FISH OIL

OTHER NAME(S):

Aceite de Pescado, Acides Gras Oméga-3, Acides Gras Oméga 3, Acides Gras Oméga 3 Sous Forme Ester Éthylique, Acides Gras N-3, Acides Gras Polyinsaturés N-3, Acides Gras W3, ACPI, EPA/DHA Ethyl Ester, Ester Éthylique de l'AEP/ADH, Fish Body Oil, Herring Oil, Huile de Foie de Morue, Huile de Hareng, Huile de Menhaden, Huile de Poisson, Huile de Saumon, Huile de Thon, Huile Lipidique Marine, Huile Marine, Huiles Marines, Lipides Marins, Marine Lipid Concentrate, Marine Fish Oil, Marine Lipid Oil, Marine Lipids, Marine Oil, Marine Oils, Marine Triglyceride, Menhaden Oil, N-3 Fatty Acids, N3-polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Omega 3, Oméga 3, Omega-3, Oméga-3, Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Omega 3 Fatty Acids, Omega-3 Marine Triglycerides, PUFA, Salmon Oil, Triglycérides Marins, Tuna Fish Oil, Tuna Oil, W-3 Fatty Acids.

Overview

Overview Information

Fish oil can be obtained by eating fish or taking supplements. Fish that are especially rich in the beneficial oils known as omega-3 fatty acids include mackerel, herring, tuna, and salmon. Two of the most important omega-3 fatty acids contained in fish oil are eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).

Some fish oil products are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as prescription medications to lower triglycerides levels. Fish oil is also available as a supplement. Fish oil supplements do not contain the same amount of fish oil as prescription products, so they cannot be used in place of prescription products. Fish oil supplements are sometimes used for heart health and mental health, but there is no strong evidence to support most of these uses.

Do not confuse fish oil with EPA, DHA, cod liver oil, flaxseed oil, krill oil, or shark liver oil. See the separate listings for these ingredients.

How does it work?

A lot of the benefit of fish oil seems to come from the omega-3 fatty acids that it contains. Interestingly, the body does not produce its own omega-3 fatty acids. Nor can the body make omega-3 fatty acids from omega-6 fatty acids, which are common in the Western diet. A lot of research has been done on EPA and DHA, two types of omega-3 acids that are often included in fish oil supplements.

Omega-3 fatty acids reduce pain and swelling. This may explain why fish oil is likely effective for psoriasis and dry eyes. These fatty acids also prevent the blood from clotting easily. This might explain why fish oil is helpful for some heart conditions.

Uses

Uses & Effectiveness?

Effective for

  • High levels of fats called triglycerides in the blood (hypertriglyceridemia). Most research shows that fish oil can reduce triglyceride levels by 20% to 50%. The effects of fish oil are greater in people with higher triglyceride levels. Also, taking larger amounts of fish oil result reduce triglyceride levels by a greater amount. But fish oil seems to have a smaller effect compared to drugs called fibrates. Certain fish oil preparations, including Lovaza, Omtryg, and Epanova, are approved as prescription drugs for treating very high triglyceride levels. These products are most often taken at a dose of 4 grams daily. This provides about 3.5 grams of omega-3 fatty acids per day. While some non-prescription fish oil supplements have also shown benefit in research, some experts discourage people from using these products. Often these products contain less omega-3 fatty acids than the prescription fish oil products. As a result, people would need to take as many as 12 capsules per day of fish oil supplements to get the same effect as prescription fish oil. Fish oil supplements don't seem to lower triglycerides in children and teens with high triglyceride levels. But these studies were small, so larger higher quality studies are needed to confirm.

Possibly Effective for

  • A procedure to open a blocked or narrowed blood vessel (angioplasty). Research suggests that fish oil decreases the rate of blood vessel re-blockage by up to 45% when given for at least 3 weeks before an angioplasty and continued for one month thereafter. But, when given for 2 weeks or less before angioplasty, it doesn't seem to have any effect.
  • Miscarriage in pregnant women with an autoimmune disorder called antiphospholipid syndrome. Taking fish oil by mouth seems to prevent miscarriages and increase live birth rates in pregnant women with antiphospholipid syndrome.
  • Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. Early research shows that taking fish oil improves attention, mental function, and behavior in children 8-13 years-old with ADHD. Other research shows that taking a specific supplement containing fish oil and evening primrose oil (Eye Q, Novasel) improves mental function and behavior in children 7-12 years-old with ADHD.
  • Bipolar disorder. Taking fish oil along with conventional treatments for bipolar disorder seems to improve symptoms of depression, but not mania, in people with bipolar disorder.
  • Involuntary weight loss in people who are very ill (cachexia or wasting syndrome). Taking a high dose of fish oil seems to slow weight loss in some cancer patients. Low doses of fish oil don't seem to have this effect. Some researchers believe fish oil slows cancer-related weight loss by fighting depression and improving the mood of people with cancer.
  • Surgery to improve blood flow to the heart (CABG surgery). Taking fish oil seems to prevent coronary artery bypass grafts from re-closing following CABG surgery.
  • High blood pressure caused by the drug cyclosporine. Cyclosporine is a medication that reduces the chance of organ rejection after an organ transplant. Taking fish oil seems to prevent high blood pressure caused by this drug.
  • Kidney damage caused by the drug cyclosporine. Cyclosporine is a medication that reduces the chance of organ rejection after an organ transplant. Taking fish oil seems to prevent kidney damage in people taking this drug. Fish oil also seems to improve kidney function during the recovery phase following the rejection of a transplanted organ in people taking cyclosporine.
  • A motor skill disorder marked by clumsiness (developmental coordination disorder or DCD). A combination of fish oil (80%) and evening primrose oil (20%) seems to improve reading, spelling, and behavior when given to children age 5-12 years with DCD. It is unclear if taking supplements with fish oil can improve motor skills in children with this condition. Results from clinical research are conflicting.
  • Menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea). Research shows that taking fish oil, alone or with vitamin B12 or vitamin E, can improve painful periods and reduce the need for pain medications in women with menstrual cramps.
  • Cancer of the lining of the uterus (endometrial cancer). There is some evidence that women who regularly eat about two servings of fatty fish weekly have a reduced risk of developing endometrial cancer.
  • Heart failure. Higher intake of fish oil from foods has been linked with a reduced risk of heart failure. Eating 1-2 servings of non-fried fish per week is recommended. It's too soon to know if taking fish oil supplements helps prevent heart failure. But early research shows that fish oil supplements might reduce adverse outcomes such as hospital admissions or death in people that already have heart failure.
  • Complications after a heart transplant. Taking fish oil seems to preserve kidney function and reduce the long-term rise in blood pressure after heart transplantation.
  • Abnormal levels of blood fats in people with HIV/AIDS. Some research suggests that taking fish oil reduces triglyceride levels in people with abnormal cholesterol levels caused by HIV/AIDS treatment. Taking fish oil might also reduce total cholesterol levels in these people, although results are inconsistent.
  • High blood pressure. Fish oil seems to slightly lower blood pressure in people with moderate to very high blood pressure. Some types of fish oil might also reduce blood pressure in people with slightly high blood pressure, but results are inconsistent. Fish oil seems to add to the effects of some, but not all, blood pressure-lowering medications. However, it doesn't seem to reduce blood pressure in people with uncontrolled blood pressure who are already taking blood pressure-lowering medications.
  • A condition that slowly leads to kidney disease (IgA nephropathy). Some research shows that long-term but not short-term use of fish oil can slow the loss of kidney function in high-risk patients with IgA nephropathy. Fish oil might have greater effects when taken at higher doses. Also, it might be most effective in people with IgA nephropathy who have higher levels of protein in the urine.
  • Weak and brittle bones (osteoporosis). Research suggests that taking fish oil alone or together with calcium and evening primrose oil slows the rate of bone loss and increases bone density at the thigh bone (femur) and spine in elderly people with osteoporosis. But taking fish oil does not slow bone loss in older people with osteoarthritis in the knee but without weak bones.
  • Scaly, itchy skin (psoriasis). There is some evidence that administering fish oil intravenously (by IV) can decrease the severity of psoriasis symptoms. Also, applying fish oil to the skin also seems to improve some symptoms of psoriasis. But taking fish oil by mouth does not seem to have any effect on psoriasis.
  • A mental disorder marked by hallucinations and delusion (psychosis). Some research shows that taking a fish oil supplement might help prevent full psychotic illness from developing in teenagers and young adults with mild symptoms. These effects of fish oil have not been tested in older people.
  • Raynaud syndrome. There is some evidence that taking fish oil can improve cold tolerance in some people with the usual form of Raynaud syndrome. However, people with Raynaud syndrome caused by a condition called progressive systemic sclerosis do not seem to benefit from fish oil supplements.
  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Taking fish oil by mouth, alone or together with the drug naproxen (Naprosyn), seems to help improve symptoms of RA. People who take fish oil can sometimes reduce their use of pain medications. Also, administering fish oil intravenously (by IV) reduces swollen and tender joints in people with RA.

