gen.Comp Endocrinol. 3-1-2010;166(1):72-82. View abstract.
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Gimenez, F., Stornelli, M. C., Tittarelli, C. M., Savignone, C. A., Dorna, I. V., de la Sota, R. L., and Stornelli, M. A. Suppression of estrus in cats with melatonin implants. Theriogenology 9-1-2009;72(4):493-499. View abstract.
Gingerich, S., Wang, X., Lee, P. K., Dhillon, S. S., Chalmers, J. A., Koletar, M. M., and Belsham, D. D. The generation of an array of clonal, immortalized cell models from the rat hypothalamus: analysis of melatonin effects on kisspeptin and gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone neurons. Neuroscience 9-15-2009;162(4):1134-1140. View abstract.
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Gitto, E., Karbownik, M., Reiter, R. J., Tan, D. X., Cuzzocrea, S., Chiurazzi, P., Cordaro, S., Corona, G., Trimarchi, G., and Barberi, I. Effects of melatonin treatment in septic newborns. Pediatr Res 2001;50(6):756-760. View abstract.
Gitto, E., Reiter, R. J., Cordaro, S. P., La Rosa, M., Chiurazzi, P., Trimarchi, G., Gitto, P., Calabro, M. P., and Barberi, I. Oxidative and inflammatory parameters in respiratory distress syndrome of preterm newborns: beneficial effects of melatonin. Am J Perinatol. 2004;21(4):209-216. View abstract.
Gogenur, I., Kucukakin, B., Bisgaard, T., Kristiansen, V., Hjortso, N. C., Skene, D. J., and Rosenberg, J. The effect of melatonin on sleep quality after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Anesth.Analg. 2009;108(4):1152-1156. View abstract.
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Gonciarz, M., Gonciarz, Z., Bielanski, W., Mularczyk, A., Konturek, P. C., Brzozowski, T., and Konturek, S. J. The effects of long-term melatonin treatment on plasma liver enzymes levels and plasma concentrations of lipids and melatonin in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a pilot study. J.Physiol Pharmacol. 2012;63(1):35-40. View abstract.
Gonciarz, M., Gonciarz, Z., Bielanski, W., Mularczyk, A., Konturek, P. C., Brzozowski, T., and Konturek, S. J. The pilot study of 3-month course of melatonin treatment of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: effect on plasma levels of liver enzymes, lipids and melatonin. J.Physiol Pharmacol. 2010;61(6):705-710. View abstract.
Gonzalez, A., Martinez-Campa, C., Mediavilla, M. D., Alonso-Gonzalez, C., Alvarez-Garcia, V., Sanchez-Barcelo, E. J., and Cos, S. Inhibitory effects of melatonin on sulfatase and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity and expression in glioma cells. Oncol.Rep. 2010;23(4):1173-1178. View abstract.
Gooneratne, N. S., Edwards, A. Y., Zhou, C., Cuellar, N., Grandner, M. A., and Barrett, J. S. Melatonin pharmacokinetics following two different oral surge-sustained release doses in older adults. J.Pineal Res. 2012;52(4):437-445. View abstract.
Gorfine, T., Assaf, Y., Goshen-Gottstein, Y., Yeshurun, Y., and Zisapel, N. Sleep-anticipating effects of melatonin in the human brain. Neuroimage. 5-15-2006;31(1):410-418. View abstract.
Granzotto, M., Rapozzi, V., Decorti, G., and Giraldi, T. Effects of melatonin on doxorubicin cytotoxicity in sensitive and pleiotropically resistant tumor cells. J Pineal Res 2001;31(3):206-213. View abstract.
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Grin, W. and Grunberger, W. A significant correlation between melatonin deficiency and endometrial cancer. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1998;45(1):62-65. View abstract.
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Grossman, E., Laudon, M., Yalcin, R., Zengil, H., Peleg, E., Sharabi, Y., Kamari, Y., Shen-Orr, Z., and Zisapel, N. Melatonin reduces night blood pressure in patients with nocturnal hypertension. Am J Med 2006;119(10):898-902. View abstract.
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Guenole, F., Godbout, R., Nicolas, A., Franco, P., Claustrat, B., and Baleyte, J. M. Melatonin for disordered sleep in individuals with autism spectrum disorders: systematic review and discussion. Sleep Med.Rev. 2011;15(6):379-387. View abstract.
