SALVIA DIVINORUM

OTHER NAME(S):

Divine Mexican Mint, Diviner's Mint, Diviners Sage, Divinorin, Divinorin A, Feuilles de la Berg&egrave;re, Feuilles de la Vierge, Herb-of-the-Virgin, Herba de María, Hierba de la Virgen, Hojas de la Pastora, La Hembra, Leaves of the Virgin Shepherdess, Magic Mint, Menthe Magique, Mexican Sage, Mexican Sage Incense, Pipiltzintzintli, Sadi, Sally-D, Salvia, Salvia divinorum, Salvinorin, Salvinorin A, Sage of the Seers, Sauge des Devins, Sauge Divinatoire, Ska Maria, Ska Maria Pastora, Yerba de Maria, Yerba Maria.<br/><br/>

Overview

Overview Information

Salvia divinorum is an herb in the mint family. It has been used for centuries in religious ceremonies by the Mazatec Indians, a native people who live in Oaxaca, Mexico. The Mazatecs believe it is an incarnation of the Virgin Mary.

Salvia divinorum is used most famously as a recreational drug. It produces hallucinations when inhaled, when the leaves are chewed, or when extracts are placed under the tongue. It is widely available through smoke shops and on the Internet in concentrated form. It is used in cigarettes and incense. Salvia divinorum possession and use is legal in most states in the US, but the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) is reviewing it for possible controlled substance regulation. It is considered illegal in some states including Delaware, Louisiana, Maine, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Tennessee.

Salvia divinorum is also taken by mouth as a medicine for diarrhea, headache, joint pain (rheumatism), stomachbloating, and as a tonic and end-of-life remedy. It is taken to regulate urination and bowel movements.

How does it work?

Salvia divinorum contains chemicals that can cause hallucinations. These chemicals are destroyed by digestive juices. There isn’t much information about how diviner’s sage might work as a medicine.

Uses

Uses & Effectiveness?

Insufficient Evidence for

More evidence is needed to rate the effectiveness of diviner’s sage for these uses.

Side Effects

Side Effects & Safety

Salvia divinorum is POSSIBLY UNSAFE. It can cause serious side effects including nausea, dizziness, slurred speech, confusion, paranoia, and hallucinations.

Special Precautions & Warnings:

Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Not enough is known about the use of diviner’s sage during pregnancy and breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.

Interactions

Interactions?

We currently have no information for SALVIA DIVINORUM Interactions.

Dosing

Dosing

The appropriate dose of Salvia divinorum depends on several factors such as the user's age, health, and several other conditions. At this time there is not enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for diviner's sage. Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult your pharmacist or physician or other healthcare professional before using.

Previous:
Next: Uses

View References

REFERENCES:

  • Ansonoff, M. A., Zhang, J., Czyzyk, T., Rothman, R. B., Stewart, J., Xu, H., Zjwiony, J., Siebert, D. J., Yang, F., Roth, B. L., and Pintar, J. E. Antinociceptive and Hypothermic Effects of Salvinorin A Are Abolished in a Novel Strain of {kappa}-Opioid Receptor-1 Knockout Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006;318(2):641-648. View abstract.
  • Barnes, S., Prasain, J. K., Wang, C. C., and Moore, D. R. Applications of LC-MS in the study of the uptake, distribution, metabolism and excretion of bioactive polyphenols from dietary supplements. Life Sci 3-27-2006;78(18):2054-2059. View abstract.
  • Beguin, C., Richards, M. R., Li, J. G., Wang, Y., Xu, W., Liu-Chen, L. Y., Carlezon, W. A., Jr., and Cohen, B. M. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of salvinorin A analogues: Effect of configuration at C(2) and substitution at C(18). Bioorg.Med Chem Lett 6-12-2006; View abstract.
  • Beguin, C., Richards, M. R., Wang, Y., Chen, Y., Liu-Chen, L. Y., Ma, Z., Lee, D. Y., Carlezon, W. A., Jr., and Cohen, B. M. Synthesis and in vitro pharmacological evaluation of salvinorin A analogues modified at C(2). Bioorg.Med Chem Lett 6-2-2005;15(11):2761-2765. View abstract.
  • Bertea, C. M., Luciano, P., Bossi, S., Leoni, F., Baiocchi, C., Medana, C., Azzolin, C. M., Temporale, G., Lombardozzi, M. A., and Maffei, M. E. PCR and PCR-RFLP of the 5S-rRNA-NTS region and salvinorin A analyses for the rapid and unequivocal determination of Salvia divinorum. Phytochemistry 2006;67(4):371-378. View abstract.
  • Bigham, A. K., Munro, T. A., Rizzacasa, M. A., and Robins-Browne, R. M. Divinatorins A-C, new neoclerodane diterpenoids from the controlled sage Salvia divinorum. J Nat Prod 2003;66(9):1242-1244. View abstract.
  • Bucheler, R., Gleiter, C. H., Schwoerer, P., and Gaertner, I. Use of nonprohibited hallucinogenic plants: increasing relevance for public health? A case report and literature review on the consumption of Salvia divinorum (Diviner's Sage). Pharmacopsychiatry 2005;38(1):1-5. View abstract.
  • Butelman, E. R., Harris, T. J., and Kreek, M. J. The plant-derived hallucinogen, salvinorin A, produces kappa-opioid agonist-like discriminative effects in rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004;172(2):220-224. View abstract.
  • Capasso, R., Borrelli, F., Capasso, F., Siebert, D. J., Stewart, D. J., Zjawiony, J. K., and Izzo, A. A. The hallucinogenic herb Salvia divinorum and its active ingredient salvinorin A inhibit enteric cholinergic transmission in the guinea-pig ileum. Neurogastroenterol.Motil. 2006;18(1):69-75. View abstract.
  • Carlezon, W. A., Jr., Beguin, C., Dinieri, J. A., Baumann, M. H., Richards, M. R., Todtenkopf, M. S., Rothman, R. B., Ma, Z., Lee, D. Y., and Cohen, B. M. Depressive-like effects of the kappa-opioid receptor agonist salvinorin A on behavior and neurochemistry in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006;316(1):440-447. View abstract.
  • Chavkin, C., Sud, S., Jin, W., Stewart, J., Zjawiony, J. K., Siebert, D. J., Toth, B. A., Hufeisen, S. J., and Roth, B. L. Salvinorin A, an active component of the hallucinogenic sage salvia divinorum is a highly efficacious kappa-opioid receptor agonist: structural and functional considerations. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004;308(3):1197-1203. View abstract.
  • Dennehy, C. E., Tsourounis, C., and Miller, A. E. Evaluation of herbal dietary supplements marketed on the internet for recreational use. Ann.Pharmacother 2005;39(10):1634-1639. View abstract.
  • Fantegrossi, W. E., Kugle, K. M., Valdes, L. J., III, Koreeda, M., and Woods, J. H. Kappa-opioid receptor-mediated effects of the plant-derived hallucinogen, salvinorin A, on inverted screen performance in the mouse. Behav.Pharmacol 2005;16(8):627-633. View abstract.
  • Giroud, C., Felber, F., Augsburger, M., Horisberger, B., Rivier, L., and Mangin, P. Salvia divinorum: an hallucinogenic mint which might become a new recreational drug in Switzerland. Forensic Sci Int 8-14-2000;112(2-3):143-150. View abstract.
  • Halpern, J. H. Hallucinogens: an update. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2003;5(5):347-354. View abstract.
  • Hanes, K. R. Antidepressant effects of the herb Salvia divinorum: a case report. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001;21(6):634-635. View abstract.