Possibly Ineffective for

  • Chest pain (angina). Research suggests that taking fish oil supplements does not reduce the risk of death or improve heart health in people with chest pain. Some evidence even suggests that fish oil supplements might actually increase the risk of heart-related death in people with chest pain.
  • Hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis). Some research shows that taking fish oil supplements might slightly reduce the progression of atherosclerosis. But most research shows that fish oil doesn't slow the progression or improve symptoms of atherosclerosis.
  • Eczema (atopic dermatitis). Research shows that fish oil does not improve eczema. Most research also shows that taking fish oil during pregnancy doesn't PREVENT eczema in the child. Giving fish oil to an infant also doesn't seem to prevent eczema in children. But children who eat fish at least once weekly from the age of 1-2 years seem to have a lower risk of developing eczema.
  • Irregular heartbeat (atrial fibrillation). Some research suggests that people who eat fish five or more times weekly have a reduced risk of irregular heartbeat. But most research suggests that eating fatty fish or taking fish oil supplements does not reduce the risk of irregular heartbeat.
  • A lung disease that affects newborns (bronchopulmonary dysplasia). Giving fish oil by mouth to premature infants doesn't appear to reduce the infant's risk of developing this lung disease.
  • Long-term blood flow problems in the brain (cerebrovascular diseases). Some early research suggests that eating fish reduces the risk of cerebrovascular disease. But higher quality research suggests that taking fish oil does not have this effect.
  • Liver scarring (cirrhosis). Taking fish oil by mouth does not seem to improve kidney problems associated with liver scarring caused by advanced liver disease.
  • Memory and thinking skills (cognitive function). Most research shows that taking fish oil supplements does not improve mental function in older people, young adults, or children.
  • A mild form of gum disease (gingivitis). Taking fish oil does not seem to improve gingivitis.
  • A digestive tract infection that can lead to ulcers (Helicobacter pylori or H. pylori). Taking fish oil by mouth does not seem to improve H. pylori infections when compared to standard medications.
  • HIV/AIDS. Some evidence shows that eating food bars containing fish oil does not increase CD4 cell counts in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Also, taken formula containing fish oil doesn't seem to reduce the amount of HIV in the blood.
  • Kidney transplant. Research shows that taking fish oil doesn't help people live longer after a kidney transplant. It also doesn't seem to prevent the body from rejecting the transplant.
  • Breast pain (mastalgia). Taking fish oil does not appear to reduce long-term breast pain.
  • Symptoms of menopause. Taking fish oil doesn't seem to reduce hot flashes or insomnia, or improve quality of life in women with symptoms of menopause. But it might reduce night sweats in these women.
  • Migraine. Taking fish oil by mouth does not appear to decrease the number or severity of migraines.
  • Osteoarthritis. Most research shows that taking fish oil doesn't improve pain or function in people with osteoarthritis. Also, adding fish oil to glucosamine doesn't reduce pain or stiffness better than taking glucosamine alone.
  • Narrowing of blood vessels that causes poor blood flow to the limbs (peripheral arterial disease). Taking fish oil by mouth does not appear to improve walking distance in people with leg pain due to blood flow problems.
  • Pneumonia. Population research shows no relationship between fish consumption and the risk of developing pneumonia.
  • High blood pressure during pregnancy. Fish oil does not seem to prevent high blood pressure during pregnancy.
  • A pregnancy complication marked by high blood pressure and protein in the urine (pre-eclampsia). Fish oil does not seem to prevent pre-eclampsia.
  • Age-related muscle loss (sarcopenia). Despite some conflicting results, most research shows that taking fish oil supplements while participating in physical activity or strength training doesn't improve muscle strength in older adults.
  • Abnormal rapid heart rhythms (ventricular arrhythmias). Population research suggests that eating a lot of fish has no effect on the risk for abnormal rapid heart rhythms. Clinical research is inconsistent. Some research shows that taking fish oil daily does not affect the risk for abnormal heart rhythms. But other research shows that taking fish oil for 11 months delays the development of the condition. However, overall, taking fish oil does not seem to reduce the risk of death in people with abnormal rapid heart rhythms.

Likely InEffective for

  • Diabetes. Taking fish oil doesn't lower blood sugar in people with type 2 diabetes. It also doesn't reduce the risk of certain complications of diabetes, such as heart attack and stroke. But taking fish oil might provide some other benefits for people with diabetes. For example, it may lower blood fats called triglycerides. In pregnant women, fish oil doesn't reduce the risk of getting diabetes.

