Overview
Certain algae species are grown in agriculture specifically to produce algal oil. It can be made from a variety of species, including Crypthecodinium, Nannochloropsis, Schizochytrium, Prototheca, and Ulkenia. The fatty acids in the oil might reduce swelling and help with brain function.
People use algal oil for preventing preterm birth. It is also used for improving thinking skills, physical performance, autism, ADHD, depression, and many other purposes, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.
Don't confuse algal oil with specific types of algae, such as blue-green algae, brown algae, chlorella, or laminaria. Also, don't confuse algal oil with DHA or EPA from other sources such as fish oil, krill oil, or cod liver oil. These are not the same.
Uses & Effectiveness ?
Possibly Effective for
- Preterm birth. In people who get less DHA from their diet, taking DHA-enriched algal oil by mouth during pregnancy seems to lower the risk of having a baby very early.
Possibly Ineffective for
- Memory and thinking skills (cognitive function). Taking DHA-enriched algal oil by mouth doesn't seem to improve cognitive function or reading ability in most children.
- Cystic fibrosis. Taking DHA-enriched algal oil by mouth doesn't seem to improve symptoms of cystic fibrosis.
- Fractures. Taking algal oil by mouth doesn't seem to reduce the risk of fractures in older adults.
- Physical performance in elderly adults. Taking algal oil by mouth doesn't seem to improve muscle strength in older adults.
Side Effects
Taking high doses of algal oil providing more than 3 grams of DHA and EPA daily is possibly unsafe. High doses might slow blood clotting and increase the chance of bleeding. The FDA recommends limiting intake of DHA and EPA to no more than 3 grams daily, with no more than 2 grams daily from a dietary supplement.
Special Precautions and Warnings
Taking high doses of algal oil providing more than 3 grams of DHA and EPA daily is possibly unsafe. High doses might slow blood clotting and increase the chance of bleeding. The FDA recommends limiting intake of DHA and EPA to no more than 3 grams daily, with no more than 2 grams daily from a dietary supplement.
Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Algal oil that is rich in DHA, an omega-3 fatty acid, is likely safe when taken by mouth when pregnant or breast-feeding. Algal oil is included in some prenatal vitamins and infant formulas as a source of DHA. If it is taken while pregnant or breast-feeding, DHA levels in the breast milk increase. Most experts recommended consuming 300 mg of DHA daily while pregnant and breast-feeding. This can be met by eating 8-12 ounces of seafood weekly during pregnancy, and 4-8 ounces weekly while breast-feeding. Those who are nutrient deficient or who do not eat fish may need to take a supplement such as algal oil. There isn't enough reliable information to know if algal oil rich in EPA, another type of omega-3 fatty acid, is safe to use when pregnant or breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.
Infants and children: Algal oil rich in DHA, an omega-3 fatty acid, is likely safe for infants and children. Algal oil is included as a source of DHA in some infant formula. It is generally recognized as safe for this use. Algal oil has also been used safely for up to 4 years in children 7 years and older in daily doses that provide 30 mg/kg of DHA. There isn't enough reliable information to know if algal oil rich in EPA, another type of omega-3 fatty acid, is safe to use in infants and children. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.
Aspirin-sensitivity: Some algal oil contains DHA. DHA might affect your breathing if you are sensitive to aspirin.
Bleeding conditions: Some algal oil contains the omega-3 fatty acids DHA and EPA. DHA alone does not seem to affect blood clotting. But taking algal oil in doses providing more than 3 grams daily of EPA and DHA might increase the risk of bleeding.
Difficulty breathing in preterm infants: Some algal oil contains DHA. DHA might worsen breathing in preterm infants who already have difficulty breathing.
Diabetes: Some algal oil contains DHA. DHA might increase pre-meal blood sugar in people with type 2 diabetes.
Low blood pressure: Some algal oil contains DHA. DHA can lower blood pressure. This might increase the risk of blood pressure becoming too low in people who already have low blood pressure.
Interactions ?
We currently have no information for ALGAL OIL overview.
Dosing
Arterburn, L. M., Oken, H. A., Bailey, Hall E., Hamersley, J., Kuratko, C. N., and Hoffman, J. P. Algal-oil capsules and cooked salmon: nutritionally equivalent sources of docosahexaenoic acid. J Am Diet Assoc 2008;108(7):1204-1209. View abstract.
Arterburn, L. M., Oken, H. A., Bailey, Hall E., Hamersley, J., Kuratko, C. N., and Hoffman, J. P. Algal-oil capsules and cooked salmon: nutritionally equivalent sources of docosahexaenoic acid. J Am Diet Assoc 2008;108(7):1204-1209. View abstract.
