Overview
Kratom has pain-relieving effects like opioid drugs. It also has many of the same serious safety concerns as other opioids.
People commonly use kratom for withdrawal from heroin, morphine, and other opioid drugs, as well as cough, depression, anxiety, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses. Using kratom can also be unsafe.
Kratom is banned in some states and countries due to serious safety concerns. The US FDA has warned consumers to avoid using products containing kratom.
Uses & Effectiveness ?
We currently have no information for KRATOM overview.
Side Effects
When applied to the skin: There isn't enough reliable information to know if kratom is safe or what the side effects might be.
Special Precautions and Warnings
When applied to the skin: There isn't enough reliable information to know if kratom is safe or what the side effects might be.
Pregnancy: Kratom is possibly unsafe when taken by mouth during pregnancy. Babies exposed to kratom during pregnancy have experienced withdrawal symptoms after birth. These babies required special treatment for addiction.
Breast-feeding: There isn't enough reliable information to know if kratom is safe to use when breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.
Alcohol use disorder: People with alcohol dependence who use kratom appear to have an increased risk of suicide.
Epilepsy: People with epilepsy who use kratom might have an increased risk of seizures.
Heart conditions: Kratom might worsen existing heart conditions. It might increase the risk of a very fast heartbeat.
Mental disorders: Kratom might worsen existing mental disorders. People with mental disorders who use kratom appear to have an increased risk of suicide.
Interactions ?
Modafinil (Provigil) interacts with KRATOM
Taking kratom along with modafinil might increase the risk for seizures. Until more is known, avoid kratom if you are taking modafinil.
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) substrates) interacts with KRATOM
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Kratom might change how quickly the liver breaks down these medications. This could change the effects and side effects of these medications.
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) substrates) interacts with KRATOM
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Kratom might change how quickly the liver breaks down these medications. This could change the effects and side effects of these medications.
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) substrates) interacts with KRATOM
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Kratom might change how quickly the liver breaks down these medications. This could change the effects and side effects of these medications.
Quetiapine (Seroquel) interacts with KRATOM
Kratom might slow down how quickly the body breaks down quetiapine. This could increase the effects and side effects of quetiapine. Until more is known, avoid kratom if you are taking quetiapine.
Sedative medications (CNS depressants) interacts with KRATOM
Kratom might cause sleepiness and slowed breathing. Some medications, called sedatives, can also cause sleepiness and slowed breathing. Taking kratom with sedative medications might cause breathing problems and/or too much sleepiness.
Naltrexone (Vivitrol) interacts with KRATOM
Taking kratom along with naltrexone might lead to withdrawal. Stop taking kratom before starting naltrexone.
Venlafaxine (Effexor) interacts with KRATOM
Kratom might slow down how quickly the body breaks down venlafaxine. This could increase the effects and side effects of venlafaxine. Until more is known, avoid kratom if you are taking venlafaxine.
Moderate Interaction
Be cautious with this combination
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) substrates) interacts with KRATOM
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Kratom might change how quickly the liver breaks down these medications. This could change the effects and side effects of these medications.
Minor Interaction
Be watchful with this combination
Dosing
Ancuceanu RV, Dinu M, Anghel AI, et al. Recent prohibition of certain psychoactive ethnobotanicals in Romania. Farmacia 2010;58(2):-121-127.
Arndt T, Claussen U, Gussregen B, et al. Kratom alkaloids and O-desmethyltramadol in urine of a "Krypton" herbal mixture consumer. Forensic Sci Int 2011;208(1-3):47-52. View abstract.
Babu KM, McCurdy CR, Boyer EW. Opioid receptors and legal highs: Salvia divinorum and Kratom. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2008;46(2):146-152. View abstract.
Backstrom BG, Classon G, Lowenhielm P, Thelander G. [Krypton--new, deadly Internet drug. Since October 2009 have nine young persons died in Sweden]. Lakartidningen 2010;107(50):3196-3197. View abstract.