Insufficient Evidence for

  • An eye disease that leads to vision loss in older adults (age-related macular degeneration or AMD). There is some evidence that people who eat fish more than once weekly have a reduced risk of developing age-related vision loss. But clinical research shows that taking fish oil by mouth for up to 5 years does not prevent vision loss.
  • Hay fever. Early research suggests that mothers who take fish oil supplements during the late stages of pregnancy may lower the occurrence of allergies in their children. But other research suggests that fish oil does not reduce the development of allergies in children when taken by the mother during pregnancy.
  • Alzheimer disease. There is some early evidence that fish oil might help prevent Alzheimer disease. However, it does not seem to help prevent a decline in thinking skills for most people who have already been diagnosed with Alzheimer disease.
  • Asthma. Some research suggests that fish oil supplements might help TREAT some asthma symptoms. But results aren't consistent. Some research shows that taking fish oil improves breathing and reduces the need for medication. Other research shows that fish oil does not reduce the severity of asthma is children. Fish oil might help PREVENT asthma in young children when taken by the mother while pregnant. But fish oil does not seem to provide any benefits when taken by the mother while breastfeeding or by the infant. Overall, research suggests that fish oil does not help TREAT eczema once it has developed.
  • Athletic performance. Some evidence suggests that taking fish oil can improve lung function in athletes. But other evidence suggests that taking fish oil does not improve endurance, recovery, heart rate, or exercise duration.
  • Autism. One small study shows that taking fish oil might reduce hyperactivity in children with autism. But this study had flaws. Other research shows that taking fish oil doesn't reduce hyperactivity.
  • Cancer. Research on the effects of fish oil in preventing cancer has produced conflicting results. Some research linked eating fish or having higher blood levels of omega-3 fatty acids is a lower risk of different cancers. But other research suggests that eating fish does not reduce the risk of cancer.
  • Heart disease. Most research shows that taking fish oil supplements doesn't prevent heart disease or reduce the chance of heart-related events in people with heart disease. Getting fish oil from the diet might be beneficial. But benefits are probably modest at best. People should still eat fish and other foods that provide fish oil, though. These foods make up part of a healthy diet.
  • Cataracts. There is some early evidence that eating fish three times weekly can slightly lower the risk of developing cataracts.
  • Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). There is some conflicting evidence about the use of a specific product that combines fish oil and evening primrose oil to reduce the symptoms CFS.
  • Long-term kidney disease (chronic kidney disease or CKD). Early research shows that taking fish oil might reduce the chance of death from heart disease in people with CKD who are receiving hemodialysis. But it doesn't seem to reduce the chance of death from other causes. It also doesn't seem to help people who aren't on hemodialysis.
  • Decline in memory and thinking skills in older people that is more than what is normal for their age. Some research suggests that taking fish oil by mouth daily for 12 months might improve memory in people with reduced mental function.
  • Colon cancer, rectal cancer. Some research shows that taking fish oil supplements doesn't decrease a person's risk of developing colon cancer. In people who already have colon cancer, some early research shows that taking fish oil during chemotherapy might slow the growth of tumors. But it doesn't prevent death, hospitalizations, or other issues. Other early research suggests that fish oil in the diet or as a supplement doesn't increase survival in people with stage three colon cancer.
  • A type of inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn disease). Research into the effects of fish oil on Crohn disease has produced conflicting results. Some research shows that taking a specific fish oil product can reduce the relapse of Crohn disease for people who have recovered. However, other research shows that fish oil does not have this effect.
  • Cystic fibrosis. Early research suggests that taking fish oil by mouth can improve lung function in people with cystic fibrosis. However, administering fish oil intravenously (IV) does not have this effect.
  • Diseases, such as Alzheimer disease, that interfere with thinking (dementia). Some early research suggests that eating fish at least once per week reduces the risk of developing dementia. Other research suggests there is no link between fish consumption and the risk of dementia.
  • Depression. People who eat more fish seem to have a lower risk of depression. But it isn't clear if taking fish oil supplements can reduce symptoms of depression. Some research shows that people with more severe depression might benefit. But people with mild depression or people with a medical condition that is causing their depression, might not. Also, it seems that only supplements that contain high amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) actually work for depression.
  • Kidney damage in people with diabetes (diabetic nephropathy). Evidence suggests that taking fish oil does not improve kidney function in people with type 1 diabetes who have this condition. In people with type 2 diabetes, some research shows that taking fish oil might help kidney function. But more research is needed.
  • Vision problems in people with diabetes (diabetic retinopathy). Higher intake of fish oil from the diet has been linked to a reduced risk of eye damage in people with diabetes.
  • Dry eye. Higher intake of fish oil from the diet has been linked to a lower risk of dry eye in women. But the effects of fish oil in people with dry eye are inconsistent. Some research shows that fish oil reduces dry eye symptoms such as pain, blurred vision, and sensitivity. But fish oil doesn't seem to improve other signs and symptoms of dry eye such as tear production and damage to the surface of the eye. Taking fish oil also doesn't improve signs and symptoms of dry eye when used with other dry eye treatments.
  • A learning disorder marked by difficulty reading (dyslexia). Taking fish oil by mouth seems to improve night vision in children with dyslexia.
  • Abnormal levels of cholesterol or blood fats (dyslipidemia). There is conflicting data about the effects of fish oil on blood fats in people with abnormal blood fat levels. Research shows that eating two servings of fish per week can lower cholesterol and blood fats in people with high cholesterol. Taking fish oil supplements also seems to improve levels of triglycerides and certain other blood fats in people with diabetes and in people with kidney transplants. But most research shows that taking fish oil supplements does not improve cholesterol levels in people with abnormal or high cholesterol levels. In fact, taking fish oil supplements might actually increase low-density lipoprotein (LDL or "bad") cholesterol levels in these people.
  • Serious kidney disease (end-stage renal disease or ESRD). Some research shows that taking fish oil reduces markers of swelling (inflammation) in adults with ESRD. Early research in children with ESRD shows that taking fish oil supplements can improve the levels of certain fats in the blood.
  • A painful uterine disorder (endometriosis). In adolescent girls that have gone through surgery for endometriosis, taking fish oil does not help to reduce pain. But it isn't known if taking fish oil would help to reduce pain associated with endometriosis before going through surgery.
  • Seizure disorder (epilepsy). Research suggests that taking omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil by mouth daily for 10 weeks reduces seizures in people with epilepsy that is resistant to drugs.
  • Muscle soreness caused by exercise. Taking fish oil might lessen exercise-induced muscle soreness in professional athletes. But these early results need to be confirmed in larger, high quality studies. It's unclear if fish oil reduces exercise-induced muscle soreness in untrained adults. Results from early research are conflicting.
  • Food allergies. Taking fish oil during pregnancy seems to reduce the risk of egg allergies in the infant. But it doesn't reduce the risk of other food allergies such as milk or peanut allergies in the infant.
  • Preventing blockage of grafts used in kidney dialysis. Taking fish oil seems to help prevent blood clot formation in hemodialysis grafts. It might also help the grafts work longer. But more research is needed to know which dose of fish oil is best.
  • Prediabetes. Taking fish oil does not seem to improve blood sugar in people with prediabetes. But it might help prevent prediabetes from advancing to type 2 diabetes.
  • Infant development. The strongest research shows that taking fish oil supplements during pregnancy or breastfeeding does not improve mental development of the infant. Feeding infants formula with fish oil appears to improve the infant's vision but not mental development.
  • Conditions in a man that prevent him from getting a woman pregnant within a year of trying to conceive (male infertility). Early research suggests that taking fish oil supplements might help some men to produce more semen.
  • Multiple sclerosis (MS). Taking a specific fish oil product does not appear to improve the duration, frequency, or severity of relapses in patients with multiple sclerosis.
  • Build up of fat in the liver in people who drink little or no alcohol (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or NAFLD). Limited research shows that fish oil might be beneficial for NAFLD in adults and children.
  • Obesity. Most research shows that taking fish oil does not improve weight loss in obese adults or in children. But eating fish as part of a reduced-calorie diet seems to help.
  • Swelling (inflammation) and sores inside the mouth (oral mucositis). Taking fish oil seems to reduce the severity and pain of sores in the mouth from cancer drugs.
  • Swelling (inflammation) of the pancreas (pancreatitis). Evidence suggests that feeding intravenously (IV) with nutrition that has been fortified with fish oil reduces the number of days of kidney replacement therapy needed by people with severe inflammation of the pancreas.
  • A serious gum infection (periodontitis). Taking fish oil might help to preserve gum health after dental cleaning in people with this condition.
  • An inherited disorder that increases levels of phenylalanine in the blood (phenylketonuria or PKU). Some evidence suggests that taking fish oil supplements improves motor skills, coordination, and vision in children with a rare genetic disorder called phenylketonuria.
  • A type of anxiety that often develops after a terrifying event (post-traumatic stress disorder or PTSD). Some early research shows that adding supplements containing omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil to psychoeducation does not provide any further benefits to people with PTSD.
  • Preterm labor. Taking fish oil or eating seafood during pregnancy might help prevent premature delivery. But not all research agrees.
  • Growth and development in premature infants. Baby formula that has been fortified with fatty acids from fish oil and borage oil seems to improve growth and nervous system development in premature infants, especially boys.
  • Bed sores (pressure ulcers). Early research shows that adding fish oil to a feeding tube or IV might slow the growth of bed sores in hospitalized adults. Other research shows that applying fish oil to the heels of hospitalized adults does not reduce the risk of getting a bed sore on the heel.
  • Infection of the airways. Drinking a beverage containing fish oil, vitamin D, and protein does not seem to reduce upper airway infection in athletes.
  • Inability of the body to properly break down drugs called salicylates (salicylate intolerance). Some early research suggests that taking fish oil might improve symptoms of salicylate intolerance, such as asthma attacks and itching.
  • Schizophrenia. Fish oil might improve symptoms such as aggression in people with schizophrenia. But not all research agrees.
  • Blood infection (sepsis). Giving fish oil as part of a nutrition plan to patients with sepsis might reduce the need for mechanical breathing and shorten the stay in the intensive care unit of the hospital. But giving fish oil does not improve survival or reduce the risk of brain injury or delirium in people with sepsis.
  • Sickle cell disease. Early research suggests that taking fish oil can reduce severe pain episodes in people with sickle cell disease.
  • Stroke. Taking fish oil supplements doesn't seem to prevent stroke. It isn't clear if eating more fish oil in the diet can help prevent stroke. Eating fish once or twice weekly seems to lower the risk of having a stroke by as much as 27%. But eating very high amounts of fish (more than 46 grams of fish per day) seems to increase stroke risk. And eating fish does not lower stroke risk in people who are already taking aspirin for prevention. Regardless, the American Heart Association (AHA) recommends eating non-fried fish 1-2 times weekly in place of less healthy protein options.
  • An autoimmune disease that causes widespread swelling (systemic lupus erythematosus or SLE). Some early studies suggest that fish oil helps improve symptoms of SLE, while other studies show no effect.
  • A type of inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis). Research studies into the effects of fish oil for treating ulcerative colitis show conflicting results.
  • Glaucoma.
  • Other conditions.
    • More evidence is needed to rate fish oil for these uses.

