High Blood Pressure and Hypertensive Heart Disease

Hypertensive heart disease is the No. 1 cause of death associated with high blood pressure and is actually a group of disorders that include heart failure, ischemic heart disease, and left ventricular hypertrophy (excessive thickening of the heart muscle).

What Is Heart Failure?

Heart failure does not mean the heart has stopped working. Rather, it means that the heart's pumping power is weaker than normal or the heart has become less elastic. With heart failure, blood moves through the heart and body less effectively and pressure in the heart increases. As a result, the heart cannot pump enough oxygen and nutrients to meet the body's needs. The chambers of the heart respond by stretching to hold more blood to pump through the body. This helps to keep the blood moving, but in time, the heart muscle walls weaken and are unable to pump as strongly. As a result, the kidneys often respond by causing the body to retain fluid (water) and sodium. If fluid builds up in the arms, legs, ankles, feet, lungs, or other organs, the body becomes congested, and congestive heart failure is the term used to describe the condition.

High blood pressure brings on heart failure by causing left ventricular hypertophy, making it difficult to fill the heart. Symptoms of heart failure include:

• Shortness of breath
• Swelling in the feet, ankles, or abdomen
• Difficulty sleeping flat in bed
• Bloating
• Irregular pulse
• Nausea
• Fatigue
• Greater need to urinate at night

What Is Ischemic Heart Disease?

High blood pressure can also cause ischemic heart disease. This means that the heart muscle isn't getting enough blood. Ischemic heart disease is usually the result of atherosclerosis or hardening of the arteries (coronary artery disease), which impedes the blood flow. This can progress to a heart attack. Symptoms of ischemic heart disease may include:

• Chest pain which may radiate (travel) to the arms, back, neck, or jaw
• Chest pain with nausea, sweating, shortness of breath, and dizziness; these associated symptoms may also occur without chest pain
• Irregular pulse
• Fatigue and weakness

Any of these symptoms of ischemic heart disease warrant immediate medical evaluation.

What Is Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a condition in which  the muscular walls of the heart are abnormally thickened. This can prevent the heart valves from functioning normally or may keep blood from flowing into or out of the heart. It usually occurs independently of high blood pressure.

Symptoms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may include:

• Chest pain
• Irregular pulse
• Rapid heartbeat
• Shortness of breath
• Fatigue, weakness
• Fainting

Learn more about hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

How Is Hypertensive Heart Disease Diagnosed?

Your doctor will look for certain signs of hypertensive heart disease, including:

• High blood pressure
• Enlarged heart and irregular heartbeat
• Fluid in the lungs or lower extremities
• Unusual heart sounds

Your doctor may perform tests to determine if you have hypertensive heart disease, including a electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, cardiac stress test, chest X-ray, and coronary angiogram.