Boyer EW, Babu KM, Adkins JE, McCurdy CR, Halpern JH. Self-treatment of opioid withdrawal using kratom (Mitragynia speciosa korth). Addiction 2008;103(6):1048-1050. View abstract.
Boyer EW, Babu KM, Macalino G. E. Self-treatment of opioid withdrawal with a dietary supplement, Kratom. Am J Addict 2007;16(5):352-356. View abstract.
Chan KB, Pakiam C, Rahim RA. Psychoactive plant abuse: the identification of mitragynine in ketum and in ketum preparations. Bull Narc 2005;57(1-2):249-256. View abstract.
de Moraes NV, Moretti RA, Furr EB 3rd, McCurdy CR, Lanchote VL. Determination of mitragynine in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS: application to pharmacokinetics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009;877(24):2593-7. View abstract.
Drug Enforcement Administration. Kratom (Mytragyna speciosa korth). Available at: https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_chem_info/kratom.pdf.
Food and Drug Administration. Import Alert 54-15: DETENTION WITHOUT PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS AND BULK DIETARY INGREDIENTS THAT ARE OR CONTAIN MITRAGYNA SPECIOSA OR KRATOM. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cms_ia/importalert_1137.html.
Janchawee B, Keawpradub N, Chittrakarn S, et al. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of mitragynine in serum and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in rats. Biomed Chromatogr 2007;21(2):176-83. View abstract.
Jansen KL, Prast CJ. Ethnopharmacology of kratom and the Mitragyna alkaloids. J Ethnopharmacol 1988;23(1):115-119.
Kapp FG, Maurer HH, Auwarter V, Winkelmann M, Hermanns-Clausen M. Intrahepatic cholestasis following abuse of powdered kratom (Mitragyna speciosa). J Med Toxicol 2011;7(3):227-231. View abstract.
Kittirattanapaiboon P, Suttajit S, Junsirimongkol B, Likhitsathian S, Srisurapanont M. Suicide risk among Thai illicit drug users with and without mental/alcohol use disorders. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2014 Mar 13;10:453-8. View abstract.
Koch J, Mogensen J, Pedersen S, et al. Fast one-step procedure for the detection of nucleic acids in situ by primer-induced sequence-specific labeling with fluorescein-12-dUTP. Cytogenet Cell Genet 1992;60(1):1-3. View abstract.
Kong WM, Chik Z, Ramachandra M, et al. Evaluation of the effects of Mitragyna speciosa alkaloid extract on cytochrome P450 enzymes using a high throughput assay. Molecules. 2011;16(9):7344-7356. View abstract.
Kronstrand R, Roman M, Thelander G, Eriksson A. Unintentional fatal intoxications with mitragynine and O-desmethyltramadol from the herbal blend Krypton. J Anal Toxicol 2011;35(4):242-247. View abstract.
McWhirter L, Morris S. A case report of inpatient detoxification after kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) dependence. Eur Addict Res 2010;16(4):229-231. View abstract.
Nelsen JL, Lapoint J, Hodgman MJ, Aldous KM. Seizure and coma following Kratom (Mitragynina speciosa Korth) exposure. J Med Toxicol 2010;6(4):424-426. View abstract.
Parthasarathy S, Ramanathan S, Ismail S, et al. Determination of mitragynine in plasma with solid-phase extraction and rapid HPLC-UV analysis, and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in rat. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010;397(5):2023-2030. View abstract.
Philipp AA, Meyer MR, Wissenbach DK, et al. Monitoring of kratom or Krypton intake in urine using GC-MS in clinical and forensic toxicology. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011;400(1):127-135. View abstract.
Philipp AA, Wissenbach DK, Weber AA, et al. Use of liquid chromatography coupled to low- and high-resolution linear ion trap mass spectrometry for studying the metabolism of paynantheine, an alkaloid of the herbal drug Kratom in rat and human urine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010;396(7):2379-2391. View abstract.
Philipp AA, Wissenbach DK, Weber AA, Zapp J, Maurer HH. Metabolism studies of the Kratom alkaloid speciociliatine, a diastereomer of the main alkaloid mitragynine, in rat and human urine using liquid chromatography-linear ion trap mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011;399(8):2747-2753. View abstract.