Guizar-Sahagun, G., Rodriguez-Balderas, C. A., Franco-Bourland, R. E., Martinez-Cruz, A., Grijalva, I., Ibarra, A., and Madrazo, I. Lack of neuroprotection with pharmacological pretreatment in a paradigm for anticipated spinal cord lesions. Spinal Cord. 2009;47(2):156-160. View abstract.
Gulcin, I., Buyukokuroglu, M. E., and Kufrevioglu, O. I. Metal chelating and hydrogen peroxide scavenging effects of melatonin. J Pineal Res 2003;34(4):278-281. View abstract.
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Guo, Y., Wang, J., Wang, Z., Yang, Y., Wang, X., and Duan, Q. Melatonin protects N2a against ischemia/reperfusion injury through autophagy enhancement. J.Huazhong.Univ Sci.Technolog.Med.Sci. 2010;30(1):1-7. View abstract.
Gupta, M., Gupta, Y. K., Agarwal, S., Aneja, S., and Kohli, K. A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial of melatonin add-on therapy in epileptic children on valproate monotherapy: effect on glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase enzymes. Br.J.Clin.Pharmacol. 2004;58(5):542-547. View abstract.
Gupta, M., Gupta, Y. K., Agarwal, S., Aneja, S., Kalaivani, M., and Kohli, K. Effects of add-on melatonin administration on antioxidant enzymes in children with epilepsy taking carbamazepine monotherapy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Epilepsia 2004;45(12):1636-1639. View abstract.
Gupta, Y. K., Chaudhary, G., and Sinha, K. Enhanced protection by melatonin and meloxicam combination in a middle cerebral artery occlusion model of acute ischemic stroke in rat. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2002;80(3):210-217. View abstract.
Hack, L. M., Lockley, S. W., Arendt, J., and Skene, D. J. The effects of low-dose 0.5-mg melatonin on the free-running circadian rhythms of blind subjects. J Biol.Rhythms 2003;18(5):420-429. View abstract.
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Hamada, F., Watanabe, K., Wakatsuki, A., Nagai, R., Shinohara, K., Hayashi, Y., Imamura, R., and Fukaya, T. Therapeutic effects of maternal melatonin administration on ischemia/reperfusion-induced oxidative cerebral damage in neonatal rats. Neonatology. 2010;98(1):33-40. View abstract.
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Harma, M., Laitinen, J., Partinen, M., and Suvanto, S. The effect of four-day round trip flights over 10 time zones on the circadian variation of salivary melatonin and cortisol in airline flight attendants. Ergonomics 1994;37(9):1479-1489. View abstract.
Harris, A. S., Burgess, H. J., and Dawson, D. The effects of day-time exogenous melatonin administration on cardiac autonomic activity. J Pineal Res 2001;31(3):199-205. View abstract.
Hartter, S., Nordmark, A., Rose, D. M., Bertilsson, L., Tybring, G., and Laine, K. Effects of caffeine intake on the pharmacokinetics of melatonin, a probe drug for CYP1A2 activity. Br.J.Clin.Pharmacol. 2003;56(6):679-682. View abstract.
Hartter, S., Wang, X., Weigmann, H., Friedberg, T., Arand, M., Oesch, F., and Hiemke, C. Differential effects of fluvoxamine and other antidepressants on the biotransformation of melatonin. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001;21(2):167-174. View abstract.
Hatonen, T., Alila, A., and Laakso, M. L. Exogenous melatonin fails to counteract the light-induced phase delay of human melatonin rhythm. Brain Res 2-26-1996;710(1-2):125-130. View abstract.
Hill, S. M., Frasch, T., Xiang, S., Yuan, L., Duplessis, T., and Mao, L. Molecular mechanisms of melatonin anticancer effects. Integr.Cancer Ther. 2009;8(4):337-346. View abstract.
Holliman, B. J. and Chyka, P. A. Problems in assessment of acute melatonin overdose. South.Med J 1997;90(4):451-453. View abstract.
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Hoppe, J. B., Frozza, R. L., Horn, A. P., Comiran, R. A., Bernardi, A., Campos, M. M., Battastini, A. M., and Salbego, C. Amyloid-beta neurotoxicity in organotypic culture is attenuated by melatonin: involvement of GSK-3beta, tau and neuroinflammation. J.Pineal Res. 2010;48(3):230-238. View abstract.
