Abanades S, Farré M, Segura M, et al. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in humans: pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Aug;1074:559-76. View abstract.
Abid M, Kietzerow J, Iwersen-Bergmann S, Schnitgerhans T, Andresen-Streichert H. Characteristics and dose-effect relationship of clinical gamma-hydroxybutyrate intoxication: A case series. J Forensic Sci 2022;67(1):416-427. View abstract.
Addolorato G, Cibin M, Caprista E, et al. Maintaining abstinence from alcohol with gamma hydroxybutyric acid. [Letter] Lancet 1998;351:38.
Anon. FDA alert on misuse of consumer products containing GHB, GBL and BD. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD. June 15, 1999.
Anon. Important message for health professionals: Report serious adverse events associated with dietary supplements containing GBL, GHB or BD. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD. August 25, 1999. Available at: https://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/mwgblghb.html
Anon. Multistate outbreak of poisonings associated with illicit use of gamma hydroxy butyrate. JAMA 1991;265:447-8.
Aronsen AC, Brekke M, Vallersnes OM. Acute poisoning with gamma-hydroxybutyrate. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2020;140(10). View abstract.
Bosch OG, Eisenegger C, Gertsch J, et al. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate enhances mood and prosocial behavior without affecting plasma oxytocin and testosterone. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2015 Dec;62:1-10. View abstract.
Boscolo-Berto R, Viel G, Montagnese S, Raduazzo DI, Ferrara SD, Dauvilliers Y. Narcolepsy and effectiveness of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB): a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sleep Med Rev. 2012 Oct;16(5):431-43. View abstract.
Brennan R, Van Hout MC. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB): a scoping review of pharmacology, toxicology, motives for use, and user groups. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2014 Jul-Aug;46(3):243-51. View abstract.
Broughton R, Mamelak M. The treatment of narcolepsy-cataplexy with nocturnal gamma-hydroxybutyrate. Can J Neurol Sci 1979;6:1-6. View abstract.
Cash CD. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate: an overview of the pros and cons for it being a neurotransmitter and/or a useful therapeutic agent (abstract). Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1994;18:291-304. View abstract.
Cash CD. What is the role of the gamma-hydroxybutyrate receptor? Med Hypotheses 1996;47:455-9. View abstract.
Chien-Po H, An-Yi W. Amphetamine toxicity masked by concomitant ?-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) ingestion. Am J Emerg Med 2022;58:338-339. View abstract.
Dornbierer DA, Kometer M, Von Rotz R, et al. Effects of gamma-hydroxybutyrate on neurophysiological correlates of performance and conflict monitoring. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2019;29(4):539-48. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.02.004. View abstract.
Drogies T, Willenberg A, Ramshorn-Zimmer A, et al.. Detection of gamma hydroxybutyrate in emergency department: Nice to have or a valuable diagnostic tool? Hum Exp Toxicol. 2016 Jul;35(7):785-92. View abstract.
Dyer J, Roth B, Hyma B. Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate withdrawal syndrome. Ann Emerg Med 2001;37:147-53.. View abstract.
Dyer JE. Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate: a health-food product producing coma and seizure-like activity (abstract). Am J Emerg Med 1991;9:321-4. View abstract.
FDA Talk Paper. FDA Warns About GBL-Related Products. 1999. Available at: vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/tpgbl2.html
FDA Talk Paper. FDA Approves Xyrem for Cataplexy Attacks in Patients with Narcolepsy. Issued July 17, 2002. Availbale at: https://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/2002/ANS01157.html
Feigenbaum JJ, Howard SG. Gamma hydroxybutyrate is not a GABA agonist (abstract). Prog Neurobiol 1996;50:1-7. View abstract.
Gallimberti L, Canton G, Gentile N, et al. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid for treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Lancet 1989;2:787-9. View abstract.
Gallimberti L, Cibin M, Pagnin P, et al. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid for treatment of opiate withdrawal syndrome. Neuropsychopharmacology 1993;9:77-81. View abstract.