Philipp AA, Wissenbach DK, Weber AA, Zapp J, Maurer HH. Metabolism studies of the Kratom alkaloids mitraciliatine and isopaynantheine, diastereomers of the main alkaloids mitragynine and paynantheine, in rat and human urine using liquid chromatography-linear ion trap-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011;879(15-16):1049-1055. View abstract.
Philipp AA, Wissenbach DK, Weber AA, Zapp J, Maurer HH. Phase I and II metabolites of speciogynine, a diastereomer of the main Kratom alkaloid mitragynine, identified in rat and human urine by liquid chromatography coupled to low- and high-resolution linear ion trap mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom 2010;45(11):1344-1357. View abstract.
Philipp AA, Wissenbach DK, Zoerntlein SW, et al. Studies on the metabolism of mitragynine, the main alkaloid of the herbal drug Kratom, in rat and human urine using liquid chromatography-linear ion trap mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom 2009;44(8):1249-1261. View abstract.
Phongprueksapattana S, Putalun W, Keawpradub N, Wungsintaweekul J. Mitragyna speciosa: hairy root culture for triterpenoid production and high yield of mitragynine by regenerated plants. Z Naturforsch C 2008 Sep-Oct;63(9-10):691-8. View abstract.
Ponglux D, Wongseripipatana S, Takayama H, Kikuchi M, Kurihara M, Kitajima M, Aimi N, Sakai S. A New Indole Alkaloid, 7 alpha-Hydroxy-7H-mitragynine, from Mitragyna speciosa in Thailand. Planta Med 1994 Dec;60(6):580-1. View abstract.
Roche KM, Hart K, Sangall B, Lefberg J, Bayer M. "Kratom: A Case of a Legal High". J Clin Toxicol 2008;46(7):598.
Rosenbaum CD, Carreiro SP, Babu KM. Here today, gone tomorrow...and back again? A review of herbal marijuana alternatives (K2, Spice), synthetic cathinones (bath salts), kratom, Salvia divinorum, methoxetamine, and piperazines. J Med Toxicol 2012;8(1):15-32. View abstract.
Sheleg SV, Collins GB. A coincidence of addiction to "Kratom" and severe primary hypothyroidism. J Addict Med 2011;5(4):300-301. View abstract.
Singh D, Müller CP, Vicknasingam BK. Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) dependence, withdrawal symptoms and craving in regular users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014 Jun 1;139:132-7. View abstract.
US Food and Drug Administration (2014). SNI National is Voluntarily recalling Kratom XL 4 Pack, Maeng Da Kratom 10 Pack, Max Kratom 20 Pack, and Bali Kratom 40 pack Due to Undeclared Drug Ingredients [Press Release].
Vicknasingam B, Narayanan S, Beng GT, Mansor SM. The informal use of ketum (Mitragyna speciosa) for opioid withdrawal in the northern states of peninsular Malaysia and implications for drug substitution therapy. Int J Drug Policy 2010;21(4):283-288. View abstract.
Ward J, Rosenbaum C, Hernon C, McCurdy CR, Boyer EW. Herbal medicines for the management of opioid addiction: safe and effective alternatives to conventional pharmacotherapy? CNS Drugs 2011;25(12):999-1007. View abstract.
Abdullah HMA, Haq I, Lamfers R. Cardiac arrest in a young healthy male patient secondary to kratom ingestion: is this 'legal high' substance more dangerous than initially thought ? BMJ Case Rep. 2019 Jul 19;12(7). pii: e229778. View abstract.
Abdullah HMA, Haq I, Lamfers R. Cardiac arrest in a young healthy male patient secondary to kratom ingestion: is this 'legal high' substance more dangerous than initially thought ? BMJ Case Rep. 2019 Jul 19;12(7). pii: e229778. View abstract.
Afzal H, Esang M, Rahman S. A case of kratom-induced seizures. Cureus. 2020;12(1):e6588. View abstract.
