HORDENINE: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews

Overview

Hordenine is a chemical naturally found in barley (Hordeum vulgare). It can also be found in algae, cacti, and some grass species. It is similar in chemical structure to stimulants found in bitter orange. Hordenine is included in many dietary supplements used for athletic performance and weight loss.

People take hordenine by mouth for obesity and improving athletic performance, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.

Uses & Effectiveness ?

Insufficient Evidence for

Athletic performance.
Obesity.
Other conditions.

More evidence is needed to rate hordenine for these uses.

Side Effects

When taken by mouth: Hordenine is POSSIBLY UNSAFE. Hordenine is similar in structure to stimulants found in bitter orange. In theory, hordenine might have similar stimulant effects and side effects such as rapid heart rate and high blood pressure.

Special Precautions and Warnings

Pregnancy and breast-feeding: There isn't enough reliable information to know if hordenine is safe to use when pregnant or breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.

High blood pressure: Hordenine is similar to stimulants found in bitter orange. In theory, taking hordenine might make high blood pressure worse.

Kidney stones: Taking hordenine might increase the risk for kidney stones.

Surgery: Hordenine might interfere with surgery by increasing blood pressure and heart rate. Stop taking hordenine at least 2 weeks before surgery.

Interactions ?

Moderate Interaction

Be cautious with this combination

Medications for depression (MAOIs) interacts with HORDENINE
Hordenine might stimulate the body. Some medications used for depression can increase chemicals that also have stimulant effects. Taking hordenine with these medications used for depression might cause serious side effects including fast heartbeat, high blood pressure, seizures, nervousness, and others.

Some of these medications used for depression include isocarboxazid (Marplan), phenelzine (Nardil), selegiline (Eldepryl, Emsam, Zelapar), and tranylcypromine (Parnate).
Stimulant drugs interacts with HORDENINE
Stimulant drugs speed up the nervous system. By speeding up the nervous system, stimulant medications can make you feel jittery and speed up your heartbeat. Hordenine might also speed up the nervous system. In theory, taking hordenine along with stimulant drugs might cause serious problems including increased heart rate and high blood pressure. Avoid taking stimulant drugs along with hordenine.

Some stimulant drugs include amphetamine, caffeine, methylphenidate, pseudoephedrine, and many others.

Dosing

The appropriate dose of hordenine depends on several factors such as the user's age, health, and several other conditions. At this time there is not enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for hordenine (in children/in adults). Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult your pharmacist or physician or other healthcare professional before using.

View References

REFERENCES:

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Beury-Cirou A, Tannieres M, Minard C, et al. At a supra-physiological concentration, human sexual hormones act as quorum-sensing inhibitors. PLoS One 2013;8(12):e83564. View abstract.

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Brady LR, Tyler VE. Biosynthesis of Hordenine in Tissue Homogenates of Panicum miliaceum L. Plant Physiol 1958;33(5):334-8. View abstract.

Braga DL, McLaughlin JL. Cactus alkaloids. V. Isolation of hordenine and N-methyltyramine from Ariocarpus retusus. Planta Med 1969;17(1):87-94. View abstract.

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Hoult AH, Lovett JV. Biologically active secondary metabolites of barley. III. A method for identification and quantification of hordenine and gramine in barley by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chem Ecol 1993;19(10):2245-54. View abstract.

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Keller WJ. Hordenine from Stapelia gigantea. J Nat Prod 1981;44(3):366-67.

Kim SC, Lee JH, Kim MH, et al. Hordenine, a single compound produced during barley germination, inhibits melanogenesis in human melanocytes. Food Chem 2013;141(1):174-81. View abstract.

Lovett JV, Hoult AH, Christen O. Biologically active secondary metabolites of barley. IV. Hordenine production by different barley lines. J Chem Ecol 1994;20(8):1945-54. View abstract.

Mann JD, Steinhart CE, Mudd SH. Alkaloids and plant metabolism: V. The distribution and formation of tyramine methylpherase during germination of barley. J Biol Chem 1963;238:676-81.

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Percot A, Yalcin A, Erdugan H, Guven KC. Hordenine amount in Phyllophora nervosa (D.C.Grev) (Marine Alga) collected from Sile (the Black Sea) and Dardanelles. Acta Pharm Sci 2007;49:127-32.

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Ranieri RL, McLaughlin JL. Cactus alkaloids. XXXI. beta-Phenethylamines and tetrahydroisoquinolines from the Mexican cactus dolichothele uberiformis. Lloydia 1977;40(2):173-7. View abstract.

Rao GS. Identity of peyocactin, an antibiotic from peyote (Lophophora williamsii), and hordenine. J Pharm Pharmacol 1970;22(7):544-5. View abstract.