Side Effects

Side Effects & Safety

When taken by mouth: Fish oil is LIKELY SAFE for most people when taken by mouth in low doses (3 grams or less per day). There are some safety concerns when fish oil is taken in high doses. Taking more than 3 grams per day might keep blood from clotting and can increase the chance of bleeding.

High doses of fish oil might also reduce the immune system's activity, reducing the body's ability to fight infection. This is a special concern for people taking medications to reduce their immune system's activity (organ transplant patients, for example) and the elderly.

Only take high doses of fish oil while under medical supervision.

Fish oil can cause side effects including belching, bad breath, heartburn, nausea, loose stools, rash, and nosebleeds. Taking fish oil supplements with meals or freezing them can often decrease these side effects. Consuming large amounts of fish oil from some DIETARY sources is POSSIBLY UNSAFE. Some fish meats (especially shark, king mackerel, and farm-raised salmon) can be contaminated with mercury and other industrial and environmental chemicals. Fish oil supplements typically do not contain these contaminants.

When given by IV: Fish oil is POSSIBLY SAFE when injected intravenously (by IV) in the short-term. Fish oil or omega-3 fatty acid solutions have been safely used for 1 to 4 weeks.

Special Precautions & Warnings:

Children: Fish oil is POSSIBLY SAFE when taken by mouth appropriately. Fish oil has been used safely through feeding tubes in infants for up to 9 months. In adolescents, fish oil has been used safely in doses of up to about 2.2 grams daily for 12 weeks. But young children should not eat more than two ounces of fish per week. Fish oil is also POSSIBLY SAFE when given in the vein by a health care professional to infants who cannot take food by mouth. Fish oil is POSSIBLY UNSAFE when consumed from dietary sources in large amounts. Fatty fish contain toxins such as mercury. Eating contaminated fish frequently can cause brain damage, mental retardation, blindness and seizures in children.

Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Fish oil is LIKELY SAFE when taken by mouth appropriately. Taking fish oil during pregnancy does not seem to affect the fetus or baby while breast-feeding. Women who are pregnant or who may become pregnant, and nursing mothers should avoid shark, swordfish, king mackerel, and tilefish (also called golden bass or golden snapper), as these may contain high levels of mercury. Limit consumption of other fish to 12 ounces/week (about 3 to 4 servings/week). Fish oil is POSSIBLY UNSAFE when dietary sources are consumed in large amounts. Fatty fish contain toxins such as mercury.

Bipolar disorder: Taking fish oil might increase some of the symptoms of this condition.

Liver disease: Fish oil might increase the risk of bleeding in people with liver scarring due to liver disease.

Depression: Taking fish oil might increase some of the symptoms of this condition.

Diabetes: There is some concern that taking high doses of fish oil might make the control of blood sugar more difficult.

Familial adenomatous polyposis: There is some concern that fish oil might further increase the risk of getting cancer in people with this condition.

High blood pressure: Fish oil can lower blood pressure and might cause blood pressure to drop too low in people who are being treated with blood pressure-lowering medications.

HIV/AIDS and other conditions in which the immune system response is lowered: Higher doses of fish oil can lower the body's immune system response. This could be a problem for people whose immune system is already weak.

An implanted defibrillator (a surgically placed device to prevent irregular heartbeat): Some, but not all, research suggests that fish oil might increase the risk of irregular heartbeat in patients with an implanted defibrillator. Stay on the safe side by avoiding fish oil supplements.

Fish or seafood allergy: Some people who are allergic to seafood such as fish might also be allergic to fish oil supplements. There is no reliable information showing how likely people with seafood allergy are to have an allergic reaction to fish oil. Until more is known, advise patients allergic to seafood to avoid or use fish oil supplements cautiously.

Interactions

Interactions?

Moderate Interaction

Be cautious with this combination

!

  • Birth control pills (Contraceptive drugs) interacts with FISH OIL

    Fish oils seem to help reduce some fat levels in the blood. These fats are called triglycerides. Birth control pills might decrease the effectiveness of fish oils by reducing these fat levels in the blood.Some birth control pills include ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel (Triphasil), ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone (Ortho-Novum 1/35, Ortho-Novum 7/7/7), and others.

  • Medications for high blood pressure (Antihypertensive drugs) interacts with FISH OIL

    Fish oils seem to decrease blood pressure. Taking fish oils along with medications for high blood pressure might cause your blood pressure to go too low.Some medications for high blood pressure include captopril (Capoten), enalapril (Vasotec), losartan (Cozaar), valsartan (Diovan), diltiazem (Cardizem), Amlodipine (Norvasc), hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDiuril), furosemide (Lasix), and many others.

  • Orlistat (Xenical, Alli) interacts with FISH OIL

    Orlistat (Xenical, Alli) is used for weight loss. It prevents dietary fats from being absorbed from the gut. There is some concern that orlistat (Xenical, Alli) might also decrease absorption of fish oil when they are taken together. To avoid this potential interaction take orlistat (Xenical, Alli) and fish oil at least 2 hours apart.

Minor Interaction

Be watchful with this combination

!

  • Medications that slow blood clotting (Anticoagulant / Antiplatelet drugs) interacts with FISH OIL

    Fish oils might slow blood clotting. Taking fish oils along with medications that also slow clotting might increase the chances of bruising and bleeding.Some medications that slow blood clotting include aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix), diclofenac (Voltaren, Cataflam, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others), naproxen (Anaprox, Naprosyn, others), dalteparin (Fragmin), enoxaparin (Lovenox), heparin, warfarin (Coumadin), and others.