Afzal H, Esang M, Rahman S. A case of kratom-induced seizures. Cureus. 2020;12(1):e6588. View abstract.
Ahmad J, Odin JA, Hayashi PH, et al. Liver injury associated with kratom, a popular opioid-like product: Experience from the U.S. drug induced liver injury network and a review of the literature. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;218:108426. View abstract.
Ahmad J, Odin JA, Hayashi PH, et al. Liver injury associated with kratom, a popular opioid-like product: Experience from the U.S. drug induced liver injury network and a review of the literature. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;218:108426. View abstract.
Aldyab M, Ells PF, Bui R, Chapman TD, Lee H. Kratom-Induced Cholestatic Liver Injury Mimicking Anti-Mitochondrial Antibody-Negative Primary Biliary Cholangitis: A Case Report and Review of Literature. Gastroenterology Res. 2019 Aug;12(4):211-215. View abstract.
Aldyab M, Ells PF, Bui R, Chapman TD, Lee H. Kratom-Induced Cholestatic Liver Injury Mimicking Anti-Mitochondrial Antibody-Negative Primary Biliary Cholangitis: A Case Report and Review of Literature. Gastroenterology Res. 2019 Aug;12(4):211-215. View abstract.
Ancuceanu RV, Dinu M, Anghel AI, et al. Recent prohibition of certain psychoactive ethnobotanicals in Romania. Farmacia 2010;58(2):-121-127.
Ancuceanu RV, Dinu M, Anghel AI, et al. Recent prohibition of certain psychoactive ethnobotanicals in Romania. Farmacia 2010;58(2):-121-127.
Anwar M, Law R, Schier J. Notes from the Field: Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Exposures Reported to Poison Centers - United States, 2010-2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65(29):748-9. View abstract.
Anwar M, Law R, Schier J. Notes from the Field: Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Exposures Reported to Poison Centers - United States, 2010-2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65(29):748-9. View abstract.
Arndt T, Claussen U, Gussregen B, et al. Kratom alkaloids and O-desmethyltramadol in urine of a "Krypton" herbal mixture consumer. Forensic Sci Int 2011;208(1-3):47-52. View abstract.
Arndt T, Claussen U, Gussregen B, et al. Kratom alkaloids and O-desmethyltramadol in urine of a "Krypton" herbal mixture consumer. Forensic Sci Int 2011;208(1-3):47-52. View abstract.
Babu KM, McCurdy CR, Boyer EW. Opioid receptors and legal highs: Salvia divinorum and Kratom. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2008;46(2):146-152. View abstract.
Babu KM, McCurdy CR, Boyer EW. Opioid receptors and legal highs: Salvia divinorum and Kratom. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2008;46(2):146-152. View abstract.
Backstrom BG, Classon G, Lowenhielm P, Thelander G. [Krypton--new, deadly Internet drug. Since October 2009 have nine young persons died in Sweden]. Lakartidningen 2010;107(50):3196-3197. View abstract.
Backstrom BG, Classon G, Lowenhielm P, Thelander G. [Krypton--new, deadly Internet drug. Since October 2009 have nine young persons died in Sweden]. Lakartidningen 2010;107(50):3196-3197. View abstract.
Botejue M, Walia G, Shahin O, Sharma J, Zackria R. Kratom-Induced Liver Injury: A Case Series and Clinical Implications. Cureus 2021;13(4):e14679. View abstract.
Botejue M, Walia G, Shahin O, Sharma J, Zackria R. Kratom-Induced Liver Injury: A Case Series and Clinical Implications. Cureus 2021;13(4):e14679. View abstract.
Boyer EW, Babu KM, Adkins JE, McCurdy CR, Halpern JH. Self-treatment of opioid withdrawal using kratom (Mitragynia speciosa korth). Addiction 2008;103(6):1048-1050. View abstract.
Boyer EW, Babu KM, Adkins JE, McCurdy CR, Halpern JH. Self-treatment of opioid withdrawal using kratom (Mitragynia speciosa korth). Addiction 2008;103(6):1048-1050. View abstract.