Huang, J. Y., Hong, Y. T., and Chuang, J. I. Fibroblast growth factor 9 prevents MPP+-induced death of dopaminergic neurons and is involved in melatonin neuroprotection in vivo and in vitro. J.Neurochem. 2009;109(5):1400-1412. View abstract.
Huang, L. T., Tiao, M. M., Tain, Y. L., Chen, C. C., and Hsieh, C. S. Melatonin ameliorates bile duct ligation-induced systemic oxidative stress and spatial memory deficits in developing rats. Pediatr.Res. 2009;65(2):176-180. View abstract.
Huang, S. H., Cao, X. J., Liu, W., Shi, X. Y., and Wei, W. Inhibitory effect of melatonin on lung oxidative stress induced by respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice. J.Pineal Res. 2010;48(2):109-116. View abstract.
Hurtuk, A., Dome, C., Holloman, C. H., Wolfe, K., Welling, D. B., Dodson, E. E., and Jacob, A. Melatonin: can it stop the ringing? Ann.Otol.Rhinol.Laryngol. 2011;120(7):433-440. View abstract.
Hussain, S. A., Al-Khalifa, I. I., Jasim, N. A., and Gorial, F. I. Adjuvant use of melatonin for treatment of fibromyalgia. J.Pineal Res. 2011;50(3):267-271. View abstract.
Huston, B., Mills, K., Froloff, V., and McGee, M. Bladder rupture after intentional medication overdose. Am.J.Forensic Med.Pathol. 2012;33(2):184-185. View abstract.
Ibrahim, M. G., Bellomo, R., Hart, G. K., Norman, T. R., Goldsmith, D., Bates, S., and Egi, M. A double-blind placebo-controlled randomised pilot study of nocturnal melatonin in tracheostomised patients. Crit Care Resusc. 2006;8(3):187-191. View abstract.
Ismail, S. A. and Mowafi, H. A. Melatonin provides anxiolysis, enhances analgesia, decreases intraocular pressure, and promotes better operating conditions during cataract surgery under topical anesthesia. Anesth.Analg. 2009;108(4):1146-1151. View abstract.
Iuvone, P. M., Brown, A. D., Haque, R., Weller, J., Zawilska, J. B., Chaurasia, S. S., Ma, M., and Klein, D. C. Retinal melatonin production: role of proteasomal proteolysis in circadian and photic control of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase. Invest Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 2002;43(2):564-572. View abstract.
Izykowska, I., Cegielski, M., Gebarowska, E., Podhorska-Okolow, M., Piotrowska, A., Zabel, M., and Dziegiel, P. Effect of melatonin on human keratinocytes and fibroblasts subjected to UVA and UVB radiation In vitro. In Vivo 2009;23(5):739-745. View abstract.
Izykowska, I., Gebarowska, E., Cegielski, M., Podhorska-Okolow, M., Piotrowska, A., Zabel, M., and Dziegiel, P. Effect of melatonin on melanoma cells subjected to UVA and UVB radiation in In vitro studies. In Vivo 2009;23(5):733-738. View abstract.
Jagota, A. and Kalyani, D. Effect of melatonin on age induced changes in daily serotonin rhythms in suprachiasmatic nucleus of male Wistar rat. Biogerontology. 2010;11(3):299-308. View abstract.
James, S. P., Mendelson, W. B., Sack, D. A., Rosenthal, N. E., and Wehr, T. A. The effect of melatonin on normal sleep. Neuropsychopharmacology 1987;1(1):41-44. View abstract.
Jan, J. E., Connolly, M. B., Hamilton, D., Freeman, R. D., and Laudon, M. Melatonin treatment of non-epileptic myoclonus in children. Dev.Med Child Neurol. 1999;41(4):255-259. View abstract.
Jan, J. E., Hamilton, D., Seward, N., Fast, D. K., Freeman, R. D., and Laudon, M. Clinical trials of controlled-release melatonin in children with sleep- wake cycle disorders. J Pineal Res 2000;29(1):34-39. View abstract.
Jang, S. S., Kim, W. D., and Park, W. Y. Melatonin exerts differential actions on X-ray radiation-induced apoptosis in normal mice splenocytes and Jurkat leukemia cells. J.Pineal Res. 2009;47(2):147-155. View abstract.
