CASCARA SAGRADA - Uses, Side Effects, and More

Borkje, B., Pedersen, R., Lund, G. M., Enehaug, J. S., and Berstad, A. Effectiveness and acceptability of three bowel cleansing regimens. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991;26(2):162-166. View abstract.

Chang, C. J., Ashendel, C. L., Geahlen, R. L., McLaughlin, J. L., and Waters, D. J. Oncogene signal transduction inhibitors from medicinal plants. In Vivo 1996;10(2):185-190.

Chang, L. C., Sheu, H. M., Huang, Y. S., Tsai, T. R., and Kuo, K. W. A novel function of emodin: enhancement of the nucleotide excision repair of UV- and cisplatin-induced DNA damage in human cells. Biochem Pharmacol 1999;58(1):49-57.

Chen, H. C., Hsieh, W. T., Chang, W. C., and Chung, J. G. Aloe-emodin induced in vitro G2/M arrest of cell cycle in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2004;42(8):1251-1257.

Chen, Y. C., Shen, S. C., Lee, W. R., Hsu, F. L., Lin, H. Y., Ko, C. H., and Tseng, S. W. Emodin induces apoptosis in human promyeloleukemic HL-60 cells accompanied by activation of caspase 3 cascade but independent of reactive oxygen species production. Biochem Pharmacol 12-15-2002;64(12):1713-1724. View abstract.

Fork, F. T., Ekberg, O., Nilsson, G., Rerup, C., and Skinhoj, A. Colon cleansing regimens. A clinical study in 1200 patients. Gastrointest.Radiol. 1982;7(4):383-389. View abstract.

Hangartner, P. J., Munch, R., Meier, J., Ammann, R., and Buhler, H. Comparison of three colon cleansing methods: evaluation of a randomized clinical trial with 300 ambulatory patients. Endoscopy 1989;21(6):272-275. View abstract.

Huang, Q., Shen, H. M., and Ong, C. N. Inhibitory effect of emodin on tumor invasion through suppression of activator protein-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB. Biochem Pharmacol 7-15-2004;68(2):361-371. View abstract.

Koyama, J., Morita, I., Tagahara, K., Nobukuni, Y., Mukainaka, T., Kuchide, M., Tokuda, H., and Nishino, H. Chemopreventive effects of emodin and cassiamin B in mouse skin carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 8-28-2002;182(2):135-139. View abstract.

Kuo, P. L., Lin, T. C., and Lin, C. C. The antiproliferative activity of aloe-emodin is through p53-dependent and p21-dependent apoptotic pathway in human hepatoma cell lines. Life Sci 9-6-2002;71(16):1879-1892. View abstract.

Lai, G. H., Zhang, Z., and Sirica, A. E. Celecoxib acts in a cyclooxygenase-2-independent manner and in synergy with emodin to suppress rat cholangiocarcinoma growth in vitro through a mechanism involving enhanced Akt inactivation and increased activation of caspases-9 and -3. Mol.Cancer Ther 2003;2(3):265-271. View abstract.

Lee, H. Z. Effects and mechanisms of emodin on cell death in human lung squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Pharmacol 2001;134(1):11-20. View abstract.

Lee, H. Z. Protein kinase C involvement in aloe-emodin- and emodin-induced apoptosis in lung carcinoma cell. Br J Pharmacol 2001;134(5):1093-1103. View abstract.

Lee, H. Z., Hsu, S. L., Liu, M. C., and Wu, C. H. Effects and mechanisms of aloe-emodin on cell death in human lung squamous cell carcinoma. Eur J Pharmacol 11-23-2001;431(3):287-295. View abstract.

Liu, J. B., Gao, X. G., Lian, T., Zhao, A. Z., and Li, K. Z. [Apoptosis of human hepatoma HepG2 cells induced by emodin in vitro]. Ai.Zheng. 2003;22(12):1280-1283. View abstract.