Shabana M, Gonaid M, Salama MM, Abdel-Sattar E. Phenylalkylamine alkaloids from Stapelia hirsuta L. Nat Prod Res 2006;20(8):710-4. View abstract.

Singh AK, Granley K, Misrha U, et al. Screening and confirmation of drugs in urine: interference of hordenine with the immunoassays and thin layer chromatography methods. Forensic Sci Int 1992;54:9-22. View abstract.

Unver N, Kaya GI, Werner C, et al. Galanthindole: a new indole alkaloid from Galanthus plicatus ssp. byzantinus. Planta Med 2003;69(9):869-71. View abstract.

Wheaton TA, Stewart I. The distribution of tyramine, N-methyltyramine, hordenine, octopamine, and synephrine in higher plants. Lloydia 1970;33(2):244-54. View abstract.

Yalcin A, Percot A, Erdugan H, et al. Hordenine in the marine alga, Gelidium crinale (Hare ex Turner) Gaillon. Acta Pharm Sci 2007;49:213-8.

Yokoo Y, Kohda H, Kusumoto A, et al. Isolation from beer and structural determination of a potent stimulant of gastrin release. Alcohol Alcohol 1999;34(2):161-8. View abstract.

Barwell CJ, Basma AN, Lafi MA, Leake LD. Deamination of hordenine by monoamine oxidase and its action on vasa deferentia of the rat. J Pharm Pharmacol 1989;41(6):421-3. View abstract.

Barwell CJ, Blunden G. Hordenine from the red alga Gigartina stellata. J Nat Prod 1981;44(4):500-2.

Beury-Cirou A, Tannieres M, Minard C, et al. At a supra-physiological concentration, human sexual hormones act as quorum-sensing inhibitors. PLoS One 2013;8(12):e83564. View abstract.

Frank M, Weckman TJ, Wood T, et al. Hordenine: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and behavioural effects in the horse. Equine Vet J 1990;22(6):437-41. View abstract.

Gonzalez Viejo C, Villarreal-Lara R, Torrico DD, et al. Beer and consumer response using biometrics: associations assessment of beer compounds and elicited emotions. Foods. 2020;9(6):E821. View abstract.

Hapke HJ, Strathmann W. [Pharmacological effects of hordenine]. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1995;102:228-32.. View abstract.

Heffter A. Uber Pellote. Ein Beitrag zur pharmakologischen Kenntnis der Cacteen. (Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's). Arch Exp Path Pharm 1894;34:65-86.

Kim SC, Lee JH, Kim MH, et al. Hordenine, a single compound produced during barley germination, inhibits melanogenesis in human melanocytes. Food Chem 2013;141(1):174-81. View abstract.

Liu Y, Santillo MF. Cytochrome P450 2D6 and 3A4 enzyme inhibition by amine stimulants in dietary supplements. Drug Test Anal. 2016;8(3-4):307-10. View abstract.

Lovett JV, Hoult AH, Christen O. Biologically active secondary metabolites of barley. IV. Hordenine production by different barley lines. J Chem Ecol 1994;20(8):1945-54. View abstract.

Mann JD, Steinhart CE, Mudd SH. Alkaloids and plant metabolism: V. The distribution and formation of tyramine methylpherase during germination of barley. J Biol Chem 1963;238:676-81.

Sobiech M, Giebultowicz J, Lulinski P. Application of magnetic core-shell imprinted nanoconjugates for the analysis of hordenine in human plasma - preliminary data on pharmacokinetic study after oral administration. J Agric Food Chem. 2020 Dec 9;68(49):14502-12. View abstract.

Sommer T, Göen T, Budnik N, Pischetsrieder M. Absorption, biokinetics, and metabolism of the dopamine D2 receptor agonist hordenine (N,N-dimethyltyramine) after beer consumption in humans. J Agric Food Chem. 2020;68(7):1998-2006. View abstract.

Yokoo Y, Kohda H, Kusumoto A, et al. Isolation from beer and structural determination of a potent stimulant of gastrin release. Alcohol Alcohol 1999;34(2):161-8. View abstract.

CONDITIONS OF USE AND IMPORTANT INFORMATION: This information is meant to supplement, not replace advice from your doctor or healthcare provider and is not meant to cover all possible uses, precautions, interactions or adverse effects. This information may not fit your specific health circumstances. Never delay or disregard seeking professional medical advice from your doctor or other qualified health care provider because of something you have read on WebMD. You should always speak with your doctor or health care professional before you start, stop, or change any prescribed part of your health care plan or treatment and to determine what course of therapy is right for you.

This copyrighted material is provided by Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Consumer Version. Information from this source is evidence-based and objective, and without commercial influence. For professional medical information on natural medicines, see Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Professional Version.
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HORDENINE - Uses, Side Effects, and More