Jansen, S. L., Forbes, D. A., Duncan, V., and Morgan, D. G. Melatonin for cognitive impairment. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2006;(1):CD003802. View abstract.
Jaworek, J. Ghrelin and melatonin in the regulation of pancreatic exocrine secretion and maintaining of integrity. J Physiol Pharmacol 2006;57 Suppl 5:83-96. View abstract.
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Jonage-Canonico, M. B., Lenoir, V., Martin, A., Scholler, R., and Kerdelhue, B. Long term inhibition by Estradiol or Progesterone of Melatonin secretion after administration of a mammary carcinogen, the dimethyl benz(a)anthracene, in Sprague-Dawley female rat; inhibitory effect of Melatonin on mammary carcinogenesis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2003;79(3):365-377. View abstract.
Joo, S. S. and Yoo, Y. M. Melatonin induces apoptotic death in LNCaP cells via p38 and JNK pathways: therapeutic implications for prostate cancer. J.Pineal Res. 2009;47(1):8-14. View abstract.
Jung, K. H., Hong, S. W., Zheng, H. M., Lee, D. H., and Hong, S. S. Melatonin downregulates nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 and nuclear factor-kappaB during prevention of oxidative liver injury in a dimethylnitrosamine model. J.Pineal Res. 2009;47(2):173-183. View abstract.
Jung-Hynes, B. and Ahmad, N. SIRT1 controls circadian clock circuitry and promotes cell survival: a connection with age-related neoplasms. FASEB J. 2009;23(9):2803-2809. View abstract.
Juszczak, M. and Boczek-Leszczyk, E. Hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor activation stimulates oxytocin release from the rat hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system while melatonin inhibits this process. Brain Res.Bull. 1-15-2010;81(1):185-190. View abstract.
Kain, Z. N., MacLaren, J. E., Herrmann, L., Mayes, L., Rosenbaum, A., Hata, J., and Lerman, J. Preoperative melatonin and its effects on induction and emergence in children undergoing anesthesia and surgery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(1):44-49. View abstract.
Kaji, H., Inukai, Y., Maiguma, T., Ono, H., Teshima, D., Hiramoto, K., and Makino, K. Radical scavenging activity of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids and traditional prophylactics against chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis. J.Clin.Pharm.Ther. 2009;34(2):197-205. View abstract.
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Kang, J. T., Koo, O. J., Kwon, D. K., Park, H. J., Jang, G., Kang, S. K., and Lee, B. C. Effects of melatonin on in vitro maturation of porcine oocyte and expression of melatonin receptor RNA in cumulus and granulosa cells. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(1):22-28. View abstract.
Kaptanoglu, E., Palaoglu, S., Demirpence, E., Akbiyik, F., Solaroglu, I., and Kilinc, A. Different responsiveness of central nervous system tissues to oxidative conditions and to the antioxidant effect of melatonin. J Pineal Res 2003;34(1):32-35. View abstract.
Karasek, M., Gruszka, A., Lawnicka, H., Kunert-Radek, J., and Pawlikowski, M. Melatonin inhibits growth of diethylstilbestrol-induced prolactin-secreting pituitary tumor in vitro: possible involvement of nuclear RZR/ROR receptors. J Pineal Res 2003;34(4):294-296. View abstract.
Karasek, M., Kowalski, A. J., and Zylinska, K. Serum melatonin circadian profile in women suffering from the genital tract cancers. Neuroendocrinol.Lett 2000;21(2):109-113. View abstract.
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Kesik, V., Guven, A., Vurucu, S., Tunc, T., Uysal, B., Gundogdu, G., Oztas, E., and Korkmaz, A. Melatonin and 1400 W ameliorate both intestinal and remote organ injury following mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion. J.Surg.Res. 2009;157(1):e97-e105. View abstract.
Kim, B. C., Shon, B. S., Ryoo, Y. W., Kim, S. P., and Lee, K. S. Melatonin reduces X-ray irradiation-induced oxidative damages in cultured human skin fibroblasts. J Dermatol Sci 2001;26(3):194-200. View abstract.
Kim, T. H., Jung, J. A., Kim, G. D., Jang, A. H., Ahn, H. J., Park, Y. S., and Park, C. S. Melatonin inhibits the development of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. J.Pineal Res. 2009;47(4):324-329. View abstract.
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