Boyer EW, Babu KM, Macalino G. E. Self-treatment of opioid withdrawal with a dietary supplement, Kratom. Am J Addict 2007;16(5):352-356. View abstract.
Boyer EW, Babu KM, Macalino G. E. Self-treatment of opioid withdrawal with a dietary supplement, Kratom. Am J Addict 2007;16(5):352-356. View abstract.
Brogdon HD, McPhee MM, Paine MF, Cox EJ, Burns AG. A Case of Potential Pharmacokinetic Kratom-drug Interactions Resulting in Toxicity and Subsequent Treatment of Kratom Use Disorder With Buprenorphine/Naloxone. J Addict Med 2022. View abstract.
Brogdon HD, McPhee MM, Paine MF, Cox EJ, Burns AG. A Case of Potential Pharmacokinetic Kratom-drug Interactions Resulting in Toxicity and Subsequent Treatment of Kratom Use Disorder With Buprenorphine/Naloxone. J Addict Med 2022. View abstract.
Burke DJ, Mahonski SG, Van Cott AC. Breakthrough Seizure Associated With Kratom Use in Patients With Epilepsy. Neurol Clin Pract 2021;11(1):78-84. View abstract.
Burke DJ, Mahonski SG, Van Cott AC. Breakthrough Seizure Associated With Kratom Use in Patients With Epilepsy. Neurol Clin Pract 2021;11(1):78-84. View abstract.
Castillo A, Payne JD, Nugent K. Posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome after kratom ingestion. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2017;30(3):355-357. View abstract.
Castillo A, Payne JD, Nugent K. Posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome after kratom ingestion. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2017;30(3):355-357. View abstract.
Chan KB, Pakiam C, Rahim RA. Psychoactive plant abuse: the identification of mitragynine in ketum and in ketum preparations. Bull Narc 2005;57(1-2):249-256. View abstract.
Chan KB, Pakiam C, Rahim RA. Psychoactive plant abuse: the identification of mitragynine in ketum and in ketum preparations. Bull Narc 2005;57(1-2):249-256. View abstract.
Cumpston KL, Carter M, Wills BK. Clinical outcomes after Kratom exposures: A poison center case series. Am J Emerg Med. 2018;36(1):166-168. View abstract.
Cumpston KL, Carter M, Wills BK. Clinical outcomes after Kratom exposures: A poison center case series. Am J Emerg Med. 2018;36(1):166-168. View abstract.
Davidson C, Cao D, King T, et al. A comparative analysis of kratom exposure cases in Thailand and the United States from 2010-2017. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2020:1-10. View abstract.
Davidson C, Cao D, King T, et al. A comparative analysis of kratom exposure cases in Thailand and the United States from 2010-2017. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2020:1-10. View abstract.
Davidson L, Rawat M, Stojanovski S, Chandrasekharan P. Natural drugs, not so natural effects: Neonatal abstinence syndrome secondary to 'kratom'. J Neonatal Perinatal Med. 2019;12(1):109-112. View abstract.
Davidson L, Rawat M, Stojanovski S, Chandrasekharan P. Natural drugs, not so natural effects: Neonatal abstinence syndrome secondary to 'kratom'. J Neonatal Perinatal Med. 2019;12(1):109-112. View abstract.
de Moraes NV, Moretti RA, Furr EB 3rd, McCurdy CR, Lanchote VL. Determination of mitragynine in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS: application to pharmacokinetics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009;877(24):2593-7. View abstract.
de Moraes NV, Moretti RA, Furr EB 3rd, McCurdy CR, Lanchote VL. Determination of mitragynine in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS: application to pharmacokinetics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009;877(24):2593-7. View abstract.
Drug Enforcement Administration. Kratom (Mytragyna speciosa korth). Available at: https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_chem_info/kratom.pdf.
Drug Enforcement Administration. Kratom (Mytragyna speciosa korth). Available at: https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_chem_info/kratom.pdf.