  • Harding, W. W., Schmidt, M., Tidgewell, K., Kannan, P., Holden, K. G., Gilmour, B., Navarro, H., Rothman, R. B., and Prisinzano, T. E. Synthetic studies of neoclerodane diterpenes from Salvia divinorum: semisynthesis of salvinicins A and B and other chemical transformations of salvinorin A. J Nat Prod. 2006;69(1):107-112. View abstract.
  • Harding, W. W., Tidgewell, K., Byrd, N., Cobb, H., Dersch, C. M., Butelman, E. R., Rothman, R. B., and Prisinzano, T. E. Neoclerodane diterpenes as a novel scaffold for mu opioid receptor ligands. J Med Chem. 7-28-2005;48(15):4765-4771. View abstract.
  • Kane, B. E., Nieto, M. J., McCurdy, C. R., and Ferguson, D. M. A unique binding epitope for salvinorin A, a non-nitrogenous kappa opioid receptor agonist. FEBS J 2006;273(9):1966-1974. View abstract.
  • Lee, D. Y., He, M., Kondaveti, L., Liu-Chen, L. Y., Ma, Z., Wang, Y., Chen, Y., Li, J. G., Beguin, C., Carlezon, W. A., Jr., and Cohen, B. Synthesis and in vitro pharmacological studies of C(4) modified salvinorin A analogues. Bioorg.Med Chem Lett 10-1-2005;15(19):4169-4173. View abstract.
  • Lee, D. Y., Ma, Z., Liu-Chen, L. Y., Wang, Y., Chen, Y., Carlezon, W. A., Jr., and Cohen, B. New neoclerodane diterpenoids isolated from the leaves of Salvia divinorum and their binding affinities for human kappa opioid receptors. Bioorg.Med Chem. 10-1-2005;13(19):5635-5639. View abstract.
  • McCurdy, C. R., Sufka, K. J., Smith, G. H., Warnick, J. E., and Nieto, M. J. Antinociceptive profile of salvinorin A, a structurally unique kappa opioid receptor agonist. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2006;83(1):109-113. View abstract.
  • Medana, C., Massolino, C., Pazzi, M., and Baiocchi, C. Determination of salvinorins and divinatorins in Salvia divinorum leaves by liquid chromatography/multistage mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun.Mass Spectrom. 12-6-2005;20(2):131-136. View abstract.
  • Mowry, M., Mosher, M., and Briner, W. Acute physiologic and chronic histologic changes in rats and mice exposed to the unique hallucinogen salvinorin A. J Psychoactive Drugs 2003;35(3):379-382. View abstract.
  • Munro, T. A. and Rizzacasa, M. A. Salvinorins D-F, new neoclerodane diterpenoids from Salvia divinorum, and an improved method for the isolation of salvinorin A. J Nat Prod 2003;66(5):703-705. View abstract.
  • Munro, T. A., Goetchius, G. W., Roth, B. L., Vortherms, T. A., and Rizzacasa, M. A. Autoxidation of salvinorin A under basic conditions. J Org Chem 11-25-2005;70(24):10057-10061. View abstract.
  • Munro, T. A., Rizzacasa, M. A., Roth, B. L., Toth, B. A., and Yan, F. Studies toward the pharmacophore of salvinorin A, a potent kappa opioid receptor agonist. J Med Chem 1-27-2005;48(2):345-348. View abstract.
  • O'connor, K. A. and Roth, B. L. Screening the receptorome for plant-based psychoactive compounds. Life Sci 12-22-2005;78(5):506-511. View abstract.
  • Pichini, S., Abanades, S., Farre, M., Pellegrini, M., Marchei, E., Pacifici, R., Torre, Rde L., and Zuccaro, P. Quantification of the plant-derived hallucinogen Salvinorin A in conventional and non-conventional biological fluids by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry after Salvia divinorum smoking. Rapid Commun.Mass Spectrom. 2005;19(12):1649-1656. View abstract.
  • Roth, B. L., Baner, K., Westkaemper, R., Siebert, D., Rice, K. C., Steinberg, S., Ernsberger, P., and Rothman, R. B. Salvinorin A: a potent naturally occurring nonnitrogenous kappa opioid selective agonist. Proc Natl Acad.Sci U.S.A 9-3-2002;99(18):11934-11939. View abstract.
  • Roth, B. L., Lopez, E., Beischel, S., Westkaemper, R. B., and Evans, J. M. Screening the receptorome to discover the molecular targets for plant-derived psychoactive compounds: a novel approach for CNS drug discovery. Pharmacol Ther 2004;102(2):99-110. View abstract.
  • Schmidt, M. D., Schmidt, M. S., Butelman, E. R., Harding, W. W., Tidgewell, K., Murry, D. J., Kreek, M. J., and Prisinzano, T. E. Pharmacokinetics of the plant-derived kappa-opioid hallucinogen salvinorin A in nonhuman primates. Synapse 12-1-2005;58(3):208-210. View abstract.
  • Schmidt, M. S., Prisinzano, T. E., Tidgewell, K., Harding, W., Butelman, E. R., Kreek, M. J., and Murry, D. J. Determination of Salvinorin A in body fluids by high performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. J Chromatogr B Analyt.Technol Biomed Life Sci 4-25-2005;818(2):221-225. View abstract.