Arterburn, L. M., Oken, H. A., Hoffman, J. P., Bailey-Hall, E., Chung, G., Rom, D., Hamersley, J., and McCarthy, D. Bioequivalence of Docosahexaenoic acid from different algal oils in capsules and in a DHA-fortified food. Lipids 2007;42(11):1011-1024. View abstract.
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Bazan, N. G. Cell survival matters: docosahexaenoic acid signaling, neuroprotection and photoreceptors. Trends Neurosci 2006;29(5):263-271. View abstract.
Bazan, N. G. Homeostatic regulation of photoreceptor cell integrity: significance of the potent mediator neuroprotectin D1 biosynthesized from docosahexaenoic acid: the Proctor Lecture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis.Sci 2007;48(11):4866-4881. View abstract.
Bazan, N. G. Homeostatic regulation of photoreceptor cell integrity: significance of the potent mediator neuroprotectin D1 biosynthesized from docosahexaenoic acid: the Proctor Lecture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis.Sci 2007;48(11):4866-4881. View abstract.
Bazan, N. G. Neurotrophins induce neuroprotective signaling in the retinal pigment epithelial cell by activating the synthesis of the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic neuroprotectin D1. Adv.Exp Med Biol 2008;613:39-44. View abstract.
Bazan, N. G. Neurotrophins induce neuroprotective signaling in the retinal pigment epithelial cell by activating the synthesis of the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic neuroprotectin D1. Adv.Exp Med Biol 2008;613:39-44. View abstract.
Clandinin, M. T., Van Aerde, J. E., Merkel, K. L., Harris, C. L., Springer, M. A., Hansen, J. W., and Diersen-Schade, D. A. Growth and development of preterm infants fed infant formulas containing docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid. J Pediatr 2005;146(4):461-468. View abstract.
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Clandinin, M. T., Van Aerde, J. E., Parrott, A., Field, C. J., Euler, A. R., and Lien, E. L. Assessment of the efficacious dose of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids in preterm infant formulas: fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membrane lipids. Pediatr Res 1997;42(6):819-825. View abstract.
Clandinin, M. T., Van Aerde, J. E., Parrott, A., Field, C. J., Euler, A. R., and Lien, E. L. Assessment of the efficacious dose of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids in preterm infant formulas: fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membrane lipids. Pediatr Res 1997;42(6):819-825. View abstract.
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Engler, M. M., Engler, M. B., Malloy, M. J., Paul, S. M., Kulkarni, K. R., and Mietus-Snyder, M. L. Effect of docosahexaenoic acid on lipoprotein subclasses in hyperlipidemic children (the EARLY study). Am J Cardiol 4-1-2005;95(7):869-871. View abstract.
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Jensen, C. L., Voigt, R. G., Llorente, A. M., Peters, S. U., Prager, T. C., Zou, Y. L., Rozelle, J. C., Turcich, M. R., Fraley, J. K., Anderson, R. E., and Heird, W. C. Effects of early maternal docosahexaenoic acid intake on neuropsychological status and visual acuity at five years of age of breast-fed term infants. J Pediatr 2010;157(6):900-905. View abstract.
Jensen, C. L., Voigt, R. G., Llorente, A. M., Peters, S. U., Prager, T. C., Zou, Y. L., Rozelle, J. C., Turcich, M. R., Fraley, J. K., Anderson, R. E., and Heird, W. C. Effects of early maternal docosahexaenoic acid intake on neuropsychological status and visual acuity at five years of age of breast-fed term infants. J Pediatr 2010;157(6):900-905. View abstract.
Jensen, C. L., Voigt, R. G., Prager, T. C., Zou, Y. L., Fraley, J. K., Rozelle, J. C., Turcich, M. R., Llorente, A. M., Anderson, R. E., and Heird, W. C. Effects of maternal docosahexaenoic acid intake on visual function and neurodevelopment in breastfed term infants. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82(1):125-132. View abstract.
Jensen, C. L., Voigt, R. G., Prager, T. C., Zou, Y. L., Fraley, J. K., Rozelle, J. C., Turcich, M. R., Llorente, A. M., Anderson, R. E., and Heird, W. C. Effects of maternal docosahexaenoic acid intake on visual function and neurodevelopment in breastfed term infants. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82(1):125-132. View abstract.
Jumpsen, J. A., Brown, N. E., Thomson, A. B., Paul Man, S. F., Goh, Y. K., Ma, D., and Clandinin, M. T. Fatty acids in blood and intestine following docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in adults with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst.Fibros. 2006;5(2):77-84. View abstract.