Dosing

Dosing

The following doses have been studied in scientific research:

ADULTS

BY MOUTH:

  • For high levels of fats called triglycerides in the blood (hypertriglyceridemia): Doses of 1-15 grams of fish oil daily for up to 6 months have been used in research. But most experts recommend taking a dose of fish oil that provides about 3.5 grams of omega-3 fatty acids daily. This amount is provided in four 1-gram capsules of prescription-only fish oil products. These prescription-only products include Lovaza (formerly known as Omacor, GlaxoSmithKline), Omtryg (Trygg Pharma, Inc.), and Epanova (AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals). You might need to take as many as 12 capsules daily of most non-prescription fish oil supplements to get the same amount of omega-3 fatty acids.
  • For a procedure to open a blocked or narrowed blood vessel (angioplasty): 6 grams of fish oil daily starting one month before angioplasty and continuing for one months after, followed by 3 grams daily for 6 months thereafter has been used. Also, 15 grams of fish oil has been taken daily for 3 weeks before angioplasty and for 6 months thereafter.
  • For preventing miscarriage in pregnant women with an autoimmune disorder called antiphospholipid syndrome : 5.1 grams of fish oil with a 1.5 EPA:DHA ratio taken daily for 3 years has been used.
  • For attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A specific supplement containing 400 mg of fish oil and 100 mg of evening primrose oil (Eye Q, Novasel) six capsules daily for 15 weeks has been used. Also, 250 mg of omega-3 fatty acids that have been complexed with phosphatidylserine have been used daily for 3 months.
  • For bipolar disorder: Fish oil providing 6.2 grams of EPA and 3.4 grams of DHA taken daily for 4 months has been used. Also, 1-6 grams of EPA for 12-16 weeks or omega-3 fatty acids containing 4.4-6.2 grams of EPA plus 2.4-3.4 grams of DHA for 4-16 weeks have been used.
  • For involuntary weight loss in people who are very ill (cachexia or wasting syndrome): 30 mL of a specific fish oil product (ACO Omega-3, Pharmacia, Stockholm, Sweden) providing 4.9 grams of EPA and 3.2 grams of DHA daily for 4 weeks has been used. 7.5 grams of fish oil daily providing EPA 4.7 grams and DHA 2.8 grams has been used for about 6 weeks. In addition, two cans of a fish oil nutritional supplement containing 1.09 grams of EPA and 0.96 grams of DHA per can have been used daily for up to 7 weeks.
  • For surgery to improve blood flow to the heart (CABG surgery): 4 grams of fish oil containing 2.04 grams of EPA and 1.3 grams of DHA has been used daily for one year.
  • For high blood pressure caused by the drug cyclosporine: 3 to 4 grams of omega-3 fatty acids daily for 6 months after a heart transplant has been used. 2-18 grams of fish oil daily for 1 to 12 months after a kidney transplant has also been used.
  • For kidney damage caused by the drug cyclosporine: 12 grams of fish oil daily for 2 months has been used after liver transplant. Also, 6 grams of fish oil daily for up to 3 months after kidney transplant has been used.
  • For menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea): A daily dose of 1080 mg of EPA and 720 mg DHA along with 1.5 mg of vitamin E daily for 2 months has been used. Also, 500-2500 mg of fish oil has been used daily for 2-4 months.
  • For heart failure: 600 to 4300 mg of omega-3 fatty acids daily for up to 12 months has been used. Also, 1 gram of fish oil daily for about 2.9 years has been used.
  • For complications after a heart transplant: 4 grams of fish oil containing 46.5% EPA and 37.8% of DHA daily for one year has been used.
  • For abnormal levels of blood fats in people with HIV/AIDS: Two capsules of a specific fish oil supplement (Omacor, Pronova BioPharma, Norway) containing 460 mg of EPA plus 380 mg of DHA twice daily for 12 weeks has been used.
  • For high blood pressure: 4 to 15 grams of fish oil daily, taken in single or divided doses, for up to 36 weeks has been used. Also, 3-15 grams of omega-3 fatty acids daily for 4 weeks has been used.
  • For a condition that slowly leads to kidney disease (IgA nephropathy): 1-12 grams of fish oil daily for 2-4 years has been used. Also, 3 grams of fish oil in combination with a drug called renin-angiotensin system blocker (RASB) daily for 6 months has been used.
  • For weak and brittle bones (osteoporosis): Four 500 mg capsules of a mixture of evening primrose and fish oil, taken three times daily with meals along with 600 mg of calcium carbonate for 18 months, has been used.
  • For scaly, itchy skin (psoriasis): Fish oil capsules containing 3.6 grams of EPA and 2.4 grams of DHA daily for 15 weeks along with UVB therapy have been used.
  • For psychosis: Fish oil capsules containing 700 mg of EPA and 480 mg of DHA mixed with tocopherols and other omega-3 fatty acids daily for 12 weeks has been used.
  • For Raynaud's syndrome: A daily dose of 3.96 grams of EPA and 2.64 grams of DHA for 12 weeks has been used.
  • For rheumatoid arthritis (RA): 10 grams of fish oil daily for 6 months, or fish oil containing 0.5-4.6 grams of EPA and 0.2-3.0 grams of DHA, sometimes along with vitamin E 15 IU, daily for up to 15 months has been used.
BY IV:
  • For scaly, itchy skin (psoriasis): 100-200 mL of a specific fish oil solution containing 2.1 to 4.2 grams of EPA and 2.1 to 4.2 grams of DHA (Omegavenous, Fresenius, Oberursel, Germany), given daily for 10 to 14 days, has been used.
  • For rheumatoid arthritis (RA): 0.1-0.2 mg/kg of omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil daily for 7 days has been used. Also, 0.2 grams/kg of a specific fish oil solution (Omegaven, Fresenius-Kabi) daily for 14 consecutive days, followed by 0.05 grams of fish oil by mouth daily for 20 weeks, have been used.
APPLIED TO THE SKIN:
  • For scaly, itchy skin (psoriasis): Applying fish oil under a dressing for 6 hours daily for 4 weeks has been used.
CHILDREN

BY MOUTH:
  • For a motor skill disorder marked by clumsiness (developmental coordination disorder or DCD): Fish oil providing 558 mg of EPA and 174 mg of DHA in three divided doses daily for 3 months has been used in children aged 5-12 years. A specific supplement containing fish oil in combination with evening primrose oil, thyme oil, and vitamin E (Efalex, Efamol Ltd), taken daily for 4 months, has been used.

Previous:
Next: Uses

View References

REFERENCES:

