Wittenborg, A., Petersen, G., Lorkowski, G., and Brabant, T. [Effectiveness of vitamin E in comparison with diclofenac sodium in treatment of patients with chronic polyarthritis]. Z.Rheumatol. 1998;57(4):215-221. View abstract.
Wong, G. W., Ko, F. W., Hui, D. S., Fok, T. F., Carr, D., von, Mutius E., Zhong, N. S., Chen, Y. Z., and Lai, C. K. Factors associated with difference in prevalence of asthma in children from three cities in China: multicentre epidemiological survey. BMJ 8-28-2004;329(7464):486. View abstract.
Wood, L. G., Fitzgerald, D. A., Lee, A. K., and Garg, M. L. Improved antioxidant and fatty acid status of patients with cystic fibrosis after antioxidant supplementation is linked to improved lung function. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2003;77(1):150-159. View abstract.
Worner, T. M., Gordon, G. G., Leo, M. A., and Lieber, C. S. Vitamin A treatment of sexual dysfunction in male alcoholics. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;48(6):1431-1435. View abstract.
Worthington-White, D. A., Behnke, M., and Gross, S. Premature infants require additional folate and vitamin B-12 to reduce the severity of the anemia of prematurity. Am.J Clin.Nutr 1994;60(6):930-935. View abstract.
Wu, H. P., Tai, T. Y., Chuang, L. M., Lin, B. J., Wang, J. D., and Teng, C. M. Effect of tocopherol on platelet aggregation in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: ex vivo and in vitro studies. J Formos.Med Assoc 1992;91(3):270-275. View abstract.
Wu, K., Willett, W. C., Chan, J. M., Fuchs, C. S., Colditz, G. A., Rimm, E. B., and Giovannucci, E. L. A prospective study on supplemental vitamin e intake and risk of colon cancer in women and men. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 2002;11(11):1298-1304. View abstract.
Xu, H., Perez-Cuevas, R., Xiong, X., Reyes, H., Roy, C., Julien, P., Smith, G., von, Dadelszen P., Leduc, L., Audibert, F., Moutquin, J. M., Piedboeuf, B., Shatenstein, B., Parra-Cabrera, S., Choquette, P., Winsor, S., Wood, S., Benjamin, A., Walker, M., Helewa, M., Dube, J., Tawagi, G., Seaward, G., Ohlsson, A., Magee, L. A., Olatunbosun, F., Gratton, R., Shear, R., Demianczuk, N., Collet, J. P., Wei, S., and Fraser, W. D. An international trial of antioxidants in the prevention of preeclampsia (INTAPP). Am.J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;202(3):239. View abstract.
Xu, W. H., Dai, Q., Xiang, Y. B., Zhao, G. M., Ruan, Z. X., Cheng, J. R., Zheng, W., and Shu, X. O. Nutritional factors in relation to endometrial cancer: a report from a population-based case-control study in Shanghai, China. Int J Cancer 4-15-2007;120(8):1776-1781. View abstract.
Yaffe, K., Clemons, T. E., McBee, W. L., and Lindblad, A. S. Impact of antioxidants, zinc, and copper on cognition in the elderly: a randomized, controlled trial. Neurology 11-9-2004;63(9):1705-1707. View abstract.
Yang, C. C., Hsu, S. P., Wu, M. S., Hsu, S. M., and Chien, C. T. Effects of vitamin C infusion and vitamin E-coated membrane on hemodialysis-induced oxidative stress. Kidney Int 2006;69(4):706-714. View abstract.
Ye, Z. and Song, H. Antioxidant vitamins intake and the risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur.J.Cardiovasc.Prev.Rehabil. 2008;15(1):26-34. View abstract.
Yoder, K. E., Shaffer, M. L., La Tournous, S. J., and Paul, I. M. Child assessment of dextromethorphan, diphenhydramine, and placebo for nocturnal cough due to upper respiratory infection. Clin.Pediatr.(Phila) 2006;45(7):633-640. View abstract.
Yoshioka, M., Matsushita, T., and Chuman, Y. Inverse association of serum ascorbic acid level and blood pressure or rate of hypertension in male adults aged 30-39 years. Int J Vitam.Nutr Res 1984;54(4):343-347. View abstract.
