Even if you’re usually healthy, the flu can knock you off your feet for days -- even weeks.
While some people are at higher risk for common complications of the flu, anyone can get sick enough with the flu to suffer from sinusitis (sinus infections), bronchitis, or pneumonia.
But if you know what the symptoms are and how to take precautions, you can avoid these problems and stay healthy.
What Is the Flu?
It's a very contagious disease caused by the influenza virus. People tend to catch it most often in the fall and winter. It comes on fast and strong, spreading through your upper respiratory tract and sometimes invading your lungs.
What Are the Symptoms?
You may have:
- Fever (usually high
- Headache
- Tiredness (can be extreme)
- Cough
- Sore throat
- Runny or stuffy nose
- Body aches
- Diarrhea and vomiting (more common among children than adults)
What Are the Most Common Complications?
They include viral or bacterial pneumonia, dehydration, and ear infections and sinus infections, especially in children. The flu can worsen long-term medical conditions, like congestive heart failure, asthma, or diabetes.
You might also have muscle inflammation (myositis), problems with your central nervous system, and heart problems such as heart attacks, inflammation of the organ (myocarditis), and inflammation of the sac around it (pericarditis).
Who’s Most Likely to Have Flu Complications?
- Adults over 65
- Children ages 6 months to 4 years
- Nursing home residents
- Adults and children with heart or lung disease
- People with compromised immune systems (including people with HIV/AIDS)
- Pregnant women
What About Pneumonia?
It can happen when the flu virus enters your lung or when you get a bacterial infection during the course of the illness. Pneumonia can make you quite ill and may send you to the hospital.
It can cause chills, fever, chest pains, and sweating. You might have a cough with green or bloody mucus. You could notice a faster pulse, and your lips or nails might have a bluish tint because of a lack of oxygen. Other symptoms include shortness of breath and sharp pains in your chest when you take a deep breath. Seniors may only notice a pain in the belly.
When you get a bacterial infection with the flu, your symptoms may get better at first. Then they get worse with high fevers, more coughing, and a greenish tinge to what you’re coughing up.
Call your doctor if you have a cough that won’t stop, a bad fever, or if you get shortness of breath or chest pains. The doctor can do tests to find out if you have pneumonia. Antibiotics can treat bacterial pneumonia, but these meds can't treat viral pneumonia.
How Long Does Pneumonia Last?
It can hang around for about 2 weeks, or even longer in young children, elderly adults, and those who have weakened immune systems or ongoing illness like COPD or asthma. Even healthy people may feel tired or weak for a month or more after their lungs clear up.
Is There a Vaccine for Pneumonia?
There are four different vaccines that protect against pneumonia - PCV13, PCV15, PCV20, and PPSV23. Dose and dose timing is dependent on factors such as age and medical condition.
The CDC recommends that all children ages 2 and younger get the PCV13 or PCV15 pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, even those who are catching up.
The adult vaccines protect against bacteria that commonly cause pneumonia. Adults ages 65 and older should get the PCV15 or PCV20 if they didn’t get a previous pneumonia vaccine. If PCV15 is used, the person should get a dose of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) one year later.
The CDC recommends a pneumonia shot for adults ages 19 through 64 who have chronic medical conditions such as:
- Alcoholism
- Asthma
- Heart disease, including congestive heart failure
- Chronic liver disease
- COPD
- Chronic kidney failure
Smokers should also consider getting a vaccine.
When Should I Call the Doctor?
Call them if you have a high fever and a hard time breathing. Other serious symptoms include:
Can I Avoid These Complications?
Many can be managed. But some, depending on how weak your immune system is, can’t be prevented.
If you do get the flu, call your doctor within 48 hours after your symptoms show up. Ask about a flu antiviral drug. If you get them early enough, they can help ease your symptoms and help you get well sooner.
