Treatment Options by Stage
A link to a list of current clinical trials is included for each treatment section. For some types or stages of cancer, there may not be any trials listed. Check with your doctor for clinical trials that are not listed here but may be right for you.
Stage 0 (Carcinoma in Situ)
Endometrial cancer is a disease that primarily affects postmenopausal women at an average age of 60 years at diagnosis. Risk factors include postmenopausal estrogen therapy, obesity, a high-fat diet, reproductive factors like nulliparity, early menarche and late menopause, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and tamoxifen use. Women with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome have a markedly increased risk of endometrial cancer compared with women in the general population.
Read the Who is at Risk? article > >
Treatment of stage 0 may be one of the following:
- Mohs microsurgery.
- Topical chemotherapy.
- Topicalbiologic therapy.
- Laser surgery.
- Cryosurgery.
Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's list of cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage 0 penile cancer. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. General information about clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.
Stage I Penile Cancer
If the cancer is only in the foreskin, wide local excision and circumcision may be the only treatment needed.
Treatment of stage I penile cancer may include the following:
- Surgery (partial or total penectomy with or without removal of lymph nodes in the groin.
- External or internal radiation therapy.
- Mohs microsurgery.
- A clinical trial of laser therapy.
Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's list of cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage I penile cancer. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. General information about clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.
Stage II Penile Cancer
Treatment of stage II penile cancer may include the following:
- Surgery (partial or total penectomy, with or without removal of lymph nodes in the groin).
- External or internal radiation therapy followed by surgery.
- A clinical trial of sentinel lymph node biopsy followed by surgery.
- A clinical trial of laser surgery.
Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's list of cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage II penile cancer. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. General information about clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.
Stage III Penile Cancer
Treatment of stage III penile cancer may include the following:
- Surgery (penectomy and removal of lymph nodes in the groin) with or without radiation therapy.
- Radiation therapy.
- A clinical trial of sentinel lymph node biopsy followed by surgery.
- A clinical trial of radiosensitizers.
- A clinical trial of chemotherapy before or after surgery.
Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's list of cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage III penile cancer. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. General information about clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.
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