  • Stewart, D. J., Fahmy, H., Roth, B. L., Yan, F., and Zjawiony, J. K. Bioisosteric modification of salvinorin A, a potent and selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist. Arzneimittelforschung 2006;56(4):269-275. View abstract.
  • Tidgewell, K., Harding, W. W., Lozama, A., Cobb, H., Shah, K., Kannan, P., Dersch, C. M., Parrish, D., Deschamps, J. R., Rothman, R. B., and Prisinzano, T. E. Synthesis of salvinorin A analogues as opioid receptor probes. J Nat Prod. 2006;69(6):914-918. View abstract.
  • Valdes, L. J., III, Chang, H. M., Visger, D. C., and Koreeda, M. Salvinorin C, a new neoclerodane diterpene from a bioactive fraction of the hallucinogenic Mexican mint Salvia divinorum. Org.Lett 11-29-2001;3(24):3935-3937. View abstract.
  • Valdes, L. J., III. Loliolide from Salvia divinorum. J Nat Prod 1986;49(1):171. View abstract.
  • Wang, Y., Tang, K., Inan, S., Siebert, D., Holzgrabe, U., Lee, D. Y., Huang, P., Li, J. G., Cowan, A., and Liu-Chen, L. Y. Comparison of pharmacological activities of three distinct kappa ligands (Salvinorin A, TRK-820 and 3FLB) on kappa opioid receptors in vitro and their antipruritic and antinociceptive activities in vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005;312(1):220-230. View abstract.
  • Zhang, Y., Butelman, E. R., Schlussman, S. D., Ho, A., and Kreek, M. J. Effects of the plant-derived hallucinogen salvinorin A on basal dopamine levels in the caudate putamen and in a conditioned place aversion assay in mice: agonist actions at kappa opioid receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005;179(3):551-558. View abstract.
  • Gonzalez D, Riba J, Bouso JC, et al. Pattern of use and subjective effects of Salvia divinorum among recreational users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2006;85:157-62. View abstract.
  • Halpern JH. Hallucinogens and dissociative agents naturally growing in the United States. Pharmacol Ther 2004; 102:131-8. View abstract.
  • Siebert DJ. Salvia divinorum and salvinorin A: new pharmacologic findings. J Ethnopharmacol 1994;43:53-6. View abstract.
  • Singh S. Adolescent salvia substance abuse. Addiction 2007;102:823-4. View abstract.
  • US Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Agency, Diversion Control Program. Drugs and Chemicals of Concern: Salvia Divinorum, ska Maria Pastora, Salvia (Salvinorin A, Divinorin A). 2002. Available at: http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drugs_concern/salvia_d/summary.htm
  • Valdes LJ 3rd, Diaz JL, Paul AG. Ethnopharmacology of ska Maria Pastora (Salvia divinorum, Epling and Jativa-M.). J Ethnopharmacol 1983;7:287-312. View abstract.
  • Valdes LJ 3rd. Salvia divinorum and the unique diterpene hallucinogen, Salvinorin (divinorin) A. J Psychoactive Drugs 1994;26:277-83. View abstract.

Vitamins Survey

Have you ever purchased SALVIA DIVINORUM?

Did you or will you purchase this product in-store or online?

Where did you or where do you plan to purchase this product?

Where did you or where do you plan to purchase this product?

What factors influenced or will influence your purchase? (check all that apply)

Vitamins Survey

Where did you or where do you plan to purchase this product?

Do you buy vitamins online or instore?

What factors are most important to you? (check all that apply)

Thanks for taking our survey!

Recommended For You

Vitamins and Minerals A-Z

More Resources for SALVIA DIVINORUM

Search for another Vitamin

CONDITIONS OF USE AND IMPORTANT INFORMATION: This information is meant to supplement, not replace advice from your doctor or healthcare provider and is not meant to cover all possible uses, precautions, interactions or adverse effects. This information may not fit your specific health circumstances. Never delay or disregard seeking professional medical advice from your doctor or other qualified health care provider because of something you have read on WebMD. You should always speak with your doctor or health care professional before you start, stop, or change any prescribed part of your health care plan or treatment and to determine what course of therapy is right for you.

This copyrighted material is provided by Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Consumer Version. Information from this source is evidence-based and objective, and without commercial influence. For professional medical information on natural medicines, see Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Professional Version.
© Therapeutic Research Faculty 2018.