You, W. C., Chang, Y. S., Heinrich, J., Ma, J. L., Liu, W. D., Zhang, L., Brown, L. M., Yang, C. S., Gail, M. H., Fraumeni, J. F., Jr., and Xu, G. W. An intervention trial to inhibit the progression of precancerous gastric lesions: compliance, serum micronutrients and S-allyl cysteine levels, and toxicity. Eur.J.Cancer Prev. 2001;10(3):257-263. View abstract.
Yu, S. Y., Zhu, Y. J., and Li, W. G. Protective role of selenium against hepatitis B virus and primary liver cancer in Qidong. Biol Trace Elem.Res 1997;56(1):117-124. View abstract.
Yu, S. Y., Zhu, Y. J., Li, W. G., Huang, Q. S., Huang, C. Z., Zhang, Q. N., and Hou, C. A preliminary report on the intervention trials of primary liver cancer in high-risk populations with nutritional supplementation of selenium in China. Biol.Trace Elem.Res. 1991;29(3):289-294. View abstract.
Yuan, J. M., Wang, Q. S., Ross, R. K., Henderson, B. E., and Yu, M. C. Diet and breast cancer in Shanghai and Tianjin, China. Br J Cancer 1995;71(6):1353-1358. View abstract.
Zemla, B. The role of selected dietary elements in breast cancer risk among native and migrant populations in Poland. Nutr Cancer 1984;6(3):187-195. View abstract.
Zhang, S. M., Hernan, M. A., Chen, H., Spiegelman, D., Willett, W. C., and Ascherio, A. Intakes of vitamins E and C, carotenoids, vitamin supplements, and PD risk. Neurology 10-22-2002;59(8):1161-1169. View abstract.
Zhang, Z. F., Kurtz, R. C., Yu, G. P., Sun, M., Gargon, N., Karpeh, M., Jr., Fein, J. S., and Harlap, S. Adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastric cardia: the role of diet. Nutr Cancer 1997;27(3):298-309. View abstract.
Zhu, S., Mason, J., Shi, Y., Hu, Y., Li, R., Wahg, M., Zhou, Y., Jin, G., Xie, Y., Wu, G., Xia, D., Qian, Z., Sohg, H., Zhang, L., Russell, R., and Xiao, S. The effect of folic acid on the development of stomach and other gastrointestinal cancers. Chin Med.J.(Engl.) 2003;116(1):15-19. View abstract.
Zojaji, H., Talaie, R., Mirsattari, D., Haghazali, M., Molaei, M., Mohsenian, N., Derakhshan, F., and Zali, M. R. The efficacy of Helicobacter pylori eradication regimen with and without vitamin C supplementation. Dig.Liver Dis. 2009;41(9):644-647. View abstract.
Zureik, M., Galan, P., Bertrais, S., Mennen, L., Czernichow, S., Blacher, J., Ducimetiere, P., and Hercberg, S. Effects of long-term daily low-dose supplementation with antioxidant vitamins and minerals on structure and function of large arteries. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc.Biol. 2004;24(8):1485-1491. View abstract.
Kligman AM. Topical treatments for photoaged skin. Separating the reality from the hype. Postgrad Med 1997;102:115-26. View abstract.
Abbas MAM, Elgamal EEAE, Zaky MS, Elsaie ML. Microneedling with topical vitamin C versus microneedling with topical insulin in the treatment of atrophic post-acne scars: A split-face study. Dermatol Ther 2022; 35(5):e15376. View abstract.
Adams LA, Angulo P. Vitamins E and C for the treatment of NASH: duplication of results but lack of demonstration of efficacy. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98:2348-50. View abstract.
Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss. AREDS report no. 8. Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119:1417-36. View abstract.
Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E and beta carotene for age-related cataract and vision loss: AREDS report no. 9. Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119:1439-52. View abstract.
Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. Potential public health impact of age-related eye disease study results: AREDS report no. 11. Arch Ophthalmol 2003;121:1621-4. View abstract.
Agus DB, Vera JC, Golde DW. Stromal cell oxidation: a mechanism by which tumors obtain vitamin C. Cancer Res 1999;59:4555-8. View abstract.
Aïm F, Klouche S, Frison A, Bauer T, Hardy P. Efficacy of vitamin C in preventing complex regional pain syndrome after wrist fracture: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2017;103(3):465-470. View abstract.
