COSTUS

Benezra, C. and Epstein, W. L. Molecular recognition patterns of sesquiterpene lactones in costus-sensitive patients. Contact Dermatitis 1986;15(4):223-230. View abstract.

Biswas, N. R., Biswas, K., Pandey, M., and Pandey, R. M. Treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and non-specific arthritis with a herbal drug: A double-blind, active drug controlled parallel study. JK Pract 1998;5:129-132.

Cheminat, A., Stampf, J. L., Benezra, C., Farrall, M. J., and Frechet, J. M. Allergic contact dermatitis to costus: removal of haptens with polymers. Acta Derm.Venereol. 1981;61(6):525-529. View abstract.

Chen, S. F., Li, Y. Q., and He, F. Y. [Effect of Saussurea lappa on gastric functions]. Zhongguo Zhong.Xi.Yi.Jie.He.Za Zhi. 1994;14(7):406-408. View abstract.

Cho, J. Y., Baik, K. U., Jung, J. H., and Park, M. H. In vitro anti-inflammatory effects of cynaropicrin, a sesquiterpene lactone, from Saussurea lappa. Eur.J Pharmacol. 6-23-2000;398(3):399-407. View abstract.

Damre, A. A., Damre, A. S., and Saraf, M. N. Evaluation of sesquiterpene lactone fraction of Saussurea lappa on transudative, exudative and proliferative phases of inflammation. Phytother.Res 2003;17(7):722-725. View abstract.

Gilani, A. H., Shah, A. J., and Yaeesh, S. Presence of cholinergic and calcium antagonist constituents in Saussurea lappa explains its use in constipation and spasm. Phytother.Res 2007;21(6):541-544. View abstract.

Jin, M., Lee, H. J., Ryu, J. H., and Chung, K. S. Inhibition of LPS-induced NO production and NF-kappaB activation by a sesquiterpene from Saussurea lappa. Arch.Pharm.Res 2000;23(1):54-58. View abstract.

Jung, J. H., Kim, Y., Lee, C. O., Kang, S. S., Park, J. H., and Im, K. S. Cytotoxic constituents of Saussurea lappa. Arch.Pharm.Res 1998;21(2):153-156. View abstract.

Lee, H. J., Kim, N. Y., Jang, M. K., Son, H. J., Kim, K. M., Sohn, D. H., Lee, S. H., and Ryu, J. H. A sesquiterpene, dehydrocostus lactone, inhibits the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and TNF-alpha in LPS-activated macrophages. Planta Med 1999;65(2):104-108. View abstract.

Lirussi, D., Li, J., Prieto, J. M., Gennari, M., Buschiazzo, H., Rios, J. L., and Zaidenberg, A. Inhibition of Trypanosoma cruzi by plant extracts used in Chinese medicine. Fitoterapia 2004;75(7-8):718-723. View abstract.

Long, L., Soeken, K., and Ernst, E. Herbal medicines for the treatment of osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Rheumatology.(Oxford) 2001;40(7):779-793. View abstract.

Marzulli, F. N. and Maibach, H. I. Effects of vehicles and elicitation concentration in contact dermatitis testing. I. Experimental contact sensitization in humans. Contact Dermatitis 1976;2(6):325-329. View abstract.

Matsuda, H., Toguchida, I., Ninomiya, K., Kageura, T., Morikawa, T., and Yoshikawa, M. Effects of sesquiterpenes and amino acid-sesquiterpene conjugates from the roots of Saussurea lappa on inducible nitric oxide synthase and heat shock protein in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages. Bioorg.Med Chem. 3-6-2003;11(5):709-715. View abstract.

Mitchell, J. C. and Epstein, W. L. Contact hypersensitivity to a perfume material, Costus Absolute. The role of sesquiterpene lactones. Arch.Dermatol 1974;110(6):871-873. View abstract.

Mitchell, J. C. Contact hypersensitivity to some perfume materials. Contact Dermatitis 1975;1(4):196-199. View abstract.

Pandey, M. M., Rastogi, S., and Rawat, A. K. Saussurea costus: botanical, chemical and pharmacological review of an ayurvedic medicinal plant. J Ethnopharmacol. 4-4-2007;110(3):379-390. View abstract.

RAGHAVAN, P., NAGENDRA, A. S., and DUTTA, N. K. Total alkaloids of Saussurea lappa in treatment of bronchial asthma. An assessment of its therapeutic value by clinical and ventilatory function studies. J Postgrad.Med 1962;8:158-169. View abstract.

Rhee, J. K., Baek, B. K., and Ahn, B. Z. Alternations of Clonorchis sinensis EPG by administration of herbs in rabbits. Am J Chin Med 1985;13(1-4):65-69. View abstract.

Rhee, J. K., Baek, B. K., and Ahn, B. Z. Structural investigation on the effects of the herbs on Clonorchis sinensis in rabbits. Am J Chin Med 1985;13(1-4):119-125. View abstract.

Riazuddin, S., Malik, M. M., and Nasim, A. Mutagenicity testing of some medicinal herbs. Environ.Mol.Mutagen. 1987;10(2):141-148. View abstract.

Taniguchi, M., Kataoka, T., Suzuki, H., Uramoto, M., Ando, M., Arao, K., Magae, J., Nishimura, T., Otake, N., and Nagai, K. Costunolide and dehydrocostus lactone as inhibitors of killing function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Biosci.Biotechnol.Biochem. 1995;59(11):2064-2067. View abstract.

Wang, H. B., Zuo, J. P., and Qin, G. W. One new sesquiterpene from Saussurea laniceps. Fitoterapia 2010;81(7):937-939. View abstract.

Yaeesh, S., Jamal, Q., Shah, A. J., and Gilani, A. H. Antihepatotoxic activity of Saussurea lappa extract on D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatitis in mice. Phytother.Res 2010;24 Suppl 2:S229-S232. View abstract.

Zhao, F., Xu, H., He, E. Q., Jiang, Y. T., and Liu, K. Inhibitory effects of sesquiterpenes from Saussurea lappa on the overproduction of nitric oxide and TNF-alpha release in LPS-activated macrophages. J Asian Nat.Prod.Res 2008;10(11-12):1045-1053. View abstract.

Akhtar MS, Riffat S. Field trial of Saussurea lappa roots against nematodes and Nigella sativa seeds against cestodes in children. J Pak Med Assoc 1991;41:185-7. View abstract.

Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21. Part 182 -- Substances Generally Recognized As Safe. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=182

Lewis CJ, Alpert S. Letter to health care professionals -- FDA concerned about botanical products, including dietary supplements, containing aristolochic acid. Office of Nutritional Products, Labeling, Dietary Supplements. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. May 31, 2000.

Zahara K, Tabassum S, Sabir S, et al. A review of therapeutic potential of Saussurea lappa-An endangered plant from Himalaya. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2014;7S1:S60-9. View abstract.