Gallimberti L, Ferri M, Ferrara SD, et al. Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid in the treatment of alcohol dependence: a double-blind study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1992;16:673-6. View abstract.
Gallimberti L, Schifano F, Forza G, et al. Clinical efficacy of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in treatment of opiate withdrawal. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1994;244:113-4. View abstract.
Galloway GP, Frederick SL, Staggers FE Jr, et al. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate: an emerging drug of abuse that causes physical dependence. Addiction 1997;92:89-96. View abstract.
Gerra G, Caccavari R, Fontanesi B, et al. Naloxone and metergoline effects on growth hormone response to gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1995;10:245-50. View abstract.
Guiraud J, Addolorato G, Aubin HJ, et al. Treating alcohol dependence with an abuse and misuse deterrent formulation of sodium oxybate: Results of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2021;52:18-30. View abstract.
Harrington RD, Woodward JA, Hooton TM, et al. Life-threatening interactions between HIV-1 protease inhibitors and the illicit drugs MDMA and gamma-hydroxybutyrate. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:2221-4. View abstract.
Hillory J. Farias and Samantha Reid date-rape drug prohibition act of 2000. 106th Congress of the United States of America. HR 2130.
Hoes MJ, Vree TB, Guelen PJ. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid as hypnotic. Clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid as hypnotic in man. Encephale 1980;6:93-9. View abstract.
Ingels M, Rangan C, Bellezzo J, Clark R. Coma and respiratory depression following the ingestion of GHB and its precursors: Three cases. J Emerg Med 2000;19:47-50.. View abstract.
Kalra MA, Hart LL. Gammahydroxybutyrate in narcolepsy. Ann Pharmacother 1992;26:647-8.
Kuiper MA, Peikert N, Boerma EC. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate withdrawal syndrome: a case report. Cases J. 2009 Mar 25;2:6530. View abstract.
Lee S, Boyce SL, Southwell J. Case of gamma-hydroxybutyrate poisoning in an infant. J Paediatr Child Health 2022;58(5):909-910. View abstract.
Leone MA, Vigna-Taglianti F, Avanzi G, Brambilla R, Faggiano F. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) for treatment of alcohol withdrawal and prevention of relapses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Feb 17;(2):CD006266. View abstract.
Liakoni E, Dempsey DA, Meyers M, et al. Effect of ?-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) on driving as measured by a driving simulator. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018;235(11):3223-32. doi: 10.1007/s00213-018-5025-2. View abstract.
Maitre M. The gamma-hydroxybutyrate signaling system in brain: organization and functional implications (abstract). Prog Neurobiol 1997;51:337-61. View abstract.
Mamelak M. Gammahydroxybutyrate: an endogenous regulator of energy metabolism (abstract). Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1989;13:187-98. View abstract.
Mason P, Kerns II W. Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid (GHB) Intoxication. Acad Emerg Med 2002;9:730-39.. View abstract.
Nava F, Premi S, Manzato E, Campagnola W, Lucchini A, Gessa GL. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate reduces both withdrawal syndrome and hypercortisolism in severe abstinent alcoholics: an open study vs. diazepam. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2007;33(3):379-92. View abstract.
Németh Z, Kun B, Demetrovics Z. The involvement of gamma-hydroxybutyrate in reported sexual assaults: a systematic review. J Psychopharmacol. 2010 Sep;24(9):1281-7. View abstract.
Nimmerrichter AA, Walter H, Gutierrez-Lobos KE, Lesch OM. Double-blind controlled trial of gamma-hydroxybutyrate and clomethiazole in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Alcohol Alcohol. 2002 Jan-Feb;37(1):67-73. View abstract.
Oliveto A, Gentry WB, Pruzinsky R, et al. Behavioral effects of gamma-hydroxybutyrate in humans. Behav Pharmacol. 2010 Jul;21(4):332-42. View abstract.
Otto A. Acquaintance rape drug may one day help instead of hurt (news). Pharmacy Today. American Pharmaceutical Association, Washington, DC. April 2000:17.
Price G. In-patient detoxification after GHB dependence. Br J Psychiatry 2000;177:181.
