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Bone Mineral Density
A bone mineral density (BMD) test measures the density of minerals (such as calcium) in your bones using a special X-ray, computed tomography (CT) scan, or ultrasound. This information is used to estimate the strength of your bones.
We all lose some bone mass as we age. Bones naturally become thinner (called osteopenia) as you grow older because existing bone is broken down faster than new bone is made. As this occurs, our bones lose calcium and other minerals and become lighter, less dense, and more porous. This makes the bones weaker and increases the chance that they might break (fracture).
With further bone loss,
osteopenia leads to
osteoporosis
. So the thicker your bones are, the
longer it takes to get osteoporosis. Although osteoporosis can occur in men, it
is most common in women older than age 65.
If your bone density is lower than normal, you can take steps to increase your bone strength and reduce your chances of having a fracture. Some ways to increase bone density and strength include combining calcium and vitamin D supplements with weight-bearing exercise (such as walking), weight training (such as lifting weights or using weight machines, and using medicines such calcitonin (Miacalcin), alendronate (Fosamax), or risedronate (Actonel). After menopause, women can use hormone therapy and raloxifene (Evista) to increase bone density.
There are several different ways to measure BMD.
-
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). This is the most accurate way to measure BMD. It
uses two different X-ray beams to estimate bone density in your spine and hip.
Strong, dense bones allow less of the X-ray beam to pass through them. The
amounts of each X-ray beam that are blocked by bone and soft tissue are
compared to each other. DEXA can measure as little as 2% of bone loss per year.
It is fast and uses very low doses of radiation but is more expensive than
ultrasound testing. Single-energy X-ray absorptiometry (SXA) may be used to
measure heel and forearm bone density, but SXA is not used as often as DEXA.
See a picture of a
DEXA X-ray of the hips or a
DEXA X-ray of the spine.
- Peripheral dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (P-DEXA). P-DEXA is a type of DEXA test. It measures the density of bones in the arms or legs, such as the wrist-it cannot measure the density of the bones most likely to break, such as the hip and spine. P-DEXA machines are portable units that can be used in a doctor's office. P-DEXA also uses very low doses of radiation, and the results are ready faster than standard DEXA measurements. P-DEXA is not as useful as DEXA for finding out how well medicine used to treat osteoporosis is working.
- Dual photon absorptiometry (DPA). This test uses a radioactive substance to measure bone density. It can measure BMD in your hip and spine. DPA also uses very low doses of radiation but has a slower scan time than the other methods.
- Ultrasound. This test is generally used to look for problems. If results from an ultrasound test find low bone density, DEXA is recommended to confirm the results. Ultrasound uses sound waves to measure BMD, usually in your heel. Some machines pass the sound waves through air and some pass them through water. Ultrasound is quick, painless, and does not use potentially harmful radiation like X-rays. One disadvantage of ultrasound is it cannot measure the density of the bones most likely to fracture (the hip and spine) from osteoporosis. It is not used to keep track of how well medicine used to treat osteoporosis is working. More studies are being done to see if ultrasound is a reliable way to check bone density for osteoporosis.
- Quantitative computed tomography (QCT). This is a type of CT scan that measures the density of a bone in the spine (vertebra). A form of QCT called peripheral QCT (pQCT) measures the density of bones in your arms or legs, usually your wrist. QCT is not usually used because it is expensive, uses higher radiation doses, and is less accurate than DEXA, P-DEXA, or DPA.
Before being screened for osteoporosis, you may want to think about what you will do if the tests show you have a high chance of getting osteoporosis. For more information, see:
WebMD Medical Reference from Healthwise
VIVELLE-DOT (estradiol transdermal system) IS AVAILABLE BY PRESCRPTION ONLY.
INDICATION
Vivelle-Dot is used after menopause to: reduce moderate to severe hot flashes; treat moderate to severe dryness, itching and burning in or around the vagina; help reduce your chances of getting osteoporosis (thin weak bones); and treat certain conditions in which a young woman's ovaries do not produce enough estrogens naturally. Vivelle-Dot 0.025 mg/day is only used to prevent osteoporosis from menopause. If you use Vivelle-Dot only to treat your dryness, itching, and burning in and around your vagina or if you use Vivelle-Dot only to prevent osteoporosis from menopause, talk with your healthcare professional about whether a different treatment or medicine without estrogens might be better for you.
IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION
Estrogens increase the chances of getting cancer of the uterus (womb). Report any unusual vaginal bleeding right away while you are taking estrogens. Vaginal bleeding after menopause may be a warning sign of cancer of the uterus (womb).
Do not use estrogens with or without progestins to prevent heart disease, heart attacks, or strokes. Using estrogens with or without progestins may increase your chances of getting heart attacks, strokes, breast cancer, and blood clots. Using estrogens with progestins may increase your risk of dementia (decline in memory and thinking skills).
Vivelle-Dot should not be used if you have unusual vaginal bleeding; currently have or have had certain cancers, including cancer of the breast or uterus; had a stroke or heart attack in the recent past (for example, in the past year); currently have or have had blood clots; currently have or have had liver problems; or think you may be, or know that you are, pregnant.
The most common side effects that may occur with Vivelle-Dot are headache, breast tenderness, and back pain.
You and your healthcare professional should talk regularly about whether you still need treatment with Vivelle-Dot.
You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit www.fda.gov/medwatch or call 1-800-FDA-1088.
Please see Full Prescribing Information for Vivelle-Dot.
Taking Vitamin D and Calcium Together
Osteoporosis specialist Dr. Ethel Siris on why it's so important to take calcium with Vitamin D.