Jumpsen, J. A., Brown, N. E., Thomson, A. B., Paul Man, S. F., Goh, Y. K., Ma, D., and Clandinin, M. T. Fatty acids in blood and intestine following docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in adults with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst.Fibros. 2006;5(2):77-84. View abstract.
Kelley, D. S., Siegel, D., Vemuri, M., and Mackey, B. E. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation improves fasting and postprandial lipid profiles in hypertriglyceridemic men. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86(2):324-333. View abstract.
Kelley, D. S., Siegel, D., Vemuri, M., and Mackey, B. E. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation improves fasting and postprandial lipid profiles in hypertriglyceridemic men. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86(2):324-333. View abstract.
Lloyd-Still, J. D., Powers, C. A., Hoffman, D. R., Boyd-Trull, K., Lester, L. A., Benisek, D. C., and Arterburn, L. M. Bioavailability and safety of a high dose of docosahexaenoic acid triacylglycerol of algal origin in cystic fibrosis patients: a randomized, controlled study. Nutrition 2006;22(1):36-46. View abstract.
Lloyd-Still, J. D., Powers, C. A., Hoffman, D. R., Boyd-Trull, K., Lester, L. A., Benisek, D. C., and Arterburn, L. M. Bioavailability and safety of a high dose of docosahexaenoic acid triacylglycerol of algal origin in cystic fibrosis patients: a randomized, controlled study. Nutrition 2006;22(1):36-46. View abstract.
Maki, K. C., Van Elswyk, M. E., McCarthy, D., Hess, S. P., Veith, P. E., Bell, M., Subbaiah, P., and Davidson, M. H. Lipid responses to a dietary docosahexaenoic acid supplement in men and women with below average levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. J Am Coll Nutr 2005;24(3):189-199. View abstract.
Maki, K. C., Van Elswyk, M. E., McCarthy, D., Hess, S. P., Veith, P. E., Bell, M., Subbaiah, P., and Davidson, M. H. Lipid responses to a dietary docosahexaenoic acid supplement in men and women with below average levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. J Am Coll Nutr 2005;24(3):189-199. View abstract.
McNamara, R. K., Able, J., Jandacek, R., Rider, T., Tso, P., Eliassen, J. C., Alfieri, D., Weber, W., Jarvis, K., DelBello, M. P., Strakowski, S. M., and Adler, C. M. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation increases prefrontal cortex activation during sustained attention in healthy boys: a placebo-controlled, dose-ranging, functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91(4):1060-1067. View abstract.
McNamara, R. K., Able, J., Jandacek, R., Rider, T., Tso, P., Eliassen, J. C., Alfieri, D., Weber, W., Jarvis, K., DelBello, M. P., Strakowski, S. M., and Adler, C. M. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation increases prefrontal cortex activation during sustained attention in healthy boys: a placebo-controlled, dose-ranging, functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91(4):1060-1067. View abstract.
Michael-Titus, A. T. Omega-3 fatty acids and neurological injury. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2007;77(5-6):295-300. View abstract.
Michael-Titus, A. T. Omega-3 fatty acids and neurological injury. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2007;77(5-6):295-300. View abstract.
Mori, T. A., Bao, D. Q., Burke, V., Puddey, I. B., and Beilin, L. J. Docosahexaenoic acid but not eicosapentaenoic acid lowers ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate in humans. Hypertension 1999;34(2):253-260. View abstract.
Mori, T. A., Bao, D. Q., Burke, V., Puddey, I. B., and Beilin, L. J. Docosahexaenoic acid but not eicosapentaenoic acid lowers ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate in humans. Hypertension 1999;34(2):253-260. View abstract.
Nestel, P., Shige, H., Pomeroy, S., Cehun, M., Abbey, M., and Raederstorff, D. The n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid increase systemic arterial compliance in humans. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2002;76(2):326-330. View abstract.
Nestel, P., Shige, H., Pomeroy, S., Cehun, M., Abbey, M., and Raederstorff, D. The n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid increase systemic arterial compliance in humans. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2002;76(2):326-330. View abstract.
Ryan, A. S., Keske, M. A., Hoffman, J. P., and Nelson, E. B. Clinical overview of algal-docosahexaenoic acid: effects on triglyceride levels and other cardiovascular risk factors. Am J Ther 2009;16(2):183-192. View abstract.
Ryan, A. S., Keske, M. A., Hoffman, J. P., and Nelson, E. B. Clinical overview of algal-docosahexaenoic acid: effects on triglyceride levels and other cardiovascular risk factors. Am J Ther 2009;16(2):183-192. View abstract.
Sanders, T. A., Gleason, K., Griffin, B., and Miller, G. J. Influence of an algal triacylglycerol containing docosahexaenoic acid (22 : 6n-3) and docosapentaenoic acid (22 : 5n-6) on cardiovascular risk factors in healthy men and women. Br J Nutr 2006;95(3):525-531. View abstract.