  • Bai ZG, Bo A, Wu SJ, Gai QY, Chi I. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and reduction of depressive symptoms in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2018;241:241-248. View abstract.
  • Balk EM, Lichtenstein AH, Chung M, et al. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on serum markers of cardiovascular disease risk: a systematic review. Atherosclerosis 2006;189:19-30. View abstract.
  • Baracos V. Let them eat fish. JAMA Oncol 2015;1(6):840-1. View abstract.
  • Barber MD, Ross JA, Voss AC, et al. The effect of an oral nutritional supplement enriched with fish oil on weight-loss in patients with pancreatic cancer. (abstract) Br J Cancer 1999;81:80-6. View abstract.
  • Barberger-Gateau P, Letenneur L, Deschamps V, et al. Fish, meat, and risk of dementia: cohort study. BMJ 2002;325:932-3. View abstract.
  • Barceló-Coblijn G, Murphy EJ, Othman R, et al. Flaxseed oil and fish-oil capsule consumption alters human red blood cell n-3 fatty acid composition: a multiple-dosing trial comparing 2 sources of n-3 fatty acid. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88:801-9. View abstract.
  • Bass JB, Farer LS, Hopewell PC, et al. Treatment of tuberculosis and tuberculosis infection in adults and children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149:1359-74.. View abstract.
  • Bassey EJ, Littlewood JJ, Rothwell MC, and Pye DW. Lack of effect of supplementation with essential fatty acids on bone mineral density in healthy pre- and postmenopausal women: two randomized controlled trials of Efacal v. calcium alone. Br J Nutr 2000;83(6):629-635. View abstract.
  • Behan PO, Behan WM, Horrobin D. Effect of high doses of essential fatty acids on the postviral fatigue syndrome. Acta Neurol Scand 1990;82:209-16. View abstract.
  • Belch JJ, Ansell D, Madhok R, et al. Effects of altering dietary essential fatty acids on requirements for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A double blind placebo controlled study. Ann Rheum Dis 1988;47:96-104. View abstract.
  • Bellamy CM, Schofield PM, Faragher EB, et al. Can supplementation of diet with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce coronary angioplasty restenosis. Eur Heart J 1992;13:1626-31. View abstract.
  • Belluzzi A, Boschi S, Brignola C, et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:339S-42S. View abstract.
  • Belluzzi A, Brignola C, Campieri M, et al. Effect of an enteric-coated fish-oil preparation on relapses in Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1557-60. View abstract.
  • Belluzzi A, Brignola C, Campieri M, et al. Effects of new fish oil derivative on fatty acid phospholipid-membrane pattern in a group of Crohn's disease patients. Dig Dis Sci 1994;39:2589-94. View abstract.
  • Bender NK, Kraynak MA, Chiquette E, et al. Effects of marine fish oils on the anticoagulation status of patients receiving chronic warfarin therapy. J Thromb Thrombolysis 1998;5:257-61.. View abstract.
  • Bennett DA Jr, Phun L, Polk JF, et al. Neuropharmacology of St. John's Wort (Hypericum). Ann Pharmacother 1998;32:1201-8. View abstract.
  • Berth-Jones J, Graham-Brown RA. Placebo-controlled trial of essential fatty acid supplementation in atopic dermatitis. Lancet 1993;341:1557-60. View abstract.
  • Best KP, Sullivan T, Palmer D, et al. Prenatal Fish Oil Supplementation and Allergy: 6-Year Follow-up of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Pediatrics. 2016;137(6). pii: e20154443. View abstract.
  • Beydoun MA, Kaufman JS, Satia JA, et al. Plasma n-3 fatty acids and the risk of cognitive decline in older adults: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:1103-11. View abstract.
  • Billman GE, Hallaq H, Leaf A. Prevention of ischemia-induced ventricular fibrillation by omega 3 fatty acids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994;91:4427-30. View abstract.
  • Billman GE, Kang JX, Leaf A. Prevention of sudden cardiac death by dietary pure omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in dogs. Circulation 1999;99:2452-7. View abstract.
  • Birch, D. G., Birch, E. E., Hoffman, D. R., and Uauy, R. D. Retinal development in very-low-birth-weight infants fed diets differing in omega-3 fatty acids. Invest Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci 1992;33(8):2365-2376. View abstract.
  • Bisgaard H, Stokholm J, Chawes BL, et al. Fish oil-derived fatty acids in pregnancy and wheeze and asthma in offspring. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(26):2530-9. View abstract.
  • Bittiner SB, Tucker WF, and Bleehen S. Fish oil in psoriasis - a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Br J Dermatol 1987;117:25-26.
  • Bittiner SB, Tucker WF, Cartwright I, Bleehen SS. A double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial of fish oil in psoriasis. Lancet 1988;1:378-80. View abstract.
  • Black KE, Witard OC, Baker D, et al. Adding omega-3 fatty acids to a protein-based supplement during pre-season training results in reduced muscle soreness and the better maintenance of explosive power in professional Rugby Union players. Eur J Sport Sci. 2018;18(10):1357-1367. View abstract.
  • Bloedon LT, Balikai S, Chittams J, et al. Flaxseed and cardiovascular risk factors: results from a double blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. J Am Coll Nutr 2008;27:65-74. View abstract.
  • Blom WAM, Koppenol WP, Hiemstra H, Stojakovic T, Scharnagl H, Trautwein EA. A low-fat spread with added plant sterols and fish omega-3 fatty acids lowers serum triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in individuals with modest hypercholesterolaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia. Eur J Nutr. 2018. View abstract.
  • Blommers J, de Lange-De Klerk ES, Kuik DJ, et al. Evening primrose oil and fish oil for severe chronic mastalgia: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:1389-94.. View abstract.
  • Boerboom LE, Olinger GN, Almassi GH, Skrinska VA. Both dietary fish-oil supplementation and aspirin fail to inhibit atherosclerosis in long-term vein bypass grafts in moderately hypercholesterolemic nonhuman primates. Circulation 1997;96:968-74. View abstract.
  • Borkman M, Chisholm DJ, Furler SM, et al. Effects of fish oil supplementation on glucose and lipid metabolism in NIDDM. Diabetes 1989;38:1314-9.. View abstract.
  • Bower RH, Cerra FB, Bershadsky B, et al. Early enteral administration of a formula (Impact) supplemented with arginine, nucleotides, and fish oil in intensive care unit patients: results of a multicenter, prospective, randomized clinical trial. Crit Care Med 1995;23:436-49. View abstract.
  • Brasky TM, Lampe JW, Potter JD, et al. Specialty supplements and breast cancer risk in the VITamins And Lifestyle (VITAL) cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010;19:1696-708. View abstract.
  • Briggs GG, Freeman RK, and Yaffe SJ. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk 10th edition. Lippinscott Williamns & Wilkins. Vol 25. No. 4, December 2012.
  • Brouwer IA, Zock PL, Camm AJ, et al; SOFA Study Group. Effect of fish oil on ventricular tachyarrhythmia and death in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators: the Study on Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Ventricular Arrhythmia (SOFA) randomized trial. JAMA 2006;295:2613-9. View abstract.
  • Brown TJ, Brainard J, Song F, et al. Omega-3, omega-6, and total dietary polyunsaturated fat for prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2019;366:l4697. View abstract.
  • Bruera E, Strasser F, Palmer JL, et al. Effect of fish oil on appetite and other symptoms in patients with advanced cancer and anorexia/cachexia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:129-34.. View abstract.
  • Bucher HC, Hengstler P, Schindler C, Meier G. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Med 2002;112:298-304. View abstract.
  • Buckley M, Goff A, Knapp W. Fish oil interaction with warfarin. Ann Pharmacother 2004;38:50-2. View abstract.
  • Bulstra-Ramakers MT, Huisjes HJ, Visser GH. The effects of 3g eicosapentaenoic acid daily on recurrence of intrauterine growth retardation and pregnancy induced hypertension. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995;102:123-6. View abstract.
  • Bunea R, El Farrah K, Deutsch L. Evaluation of the effects of Neptune Krill Oil on the clinical course of hyperlipidemia. Altern Med Rev 2004;9:420-8. View abstract.