Al-Khudairy L, Flowers N, Rebecca Wheelhouse R, et al. Vitamin C supplementation for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;3(3):CD011114. View abstract.
Albabtain MA, Almasood A, Alshurafah H, et al. Efficacy of ascorbic acid, N-acetylcysteine, or combination of both on top of saline hydration versus saline hydration alone on prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: a prospective randomized study. J Interv Cardiol 2013;26(1):90-6. View abstract.
Albanes D, Heinonen OP, Taylor PR, et al. Alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements and lung cancer incidence in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cancer prevention study: effects of baseline characteristics and study compliance. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996;88:1560-70. View abstract.
Ali-Hassan-Sayegh S, Mirhosseini SJ, Rezaeisadrabadi M, et al. Antioxidant supplementations for prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: an updated comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of 23 randomized controlled trials. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2014;18(5):646-54. View abstract.
Alster TS, West TB. Effect of topical vitamin C on postoperative carbon dioxide laser resurfacing erythema. Dermatol Surg 1998;24:331-4. View abstract.
Amini L, Chekini R, Nateghi MR, et al. The Effect of Combined Vitamin C and Vitamin E Supplementation on Oxidative Stress Markers in Women with Endometriosis: A Randomized, Triple-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Pain Res Manag 2021;2021:5529741. View abstract.
Amr M, El-Mogy A, Shams T, Vieira K, Lakhan SE. Efficacy of vitamin C as an adjunct to fluoxetine therapy in pediatric major depressive disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Nutr J. 2013;12:31. View abstract.
Anderson RA, Cheng N, Bryden NA, et al. Elevated intakes of supplemental chromium improve glucose and insulin variables in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 1997;46:1786-91. View abstract.
Anderson TW. Vitamin C and the common cold. J Med Soc N J 1979;76:765-6. View abstract.
Anon. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Soprawivenza nell'Infarto miocardico. Lancet 1999;354:447-55. View abstract.
Antoniades C, Tousoulis D, Tountas C, et al. Vascular endothelium and inflammatory process, in patients with combined Type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary atherosclerosis: the effects of vitamin C. Diabet Med 2004;21;552-8. View abstract.
Arnold LE, Christopher J, Huestis RD, Smeltzer DJ. Megavitamins for minimal brain dysfunction. A placebo-controlled study. JAMA 1978;240:2642-43.. View abstract.
Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Hernan MA, et al. Relation of consumption of vitamin E, vitamin C, and carotenoids to risk for stroke among men in the United States. Ann Intern Med 1999;130:963-70. View abstract.
Audera C, Patulny RV, Sander BH, Douglas RM. Mega-dose vitamin C in treatment of the common cold: a randomized controlled trial. Med J Aust 2001;175:359-62.. View abstract.
Chang, K. S., Tak, J. H., Kim, S. I., Lee, W. J., and Ahn, Y. J. Repellency of Cinnamomum cassia bark compounds and cream containing cassia oil to Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) under laboratory and indoor conditions. Pest.Manag.Sci. 2006;62(11):1032-1038. View abstract.
Nahas, R. and Moher, M. Complementary and alternative medicine for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Can Fam.Physician 2009;55(6):591-596. View abstract.
Admani S, Hill H, Jacob SE. Cinnamon Sugar Scrub Dermatitis: "Natural" Is Not Always Best. Pediatr Dermatol. 2017;34(1):e42-e43. View abstract.
Akilen R, Tsiami A, Devendra D, Robinson N. Cinnamon in glycaemic control: Systematic review and meta analysis. Clin Nur 2012;31(5):609-15. View abstract.
Akilen, R., Tsiami, A., Devendra, D., and Robinson, N. Glycated haemoglobin and blood pressure-lowering effect of cinnamon in multi-ethnic Type 2 diabetic patients in the UK: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Diabet.Med. 2010;27(10):1159-1167. View abstract.
Allen RW, Schwartzman E, Baker WL, et al. Cinnamon use in type 2 diabetes: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Fam Med 2013;11(5):452-9. View abstract.
Altschuler JA, Casella SJ, MacKenzie TA, Curtis KM. The effect of cinnamon on A1C among adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007;30(4):813-6. View abstract.
Anderson RA, Broadhurst CL, Polansky MM, et al. Isolation and Characterization of Polyphenol Type-A Polymers from Cinnamon with Insulin-like Biological Activity. J Agric Food Chem 2004;52:65-70. View abstract.