Eggleston W, Stoppacher R, Suen K, Marraffa JM, Nelson LS. Kratom Use and Toxicities in the United States. Pharmacotherapy. 2019 Jul;39(7):775-777. doi: 10.1002/phar.2280. Epub 2019 Jun 13. View abstract.
Eggleston W, Stoppacher R, Suen K, Marraffa JM, Nelson LS. Kratom Use and Toxicities in the United States. Pharmacotherapy. 2019 Jul;39(7):775-777. doi: 10.1002/phar.2280. Epub 2019 Jun 13. View abstract.
ELJack A, Beasley M, Ibrahim H, Taha M, Werns S. Kratom-associated ventricular fibrillation. Am J Ther. 2020. Online ahead of print. View abstract.
ELJack A, Beasley M, Ibrahim H, Taha M, Werns S. Kratom-associated ventricular fibrillation. Am J Ther. 2020. Online ahead of print. View abstract.
FDA Adverse Event Reporting System: Kratom Deaths. February 6, 2018. https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/CDERFOIAElectronicReadingRoom/UCM595575.pdf. Accessed March 6, 2018.
FDA Adverse Event Reporting System: Kratom Deaths. February 6, 2018. https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/CDERFOIAElectronicReadingRoom/UCM595575.pdf. Accessed March 6, 2018.
Gershman K, Timm K, Frank M, et al. Deaths in Colorado Attributed to Kratom. N Engl J Med. 2019 Jan 3;380(1):97-98. View abstract.
Gershman K, Timm K, Frank M, et al. Deaths in Colorado Attributed to Kratom. N Engl J Med. 2019 Jan 3;380(1):97-98. View abstract.
Graves JM, Dilley JA, Terpak L, et al. Kratom exposures among older adults reported to U.S. poison centers, 2014-2019. J Am Geriatr Soc 2021;69(8):2176-2184. View abstract.
Graves JM, Dilley JA, Terpak L, et al. Kratom exposures among older adults reported to U.S. poison centers, 2014-2019. J Am Geriatr Soc 2021;69(8):2176-2184. View abstract.
Griffin OH, Webb ME. The Scheduling of Kratom and Selective Use of Data. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2017 Sep 22:1-7. doi: 10.1080/02791072.2017.1371363. View abstract.
Griffin OH, Webb ME. The Scheduling of Kratom and Selective Use of Data. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2017 Sep 22:1-7. doi: 10.1080/02791072.2017.1371363. View abstract.
Guddat S, Görgens C, Steinhart V, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Mitragynine (Kratom) - monitoring in sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal. 2016;8(11-12):1114-1118. View abstract.
Guddat S, Görgens C, Steinhart V, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Mitragynine (Kratom) - monitoring in sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal. 2016;8(11-12):1114-1118. View abstract.
Halim SA, Low JH, Chee YC, Alias MR. Seizures among young adults consuming kratom beverages in Malaysia: A case series. Epilepsy Behav 2021;121(Pt A):108057. View abstract.
Halim SA, Low JH, Chee YC, Alias MR. Seizures among young adults consuming kratom beverages in Malaysia: A case series. Epilepsy Behav 2021;121(Pt A):108057. View abstract.
Hassan R, Pike See C, Sreenivasan S, Mansor SM, Müller CP, Hassan Z. Mitragynine attenuates morphine withdrawal effects in rats - a comparison with methadone and buprenorphine. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:411. View abstract.
Hassan R, Pike See C, Sreenivasan S, Mansor SM, Müller CP, Hassan Z. Mitragynine attenuates morphine withdrawal effects in rats - a comparison with methadone and buprenorphine. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:411. View abstract.
Hemby SE, McIntosh S, Leon F, Cutler SJ, McCurdy CR. Abuse liability and therapeutic potential of the Mitragyna speciosa (kratom) alkaloids mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine. Addict Biol. 2019 Sep;24(5):874-885. View abstract.
Hemby SE, McIntosh S, Leon F, Cutler SJ, McCurdy CR. Abuse liability and therapeutic potential of the Mitragyna speciosa (kratom) alkaloids mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine. Addict Biol. 2019 Sep;24(5):874-885. View abstract.