  • Burgess JR, Stevens L, Zhang W, Peck L. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (abstract). Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:327S-30S. View abstract.
  • Burkhart CS, Dell-Kuster S, Siegemund M, Pargger H, Marsch S, Strebel SP, Steiner LA.Effect of n-3 fatty acids on markers of brain injury and incidence of sepsis-associated delirium in septic patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2014;58(6):689-700. View abstract.
  • Burns CP, Halabi S, Clamon G, et al. Phase II study of high-dose fish oil capsules for patients with cancer-related cachexia. Cancer 2004;101:370-8. View abstract.
  • Burr ML, Ashfield-Watt PA, Dunstan FD, et al. Lack of benefit of dietary advice to men with angina: results of a controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003;57:193-200. View abstract.
  • Burr ML, Fehily AM, Gilbert JF, et al. Effects of changes in fat, fish, and fibre intakes on death and myocardial reinfarction: diet and reinfarction trial (DART). Lancet 1989;2:757-61. View abstract.
  • Caicoya M. Fish consumption and stroke: a community case-control study in Asturias, Spain. Neuroepidemiology 2002;21:107-14. View abstract.
  • Cairns JA, Gill J, Morton B, et al. Fish oils and low-molecular-weight heparin for the reduction of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. The EMPAR Study. Circulation 1996;94:1553-60. View abstract.
  • Calder PC. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation and immunity: pouring oil on troubled waters or another fishy tale? Nutr Res 2001;21:309-41.
  • Calo L, Bianconi L, Colivicchi F, et al. N-3 Fatty acids for the prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:1723-8. View abstract.
  • Camargo Cde Q, Mocellin MC, Pastore Silva Jde A, et al. Fish oil supplementation during chemotherapy increases posterior time to tumor progression in colorectal cancer. Nutr Cancer 2016;68(1):70-6. View abstract.
  • Campan P, Planchand PO, Duran D. Pilot study on n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of human experimental gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol 1997;24:907-13. View abstract.
  • Campbell F, Dickinson HO, Critchley JA, Ford GA, Bradburn M. A systematic review of fish-oil supplements for the prevention and treatment of hypertension. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2013;20(1):107-20. View abstract.
  • Carney RM, Freedland KE, Rubin EH, et al. Omega-3 augmentation of sertraline in treatment of depression in patients with coronary heart disease; a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009;302:1651-7. View abstract.
  • Carrero JJ, Baró L Fonollá J et al. Cardiovascular effects of milk enriched with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid folic acid and vitamins E, B6 and B12 in volunteers with mild hyperlipidaemia. Nutrition 2004;20:521-527. View abstract.
  • Chan DC, Watts GF, Barrett PH, et al. Regulatory effects of HMG CoA reductase inhibitor and fish oils on apolipoprotein B-100 kinetics in insulin-resistant obese male subjects with dyslipidemia. Diabetes 2002;51:2377-86.. View abstract.
  • Chavarro JE, Stampfer MJ, Li H, et al. A prospective study of polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in blood and prostate cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16:1364-70. View abstract.
  • Chen B, Ji X, Zhang L, Hou Z, Li C, Tong Y. Fish Oil Supplementation does not Reduce Risks of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension, or Pre-Eclampsia: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Med Sci Monit. View abstract.
  • Chen B, Ji X, Zhang L, Hou Z, Li C, Tong Y. Fish oil supplementation improves pregnancy outcomes and size of the newborn: a meta-analysis of 21 randomized controlled trials. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016;29(12):2017-27. View abstract.
  • Chen JS, Hill CL, Lester S, et al. Supplementation with omega-3 fish oil has no effect on bone mineral density in adults with knee osteoarthritis: a 2-year randomized controlled trial. Osteoporos Int. 2016;27(5):1897-905. View abstract.
  • Chen LH, Wang YF, Xu QH, Chen SS. Omega-3 fatty acids as a treatment for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr. 2018 Apr;37(2):516-521. View abstract.
  • Cheng X, Chen S, Hu Q, Yin Y, Liu Z. Fish oil increase the risk of recurrent atrial fibrillation: result from a meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol 2013;168(4):4538-41. View abstract.
  • Chew EY, Clemons TE, SanGiovanni JP, et al. Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 Research Group. Lutein + zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration: the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2013;309(19):2005-2015. View abstract.
  • Chowdhury R, Stevens S, Gorman D, Pan A, Warnakula S, Chowdhury S, Ward H, Johnson L, Crowe F, Hu FB, Franco OH. Association between fish consumption, long chain omega 3 fatty acids, and risk of cerebrovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2012;345:e6698. View abstract.
  • Christensen JH, Skou HA, Fog L, et al. Marine n-3 fatty acids, wine intake, and heart rate variability in patients referred for coronary angiography. Circulation 2001;103:651-7. View abstract.
  • Clark LF, Thivierge MC, Kidd CA, et al. Fish oil supplemented for 9 months does not improve glycaemic control or insulin sensitivity in subjects with impaired glucose regulation: a parallel randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 2016;115(1):75-86. View abstract.
  • Clark WF, Parbtani A, Naylor CD, et al. Fish oil in lupus nephritis: clinical findings and methodological implications. Kidney Int 1993;44:75-86. View abstract.
  • Connor WE, Connor SL. The importance of fish and docosahexaenoic acid in Alzheimer disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:929-30. View abstract.
  • Connor WE. n-3 Fatty acids from fish and fish oil: panacea or nostrum? Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74;415-6. View abstract.
  • Curtis CL, Hughes CE, Flannery CR, et al. n-3 fatty acids specifically modulate catabolic factors involved in articular cartilage degradation. J Biol Chem 2000;275:721-4. View abstract.
  • D'Almeida A, Carter JP, Anatol A, Prost C. Effects of a combination of evening primrose oil (gamma linolenic acid) and fish oil (eicosapentaenoic + docahexaenoic acid) versus magnesium, and versus placebo in preventing pre-eclampsia. Women Health 1992;19:117-31. View abstract.
  • D'Vaz N, Meldrum SJ, Dunstan JA, Martino D, McCarthy S, Metcalfe J, Tulic MK, Mori TA, Prescott SL. Postnatal fish oil supplementation in high-risk infants to prevent allergy: randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 2012;130(4):674-82. View abstract.
  • Da Boit M, Gabriel BM, Gray P, Gray SR. The Effect of Fish Oil, Vitamin D and Protein on URTI Incidence in Young Active People. Int J Sports Med. 2015;36(5):426-30. View abstract.
  • Da Boit M, Sibson R, Sivasubramaniam S, et al. Sex differences in the effect of fish-oil supplementation on the adaptive response to resistance exercise training in older people: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;105(1):151-158. View abstract.
  • Daenen LG, Cirkel GA, Houthuijzen JM, et al. Increased plasma levels of chemoresistance-inducing fatty acid 16:4(n-3) after consumption of fish and fish oil. JAMA Oncol 2015;1(3):350-8. View abstract.
  • Dallongeville J, Yarnell J, Ducimetiere P, et al. Fish consumption is associated with lower heart rates. Circulation 2003;108:820-5.. View abstract.
  • Daly JM, Lieberman MD, Goldfine J, et al. Enteral nutrition with supplemental arginine, RNA, and omega-3 fatty acids in patients after operation: immunologic, metabolic and clinical outcome. Surgery 1992;112:56-67. View abstract.
  • Danthiir V, Hosking DE, Nettelbeck T, et al. An 18-mo randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of DHA-rich fish oil to prevent age-related cognitive decline in cognitively normal older adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018;107(5):754-762. View abstract.
  • Darghosian L, Free M, Li J, Gebretsadik T, Bian A, Shintani A, McBride BF, Solus J, Milne G, Crossley GH, Thompson D, Vidaillet H, Okafor H, Darbar D, Murray KT, Stein CM. Effect of omega-three polyunsaturated fatty acids on inflammation, oxidative stress, and recurrence of atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2015;115(2):196-201. View abstract.
  • Daviglus ML, Stamler J, Orencia AJ, et al. Fish consumption and the 30-year risk of fatal myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1046-53. View abstract.