Sanders, T. A., Gleason, K., Griffin, B., and Miller, G. J. Influence of an algal triacylglycerol containing docosahexaenoic acid (22 : 6n-3) and docosapentaenoic acid (22 : 5n-6) on cardiovascular risk factors in healthy men and women. Br J Nutr 2006;95(3):525-531. View abstract.
Siddiqui, R. A., Harvey, K., and Stillwell, W. Anticancer properties of oxidation products of docosahexaenoic acid. Chem Phys Lipids 2008;153(1):47-56. View abstract.
Siddiqui, R. A., Harvey, K., and Stillwell, W. Anticancer properties of oxidation products of docosahexaenoic acid. Chem Phys Lipids 2008;153(1):47-56. View abstract.
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Sublette, M. E., Ellis, S. P., Geant, A. L., and Mann, J. J. Meta-analysis of the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in clinical trials in depression. J.Clin.Psychiatry 2011;72(12):1577-1584. View abstract.
Sublette, M. E., Ellis, S. P., Geant, A. L., and Mann, J. J. Meta-analysis of the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in clinical trials in depression. J.Clin.Psychiatry 2011;72(12):1577-1584. View abstract.
Theobald, H. E., Chowienczyk, P. J., Whittall, R., Humphries, S. E., and Sanders, T. A. LDL cholesterol-raising effect of low-dose docosahexaenoic acid in middle-aged men and women. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2004;79(4):558-563. View abstract.
Theobald, H. E., Chowienczyk, P. J., Whittall, R., Humphries, S. E., and Sanders, T. A. LDL cholesterol-raising effect of low-dose docosahexaenoic acid in middle-aged men and women. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2004;79(4):558-563. View abstract.
Theobald, H. E., Goodall, A. H., Sattar, N., Talbot, D. C., Chowienczyk, P. J., and Sanders, T. A. Low-dose docosahexaenoic acid lowers diastolic blood pressure in middle-aged men and women. J Nutr 2007;137(4):973-978. View abstract.
Theobald, H. E., Goodall, A. H., Sattar, N., Talbot, D. C., Chowienczyk, P. J., and Sanders, T. A. Low-dose docosahexaenoic acid lowers diastolic blood pressure in middle-aged men and women. J Nutr 2007;137(4):973-978. View abstract.
Woodman, R. J., Mori, T. A., Burke, V., Puddey, I. B., Barden, A., Watts, G. F., and Beilin, L. J. Effects of purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on platelet, fibrinolytic and vascular function in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients. Atherosclerosis 2003;166(1):85-93. View abstract.
Woodman, R. J., Mori, T. A., Burke, V., Puddey, I. B., Barden, A., Watts, G. F., and Beilin, L. J. Effects of purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on platelet, fibrinolytic and vascular function in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients. Atherosclerosis 2003;166(1):85-93. View abstract.
Wu, W. H., Lu, S. C., Wang, T. F., Jou, H. J., and Wang, T. A. Effects of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on blood lipids, estrogen metabolism, and in vivo oxidative stress in postmenopausal vegetarian women. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006;60(3):386-392. View abstract.
Wu, W. H., Lu, S. C., Wang, T. F., Jou, H. J., and Wang, T. A. Effects of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on blood lipids, estrogen metabolism, and in vivo oxidative stress in postmenopausal vegetarian women. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006;60(3):386-392. View abstract.
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Aussant J, Guihéneuf F, Stengel DB. Impact of temperature on fatty acid composition and nutritional value in eight species of microalgae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2018;102(12):5279-5297. View abstract.
Ballantyne CM, Bays HE, Kastelein JJ, Stein E, Isaacsohn JL, Braeckman RA, Soni PN. Efficacy and safety of eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (AMR101) therapy in statin-treated patients with persistent high triglycerides (from the ANCHOR study). Am J Cardiol. 2012 Oct 1;110(7):984-92. View abstract.
Ballantyne CM, Bays HE, Kastelein JJ, Stein E, Isaacsohn JL, Braeckman RA, Soni PN. Efficacy and safety of eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (AMR101) therapy in statin-treated patients with persistent high triglycerides (from the ANCHOR study). Am J Cardiol. 2012 Oct 1;110(7):984-92. View abstract.
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Birch EE, Garfield S, Hoffman DR, et al. A randomized controlled trial of early dietary supply of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and mental development in term infants. Dev Med Child Neurol 2000;42:174-81. View abstract.
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Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Section on Breastfeeding. Pediatrics. 2012;129(3):e827-41. View abstract.
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