Baker WL, Gutierrez-Williams G, White CM, et al. Effect of cinnamon on glucose control and lipid parameters. Diabetes Care 2008;31:41-3. View abstract.
Blevins SM, Leyva MJ, Brown J, et al. Effect of cinnamon on glucose and lipid levels in non insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007;30:2236-7. View abstract.
Brancheau D, Patel B, Zughaib M. Do cinnamon supplements cause acute hepatitis? Am J Case Rep 2015;16:250-4. View abstract.
Choi, J., Lee, K. T., Ka, H., Jung, W. T., Jung, H. J., and Park, H. J. Constituents of the essential oil of the Cinnamomum cassia stem bark and the biological properties. Arch Pharm Res 2001;24(5):418-423. View abstract.
Crawford P. Effectiveness of cinnamon for lowering hemoglobin A1C in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Board Fam Med 2009;22:507-12. View abstract.
De Benito V, Alzaga R. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from cassia (Chinese cinnamon) as a flavouring agent in coffee. Contact Dermatitis 1999;40:165. View abstract.
Drake TE, Maibach HI. Allergic contact dermatitis and stomatitis caused by a cinnamic aldehyde-flavored toothpaste. Arch Dermatol 1976;112:202-3. View abstract.
Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21. Part 182 -- Substances Generally Recognized As Safe. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=182
Felter SP, Vassallo JD, Carlton BD, Daston GP. A safety assessment of coumarin taking into account species-specificity of toxicokinetics. Food Chem Toxicol 2006;44:462-75. View abstract.
Gutierrez JL, Bowden RG, Willoughby DS. Cassia cinnamon supplementation reduces peak blood glucose responses but does not improve insulin resistance and sensitivity in young, sedentary, obese women. J Diet Supp 2016;13(4):461-71. View abstract.
He ZD, Qiao CF, Han QB, et al. Authentication and quantitative analysis on the chemical profile of cassia bark (cortex cinnamomi) by high-pressure liquid chromatography. J Agric Food Chem 2005;53:2424-8. View abstract.
Imparl-Radosevich J, Deas S, Polansky MM, et al. Regulation of PTP-1 and insulin receptor kinase by fractions from cinnamon: implications for cinnamon regulation of insulin signalling. Horm Res 1998;50:177-82. View abstract.
Isaac-Renton M, Li MK, Parsons LM. Cinnamon spice and everything not nice: many features of intraoral allergy to cinnamic aldehyde. Dermatitis. 2015;26(3):116-21. View abstract.
Jarvill-Taylor KJ, Anderson RA, Graves DJ. A hydroxychalcone derived from cinnamon functions as a mimetic for insulin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Am Coll Nutr 2001;20:327-36. View abstract.
Khan A, Safdar M, Ali Khan M, et al. Cinnamon improves glucose and lipids of people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003;26:3215-8. View abstract.
Kirkham S, Akilen R, Sharma S, Tsiami A. The potential of cinnamon to reduce blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. Diabetes Obes Metab 2009;11(12):1100-13. View abstract.
Koh WS, Yoon SY, Kwon BM, et al. Cinnamaldehyde inhibits lymphocyte proliferation and modulates T-cell differentiation. Int J Immunopharmacol 1998;20:643-60. View abstract.
Kwon BM, Lee SH, Choi SU, et al. Synthesis and in vitro cytotoxicity of cinnamaldehydes to human solid tumor cells. Arch Pharm Res 1998;21:147-52. View abstract.
Lee HS, Ahn YJ. Growth-Inhibiting Effects of Cinnamomum cassia Bark-Derived Materials on Human Intestinal Bacteria. J Agric Food Chem 1998;46:8-12. View abstract.
Liu Y, Cotillard A, Vatier C, et al. A Dietary Supplement Containing Cinnamon, Chromium and Carnosine Decreases Fasting Plasma Glucose and Increases Lean Mass in Overweight or Obese Pre-Diabetic Subjects: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):e0138646. View abstract.
Lu T, Sheng H Wu J Cheng Y Zhu J Chen Y. Cinnamon extract improves fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin level in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. Nutr Res. 2012;32(6):408-412. View abstract.
