A prolactin (PRL) test measures how much of a hormone called prolactin you have in your blood. The hormone is made in your pituitary gland, which is located just below your brain.
When women are pregnant or have just given birth, their prolactin levels increase so they can make breast milk. But it’s possible to have high prolactin levels if you’re not pregnant, and even if you’re a man.
Your doctor may order a prolactin test when you report having the following symptoms:
For women
- Irregular or no periods
- Infertility
- Breast milk discharge when you’re not pregnant or nursing
- Tenderness in your breast
- Menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness
For men
- Decreased sex drive
- Difficulty in getting an erection
- Breast tenderness or enlargement
- Breast milk production (very rare)
For both
Causes of Abnormal Prolactin Levels
Normally, men and nonpregnant women have just small traces of prolactin in their blood. When you have high levels, this could be caused by:
- Prolactinoma (a benign tumor in your pituitary gland that produces too much prolactin)
- Diseases affecting the hypothalamus(the part of the brain that controls the pituitary gland)
- Anorexia(an eating disorder)
- Drugs that are used to treat depression, psychosis, and high blood pressure
- Chest injury or irritation (for example, scars, shingles, or even a bra that’s too tight)
Also, kidney disease, liver failure, and polycystic ovarian syndrome (a hormone imbalance that affects ovaries) all can affect the body’s ability to remove prolactin.
How the Test Is Done
You don’t need to make any special preparations for a prolactin test. You will get a blood sample taken at a lab or a hospital. A lab worker will insert a needle into a vein in your arm to take out a small amount of blood.
Some people feel just a little sting. Others might feel moderate pain and see slight bruising afterwards.
After a few days, you’ll get the results of your prolactin test in the form of a number.
The normal range for prolactin in your blood are:
- Males: 2 to 18 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL)
- Nonpregnant females: 2 to 29 ng/mL
- Pregnant females: 10 to 209 ng/mL
If Your Prolactin Levels Are High
If your value falls outside the normal range, this doesn’t automatically mean you have a problem. Sometimes the levels can be higher if you’ve eaten or were under a lot of stress when you got your blood test.
Also, what’s considered a normal range may be different depending on which lab your doctor uses.
If your levels are very high -- up to 1,000 times the upper limit of what’s considered normal -- this could be a sign that you have prolactinoma. This tumor is not cancer, and it is usually treated with medicine. In this case, your doctor may want you to get an MRI.
You’ll lie inside a magnetic tube as the MRI device uses radio waves to put together a detailed image of your brain. It will show whether there’s a mass near your pituitary gland and, if so, how big it is.
If Your Levels Are Low
If your prolactin levels are below the normal range, this could mean your pituitary gland isn’t working at full steam. That’s known as hypopituitarism. Lower levels of prolactin usually do not need medical treatment.
Certain drugs can cause low levels of prolactin. They include:
- Dopamine (Intropin), which is given to people in shock
- Levodopa(for Parkinson’s disease)
- Ergot alkaloid derivatives(for severe headaches)
Treatment
Not all cases of high prolactin levels need to be treated.
Your treatment will depend on the diagnosis. If it turns out to be a small prolactinoma or a cause can’t be found, your doctor may recommend no treatment at all.
In some cases, your doctor may prescribe medicine to lower prolactin levels. If you have a prolactinoma, the goal is to use medicine to reduce the size of the tumor and lower the amount of prolactin.