Product information for Xyrem. Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Palo Alto, CA. March 2022.
Raposo Pereira F, McMaster MTB, Polderman N, de Vries YDAT, van den Brink W, van Wingen GA. Adverse effects of GHB-induced coma on long-term memory and related brain function. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018;190:29-36. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.05.019. View abstract.
Raposo Pereira F, McMaster MTB, Schellekens A, et al. Effects of Recreational GHB Use and Multiple GHB-Induced Comas on Brain Structure and Impulsivity. Front Psychiatry 2020;11:166. View abstract.
Rodriguez-Cruz V, Ren T, Morris ME. Drug-drug interaction between diclofenac and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2021;42(8):351-358. View abstract.
Scharf MB, Brown D, Woods M, et al. The effects and effectiveness of gamma-hydroxybutyrate in patients with narcolepsy. J Clin Psychiatry 1985;46:222-5. View abstract.
Scharf MB, Hauck M, Stover R, et al. Effect of gamma-hydroxybutyrate on pain, fatigue, and the alpha sleep anomaly in patients with fibromyalgia. Preliminary report. J Rheumatol 1998;25:1986-90. View abstract.
Scrima L, Hartman PG, Johnson FH Jr, et al. The effects of gamma-hydroxybutyrate on the sleep of narcolepsy patients: a double-blind study. Sleep 1990;13:479-90. View abstract.
Scrima L, Hartman PG, Johnson FH Jr, Hiller FC. Efficacy of gamma-hydroxybutyrate versus placebo in treating narcolepsy-cataplexy: double-blind subjective measures. Biol Psychiatry 1989;26:331-43. View abstract.
Siefried KJ, Freeman G, Roberts DM, et al. Inpatient GHB withdrawal management in an inner-city hospital in Sydney, Australia: a retrospective medical record review. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022. View abstract.
Smith KM. Drugs used in acquaintance rape. J Am Pharm Assoc 1999;39:519-25. View abstract.
Stomberg MW, Knudsen K, Stomberg H, Skärsäter I. Symptoms and signs in interpreting gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) intoxication - an explorative study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2014 Apr 23;22:27. View abstract.
Thai D, Dyer JE, Benowitz NL, Haller CA. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate and ethanol effects and interactions in humans. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006 Oct;26(5):524-9. View abstract.
Thai D, Dyer JE, Jacob P, Haller CA. Clinical pharmacology of 1,4-butanediol and gamma-hydroxybutyrate after oral 1,4-butanediol administration to healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Feb;81(2):178-84. View abstract.
Timby N, Eriksson A. Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate-Associated Deaths. Am J Med 2000;108:518.
Tunnicliff G. Significance of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in the brain. Gen Pharmacol 1992;23:1027-34. View abstract.
Tunnicliff, G. Sites of action of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)-a neuroactive drug with abuse potential. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1997;35:581-90. View abstract.
Van Cauter E, Plat L, Scharf MB, et al. Simultaneous stimulation of slow-wave sleep and growth hormone secretion by gamma-hydroxybutyrate in normal young Men (abstract). J Clin Invest 1997;100:745-53. View abstract.
van Noorden MS, Kamal RM, Dijkstra BA, Mauritz R, de Jong CA. A case series of pharmaceutical gamma-hydroxybutyrate in 3 patients with severe benzodiazepine-resistant gamma-hydroxybutyrate withdrawal in the hospital. Psychosomatics. 2015 Jul-Aug;56(4):404-9. View abstract.
Weiss T, Müller D, Marti I, Happold C, Russmann S. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and topiramate--clinically relevant drug interaction suggested by a case of coma and increased plasma GHB concentration. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2013 May;69(5):1193-4.View abstract.
Wolf CJH, Beurmanjer H, Dijkstra BAG, et al. Characterization of the GHB Withdrawal Syndrome. J Clin Med 2021;10(11):2333. View abstract.
Xu XM, Wei YD, Liu Y, Li ZX. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) for narcolepsy in adults: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med 2019;64:62-70. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2019.06.017. View abstract.