Hughes RL. Fatal combination of mitragynine and quetiapine - a case report with discussion of a potential herb-drug interaction. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2019 Mar;15(1):110-113. View abstract.
Hughes RL. Fatal combination of mitragynine and quetiapine - a case report with discussion of a potential herb-drug interaction. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2019 Mar;15(1):110-113. View abstract.
Janchawee B, Keawpradub N, Chittrakarn S, et al. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of mitragynine in serum and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in rats. Biomed Chromatogr 2007;21(2):176-83. View abstract.
Janchawee B, Keawpradub N, Chittrakarn S, et al. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of mitragynine in serum and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in rats. Biomed Chromatogr 2007;21(2):176-83. View abstract.
Jansen KL, Prast CJ. Ethnopharmacology of kratom and the Mitragyna alkaloids. J Ethnopharmacol 1988;23(1):115-119.
Jansen KL, Prast CJ. Ethnopharmacology of kratom and the Mitragyna alkaloids. J Ethnopharmacol 1988;23(1):115-119.
Jensen AN, Truong QN, Jameson M, Nadal CN. Kratom-induced transaminitis with subsequent precipitated opioid withdrawal following naltrexone. Ment Health Clin 2021;11(3):220-224. View abstract.
Jensen AN, Truong QN, Jameson M, Nadal CN. Kratom-induced transaminitis with subsequent precipitated opioid withdrawal following naltrexone. Ment Health Clin 2021;11(3):220-224. View abstract.
Kapp FG, Maurer HH, Auwarter V, Winkelmann M, Hermanns-Clausen M. Intrahepatic cholestasis following abuse of powdered kratom (Mitragyna speciosa). J Med Toxicol 2011;7(3):227-231. View abstract.
Kapp FG, Maurer HH, Auwarter V, Winkelmann M, Hermanns-Clausen M. Intrahepatic cholestasis following abuse of powdered kratom (Mitragyna speciosa). J Med Toxicol 2011;7(3):227-231. View abstract.
Kittirattanapaiboon P, Suttajit S, Junsirimongkol B, Likhitsathian S, Srisurapanont M. Suicide risk among Thai illicit drug users with and without mental/alcohol use disorders. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2014 Mar 13;10:453-8. View abstract.
Kittirattanapaiboon P, Suttajit S, Junsirimongkol B, Likhitsathian S, Srisurapanont M. Suicide risk among Thai illicit drug users with and without mental/alcohol use disorders. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2014 Mar 13;10:453-8. View abstract.
Koch J, Mogensen J, Pedersen S, et al. Fast one-step procedure for the detection of nucleic acids in situ by primer-induced sequence-specific labeling with fluorescein-12-dUTP. Cytogenet Cell Genet 1992;60(1):1-3. View abstract.
Koch J, Mogensen J, Pedersen S, et al. Fast one-step procedure for the detection of nucleic acids in situ by primer-induced sequence-specific labeling with fluorescein-12-dUTP. Cytogenet Cell Genet 1992;60(1):1-3. View abstract.
Kong WM, Chik Z, Ramachandra M, et al. Evaluation of the effects of Mitragyna speciosa alkaloid extract on cytochrome P450 enzymes using a high throughput assay. Molecules. 2011;16(9):7344-7356. View abstract.
Kong WM, Chik Z, Ramachandra M, et al. Evaluation of the effects of Mitragyna speciosa alkaloid extract on cytochrome P450 enzymes using a high throughput assay. Molecules. 2011;16(9):7344-7356. View abstract.
Kronstrand R, Roman M, Thelander G, Eriksson A. Unintentional fatal intoxications with mitragynine and O-desmethyltramadol from the herbal blend Krypton. J Anal Toxicol 2011;35(4):242-247. View abstract.
Kronstrand R, Roman M, Thelander G, Eriksson A. Unintentional fatal intoxications with mitragynine and O-desmethyltramadol from the herbal blend Krypton. J Anal Toxicol 2011;35(4):242-247. View abstract.
