If you've just been diagnosed with hepatitis C, you may worry about passing on the virus to a loved one. If you've had the disease for a long time without knowing it, you may dwell on every little incident in the past where you might have accidentally exposed a family member to the disease.

"Worrying about passing on the disease is pretty common," says Alan Franciscus, executive director of the Hepatitis C Support Project in San Francisco. "I see a lot of people who are HCV positive who are more worried about transmitting the virus than their loved ones are."

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Who Is at Risk for Hepatitis C?

The nearly four million Americans chronically infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) can transmit the infection to others through blood and other bodily fluids. The route of transmission can usually be determined in over 90% of new cases.

Read the Who Is at Risk for Hepatitis C? article > >

It's important to remember that hepatitis C isn't easy to catch. If you take a few precautions, it's almost impossible to pass the disease on to someone else.

How Hepatitis C Is -- and Isn't -- Spread

Hepatitis C is spread only through exposure to an infected person's blood. It cannot be spread through:

Coughing
Sneezing
Hugging
Kissing
Breastfeeding (unless nipples are cracked or bleeding)
Sharing utensils or glasses
Casual contact
Shared food and water

As you can see, everyday contact is not risky. "The transmission rate between people in a household is probably just a little above zero," says Howard J. Worman, MD, associate professor of medicine at Columbia University's College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York.

However, hepatitis C can be spread through blood. So follow these common precautions:

Don't share razors, toothbrushes, nail clippers, or anything else that could have your blood on it. Cover any open wounds or sores with bandages.
Carefully dispose of tampons, sanitary napkins, tissues, used bandages, and anything else that might have your blood on it.
If you're using injected street drugs, get into a treatment program. At the very least, don't share needles or equipment with anyone else.
Don't donate blood, organs, tissue, or semen.

What About Sex With Hepatitis C?

Hepatitis C can spread through sexual intercourse, but it's rare. And it's extremely rare among monogamous couples. In fact, the CDC considers the risk of sexual transmission between monogamous couples so low that it doesn't even recommend using condoms. There's no evidence that hepatitis C is spread by oral sex.

However, if you have multiple partners you should take precautions. Using condoms will not only protect your partners from hepatitis C, but they will also protect you from other dangerous diseases, such as HIV and hepatitis B.

Can I Pass Hepatitis C to My Baby?

It is possible for a pregnant mother to spread the virus to her baby, but the risk is low. The CDC believes the transmission rate from mother to child is about 5%. The virus is spread at birth, and there's no way to reduce the risk.

There is no evidence that normal breastfeeding poses a risk. However, if a mother's nipples are cracked or bleeding, her child could conceivably become infected from her blood.

Encouraging Others to Get Tested for Hepatitis C

While the odds of passing on the hepatitis C virus are low, you should still tell anyone at risk that you have hepatitis C. You should tell sexual partners, spouses, and family members. Your infection may be difficult to discuss, but anyone at potential risk must know. That way, they can get tested and treated if needed.

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