Mandal A, Sharma S, Rani R, Ranjan S, Kant R, Mirza A. Impact of cassia bark consumption on glucose and lipid control in type 2 diabetes: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Cureus 2021;13(7):e16376. View abstract.
Mang, B., Wolters, M., Schmitt, B., Kelb, K., Lichtinghagen, R., Stichtenoth, D. O., and Hahn, A. Effects of a cinnamon extract on plasma glucose, HbA, and serum lipids in diabetes mellitus type 2. Eur.J.Clin.Invest 2006;36(5):340-344. View abstract.
Miller KG, Poole CF, Pawloski TMP. Classification of the botanical origin of cinnamon by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography. Chromatographia 1996;42:639-46.
Onderoglu S, Sozer S, Erbil KM, et al. The evaluation of long-term effcts of cinnamon bark and olive leaf on toxicity induced by streptozotocin administration to rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 1999;51:1305-12. View abstract.
Park YH, Kim DH, Lee JS, Jeong HI, Lee KW, Kang TH. A 12-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial for evaluation of the efficacy and safety of DKB114 on reduction of uric acid in serum. Nutrients 2020;12(12):3794. doi: 10.3390/nu12123794. View abstract.
Press release. Cinnamon capsules to reduce blood sugar are medicinal products! Efficacy has not been scientifically proven - some products contain high levels of coumarin. Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfM), Germany, November 11, 2006. Available at: https://www.bfarm.de/nn_425226/EN/press/press-releases/pm2006-14-en.html.
Ranasinghe P, Jayawardena R, Galappaththy P, et al. Response to Akilen et al. Efficacy and safety of 'true' cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) as a pharmaceutical agent in diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med 2013 Apr;30(4):506-7. View abstract.
Roussel AM, Hininger I, Benaraba R, et al. Antioxidant effects of a cinnamon extract in people with impaired fasting glucose that are overweight or obese. J Am Coll Nutr 2009;28(1):16-21. View abstract.
Shekarchizadeh-Esfahani P, Heydarpour F, Izadi F, Jalili C. The effect of cinnamon supplementation on liver enzymes in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Complement Ther Med 2021;58:102699. View abstract.
Solomon TP, Blannin AK. Changes in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity following 2 weeks of daily cinnamon ingestion in healthy humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009 Apr;105(6):969-76. View abstract.
Solomon TP, Blannin AK. Effects of short-term cinnamon ingestion on in vivo glucose tolerance. Diabetes Obes Metab 2007 Nov;9(6):895-901. View abstract.
Stoecker BR, Zhan Z, Luo R, et al. Cinnamon extract lowers blood glucose in hyperglycemic subjects. FASEB J. 2010;22:722.1 (Abstract only).
Suksomboon N, Poolsup N, Boonkaew S, Suthisisang CC. Meta-analysis of the effect of herbal supplement on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. J Ethnopharmacol 2011;137(3):1328-1333. View abstract.
Suppapitiporn, S., Kanpaksi, N., and Suppapitiporn, S. The effect of cinnamon cassia powder in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J.Med.Assoc.Thai. 2006;89 Suppl 3:S200-S205. View abstract.
Vandersall A, Katta R. Eyelid dermatitis as a manifestation of systemic contact dermatitis to cinnamon. Dermatitis. 2015 Jul-Aug;26(4):189. View abstract.
Vanschoonbeek K, Thomassen BJ, Senden JM, et al. Cinnamon supplementation does not improve glycemic control in postmenopausal type 2 diabetes patients. J Nutr 2006;136:977-80. View abstract.
Verspohl EJ, Bauer K, Neddermann E. Antidiabetic effect of Cinnamomum cassia and Cinnamomum zeylanicum in vivo and in vitro. Phytother Res 2005;19:203-6. View abstract.
Wainstein J, Stern N, Heller S, Boaz M. Dietary cinnamon supplementation and changes in systolic blood pressure in subjects with type 2 diabetes. J Med Food 2011;14(12):1505-10. View abstract.
Wickenberg J, Lindstedt S, Nilsson J, Hlebowicz J. Cassia cinnamon does not change the insulin sensitivity or the liver enzymes in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Nutr J 2014 Sep 24;13:96. View abstract.
Zhang L, Li Z, Wu Y, et al. Cinnamon and aspirin for mild ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: A pilot trial. Clin Ther 2022. View abstract.