Marchesi, M., Marcato, M., and Silvestrini, C. [Clinical experience with a preparation containing cascara sagrada and boldo in the therapy of simple constipation in the elderly]. G.Clin.Med. 1982;63(11-12):850-863. View abstract.

Mereto, E., Ghia, M., and Brambilla, G. Evaluation of the potential carcinogenic activity of Senna and Cascara glycosides for the rat colon. Cancer Lett 3-19-1996;101(1):79-83. View abstract.

Muller, S. O., Eckert, I., Lutz, W. K., and Stopper, H. Genotoxicity of the laxative drug components emodin, aloe-emodin and danthron in mammalian cells: topoisomerase II mediated? Mutat.Res 12-20-1996;371(3-4):165-173. View abstract.

Novetsky, G. J., Turner, D. A., Ali, A., Raynor, W. J., Jr., and Fordham, E. W. Cleansing the colon in gallium-67 scintigraphy: a prospective comparison of regimens. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1981;137(5):979-981. View abstract.

Petticrew, M., Watt, I., and Sheldon, T. Systematic review of the effectiveness of laxatives in the elderly. Health Technol Assess. 1997;1(13):i-52. View abstract.

Phillip, J., Schubert, G. E., Thiel, A., and Wolters, U. [Preparation for colonoscopy using Golytely--a sure method? Comparative histological and clinical study between lavage and saline laxatives]. Med Klin (Munich) 7-15-1990;85(7):415-420. View abstract.

Rosengren, J. E. and Aberg, T. Cleansing of the colon without enemas. Radiologe 1975;15(11):421-426. View abstract.

Silberstein, E. B., Fernandez-Ulloa, M., and Hall, J. Are oral cathartics of value in optimizing the gallium scan? Concise communication. J Nucl.Med 1981;22(5):424-427. View abstract.

Stern, F. H. Constipation--an omnipresent symptom: effect of a preparation containing prune concentrate and cascarin. J Am Geriatr Soc 1966;14(11):1153-1155. View abstract.

Tramonte, S. M., Brand, M. B., Mulrow, C. D., Amato, M. G., O'Keefe, M. E., and Ramirez, G. The treatment of chronic constipation in adults. A systematic review. J Gen.Intern.Med 1997;12(1):15-24. View abstract.

Cascara sagrada, aloe laxatives, O-9 contraceptives are category II-FDA. The Tan Sheet May 13, 2002.

Choice of laxatives for constipation. Pharmacist's Letter/Prescriber's Letter 2002;18(6):180614.

Cirillo C, Capasso R. Constipation and botanical medicines: an overview. Phytother Res 2015;29(10):1488-93. View abstract.

Covington TR, et al. Handbook of Nonprescription Drugs. 11th ed. Washington, DC: American Pharmaceutical Association, 1996.

Food and Drug Administration, HHS. Status of certain additional over-the counter drug category II and III active ingredients. Final rule. Fed Regist 2002;67:31125-7. View abstract.

Fork FT, Ekberg O, Nilsson G, et al. Colon cleansing regimens. A clinical study in 1200 patients. Gastrointest Radiol 1982;7:383-9. View abstract.

Nadir A, Reddy D, Van Thiel DH. Cascara-sagrada induced intrahepatic cholestasis causing portal hypertension: case report and review of herbal hepatotoxicity. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:3634-7. View abstract.

Nakasone ES, Tokeshi J. A serendipitous find: a case of cholangiocarcinoma identified incidentally after acute liver injury due to cascara sagrada ingestion. Hawaii J Med Public Health 2015;74(6):200-2. View abstract.

Nusko G, Schneider B, Schneider I, et al. Anthranoid laxative use is not a risk factor for colorectal neoplasia: results of a prospective case control study. Gut 2000;46:651-5. View abstract.

Young DS. Effects of Drugs on Clinical Laboratory Tests 4th ed. Washington: AACC Press, 1995.