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Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella Infections Linked to Kratom. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 2018 Outbreaks. March 15, 2018. https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/kratom-02-18/index.html. Accessed March 16, 2018
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Philipp AA, Meyer MR, Wissenbach DK, et al. Monitoring of kratom or Krypton intake in urine using GC-MS in clinical and forensic toxicology. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011;400(1):127-135. View abstract.
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Philipp AA, Wissenbach DK, Weber AA, Zapp J, Maurer HH. Metabolism studies of the Kratom alkaloids mitraciliatine and isopaynantheine, diastereomers of the main alkaloids mitragynine and paynantheine, in rat and human urine using liquid chromatography-linear ion trap-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011;879(15-16):1049-1055. View abstract.
Philipp AA, Wissenbach DK, Weber AA, Zapp J, Maurer HH. Metabolism studies of the Kratom alkaloids mitraciliatine and isopaynantheine, diastereomers of the main alkaloids mitragynine and paynantheine, in rat and human urine using liquid chromatography-linear ion trap-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011;879(15-16):1049-1055. View abstract.
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Rosenbaum CD, Carreiro SP, Babu KM. Here today, gone tomorrow...and back again? A review of herbal marijuana alternatives (K2, Spice), synthetic cathinones (bath salts), kratom, Salvia divinorum, methoxetamine, and piperazines. J Med Toxicol 2012;8(1):15-32. View abstract.
Sangani V, Sunnoqrot N, Gargis K, Ranabhotu A, Mubasher A, Pokal M. Unusual Presentation of Kratom Overdose With Rhabdomyolysis, Transient Hearing Loss, and Heart Failure. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep 2021;9:23247096211005069. View abstract.
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Singh D, Müller CP, Vicknasingam BK. Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) dependence, withdrawal symptoms and craving in regular users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014 Jun 1;139:132-7. View abstract.
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SNI National is Voluntarily recalling Kratom XL 4 Pack, Maeng Da Kratom 10 Pack, Max Kratom 20 Pack, and Bali Kratom 40 pack Due to Undeclared Drug Ingredients. FDA Recalls, Market Withdrawals, & Safety Alerts, March 14, 2014. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm389350.htm.
SNI National is Voluntarily recalling Kratom XL 4 Pack, Maeng Da Kratom 10 Pack, Max Kratom 20 Pack, and Bali Kratom 40 pack Due to Undeclared Drug Ingredients. FDA Recalls, Market Withdrawals, & Safety Alerts, March 14, 2014. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm389350.htm.
Statement from FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, M.D. on FDA advisory about deadly risks associated with kratom. FDA Statement: Press Announcements, November 14, 2017. https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm584970.htm. Accessed: November 14, 2017.
Statement from FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, M.D. on FDA advisory about deadly risks associated with kratom. FDA Statement: Press Announcements, November 14, 2017. https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm584970.htm. Accessed: November 14, 2017.
Statement from FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, M.D., on the agency's scientific evidence on the presence of opioid compounds in kratom, underscoring its potential for abuse. FDA Statement. February 6, 2018. https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm595622.htm. Accessed 4/18/2018.
Statement from FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, M.D., on the agency's scientific evidence on the presence of opioid compounds in kratom, underscoring its potential for abuse. FDA Statement. February 6, 2018. https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm595622.htm. Accessed 4/18/2018.
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Torres-Ortiz A, Al Zein S, Alqudsi M. A Case of Hyperkalemia Induced by Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa). Cureus 2022;14(4):e24036. View abstract.
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US Food and Drug Administration (2014). SNI National is Voluntarily recalling Kratom XL 4 Pack, Maeng Da Kratom 10 Pack, Max Kratom 20 Pack, and Bali Kratom 40 pack Due to Undeclared Drug Ingredients [Press Release].
US Food and Drug Administration (2014). SNI National is Voluntarily recalling Kratom XL 4 Pack, Maeng Da Kratom 10 Pack, Max Kratom 20 Pack, and Bali Kratom 40 pack Due to Undeclared Drug Ingredients [Press Release].
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