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Rheumatoid arthritis is linked to:

  • Smoking
  • Pregnancy
  • Birth control pills
  • All of the above

Show Sources

IMAGE PROVIDED BY:

Frederic Cirou / PhotoAlto Agency RF Collections

SOURCES:

American College of Rheumatology: “Pregnancy and Rheumatic Disease.”

American Dental Association. “Gingival Inflammation Without Loss of Periodontal Attachment (Gingivitis).”

CDC: “Arthritis: Physical Activity and Arthritis Overview,” “Rheumatoid Arthritis.”

Chhabra, S. The FASEB Journal, published online June 2, 2014.

Durcan, L. The Journal of Rheumatology, published online Aug. 15, 2014.

Eurekalert: “Smokers who consume too much sodium at greater risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis.”

Hu, Y. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, published online July 16, 2014.

Johns Hopkins Arthritis Center: “Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment.”

Kuriya, B. The Journal of Rheumatology, published online Oct. 1, 2014.

Lu, B. Arthritis & Rheumatology, published online July 28, 2014.

Maxwell, J. Rheumatology, published online June 3, 2010.

Medwire News: “Periodontitis may induce rheumatoid arthritis precursor.”

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases: “Handout on Health: Rheumatoid Arthritis.”

National Institutes of Health: “Genetics Home Reference: Rheumatoid Arthritis.”

National Institutes of Health: “NIH Research Matters: Gut Microbes Linked to Rheumatoid Arthritis.”

National Institutes of Health: “Rheumatoid Arthritis and Complementary Health Approaches.”

NYU Langone Medical Center: Rheumatoid Arthritis: “Principal Proposed Natural Treatments; Other Proposed Natural Treatments.”

UpToDate: “Rheumatoid Arthritis and Pregnancy.”