  • de Deckere EAM, Korver O, Verschuren PM, Katan MB. Health aspects of fish and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from plant and marine origin. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998;52:749-53. View abstract.
  • de Lorgeril M, Renaud S, Mamelle N, et al. Mediterranean alpha-linolenic acid-rich diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Lancet 1994;343:1454-9. View abstract.
  • DeGiorgio CM, Miller PR, Harper R, Gornbein J, Schrader L, Soss J, Meymandi S. Fish oil (n-3 fatty acids) in drug resistant epilepsy: a randomised placebo-controlled crossover study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2015;86(1):65-70. View abstract.
  • Deinema LA, Vingrys AJ, Wong CY, Jackson DC, Chinnery HR, Downie LE. A randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial of two forms of omega-3 supplements for treating dry eye disease. Ophthalmology. 2017;124(1):43-52. View abstract.
  • Deslypere JP. Influence of supplementation with N-3 fatty acids on different coronary risk factors in men--a placebo controlled study. Verh K Acad Geneeskd Belg 1992;54:189-216. View abstract.
  • Deutch B, Jorgensen EB, Hansen JC. n-3 PUFA from fish or seal oil reduce atherogenic risk indicators in Danish women. Nutr Res 2000;20:1065-77.
  • Deutch B, Jorgensen EB, Hansen JC. Menstrual discomfort in Danish women reduced by dietary supplements of omega-3 PUFA and B12 (fish oil or seal oil capsules). Nutr Res 2000;20:621-31.
  • Dewailly E, Blanchet C, Gingras S, et al. Relations between n-3 fatty acid status and cardiovascular disease risk factors among Quebecers. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:603-11. View abstract.
  • Dewailly E, Blanchet C, Lemieux S, et al. n-3 Fatty acids and cardiovascular disease risk factors among the Inuit of Nunavik. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:464-73. View abstract.
  • Diez-Tejedor E, Fuentes B. Fish consumption and stroke: benefit or risk? Neuroepidemiology 2002;21:105-6. View abstract.
  • DiGiacomo RA, Kremer JM, Shah DM. Fish-oil dietary supplementation in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon: a double-blind, controlled, prospective study. Am J Med 1989;86:158-64. View abstract.
  • Din JN, Newby DE, Flapan AD. Omega 3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease--fishing for a natural treatment. BMJ 2004;328:30-5. View abstract.
  • Djoussé L, Akinkuolie AO, Wu JH, et al. Fish consumption, omega-3 fatty acids and risk of heart failure: A meta-analysis. Clin Nutr 2012 Jun 6. [Epub ahead of print]. View abstract.
  • Dodin S, Lemay A, Jacques H, et al. The effects of flaxseed dietary supplement on lipid profile, bone mineral density, and symptoms in menopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, wheat germ placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:1390-7. View abstract.
  • Donadio JV, Grande JP, Bergstralh EJ, et al. The long-term outcome of patients with IgA nephropathy treated with fish oil in a controlled trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999;10:1772-7. View abstract.
  • Donadio JV, Grande JP. The role of fish oil/omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of IgA nephropathy. Semin Nephrol 2004;24:225-43. View abstract.
  • Donadio JV, Larson TS, Bergstralh EJ, Grande JP. A randomized trial of high-dose compared with low-dose omega-3 fatty acids in severe IgA nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001;12:791-9. View abstract.
  • Dorn M, Knick E, Lewith G. Placebo-controlled, double-blind study of Echinaceae pallidae radix in upper respiratory tract infections. Complement Ther Med 1997;5:40-2.
  • Downie LE, Ng SM, Lindsley KB, Akpek EK. Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids for dry eye disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;12(12):CD011016. View abstract.
  • Dry Eye Assessment and Management Study Research Group, Asbell PA, Maguire MG, Pistilli M, et al. n-3 fatty acid supplementation for the treatment of dry eye disease. N Engl J Med 2018;378(18):1681-90. View abstract.
  • Du S, Jin J, Fang W, Su Q. Does Fish Oil Have an Anti-Obesity Effect in Overweight/Obese Adults? A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. PLoS One. 2015;10(11):e0142652. View abstract.
  • Duell PG, Malinow MR. Homocysteine: An important risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular disease. Curr Opin Lipidol 1997;8:28-34. View abstract.
  • Duffy EM, Meenagh GK, McMillan SA, et al. The clinical effect of dietary supplementation with omega-3 fish oils and/or copper in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2004;31:1551-6. View abstract.
  • Dunstan JA, Mori TA, Barden A et al. Fish oil supplementation in pregnancy modifies neonatal allergen-specific immune responses and clinical outcomes in infants at high risk of atopy: a randomized, controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;112:1178-84. View abstract.
  • Dunstan JA, Mori TA, Barden A, et al. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in pregnancy on maternal and fetal erythrocyte fatty acid composition. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004;58:429-37. View abstract.
  • Dunstan JA, Roper J, Mitoulas L, et al. The effect of supplementation with fish oil during pregnancy on breast milk immunoglobulin A, soluble CD14, cytokine levels and fatty acid composition. Clin Exp Allergy 2004;34:1237-42. View abstract.
  • Dunstan JA, Simmer K, Dixon G, Prescott SL. Cognitive assessment at 2 1/2 years following fish oil supplementation in pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2008;93(1):F45-50. View abstract.
  • Elajami TK, Alfaddagh A, Lakshminarayan D, Soliman M, Chandnani M, Welty FK. Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids attenuate progression of albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(7):e004740. View abstract.
  • Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21. Part 182 -- Substances Generally Recognized As Safe. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=182
  • Emelyanov A, Fedoseev G, Krasnoschekova O, et al. Treatment of asthma with lipid extract of New Zealand green-lipped mussel: a randomised clinical trial. Eur Respir J 2002;20:596-600. View abstract.
  • Emsley R, Chiliza B, Asmal L, du Plessis S, Phahladira L, van Niekerk E, van Rensburg SJ, Harvey BH. A randomized, controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acids plus an antioxidant for relapse prevention after antipsychotic discontinuation in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2014 Sep;158(1-3):230-5. View abstract.
  • Engstrom K, Wallin R, Saldeen T. Effect of low-dose aspirin in combination with stable fish oil on whole blood production of eicosanoids. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2001;64:291-7. View abstract.
  • Epitropoulos AT, Donnenfeld ED, Shah ZA, et al. Effect of Oral Re-esterified Omega-3 Nutritional Supplementation on Dry Eyes. Cornea. 2016;35(9):1185-91. View abstract.
  • Eritsland J, Amesen H, Gronseth K, et al. Effect of dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acids on coronary artery bypass graft patency. Am J Cardiol 1996;77:31-6. View abstract.
  • Eritsland J, Arnesen H, Seljeflot I, Hostmark AT. Long-term metabolic effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;61:831-6. View abstract.
  • Eritsland J, Seljeflot I, Abdelnoor M, et al. Long-term effects of n-3 fatty acids on serum lipids and glycaemic control. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1994;54:273-80. View abstract.
  • Fakhrzadeh H, Poorebrahim R, Hosseini S, Jalili RB, and Larijani B. The effects of consumption of omega-3 fatty acid enriched-eggs on plasma lipid profile, insulin and CRP. J MED COUNC ISLAMIC REPUB IRAN 2005;22(4):365.
  • Farmer A, Montori V, Dinneen S, Clar C. Fish oil in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001;3:CD003205. View abstract.
  • FDA. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. Letter regarding dietary supplement health claim for omega-3 fatty acids and coronary heart disease. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/95s0316/95s-0316-Rpt0272-38-Appendix-D-Reference-F-FDA-vol205.pdf. (Accessed February 7, 2017).
  • FDA. Letter Responding to Health Claim Petition dated November 3, 2003 (Martek Petition): Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Reduced Risk of Coronary Heart Disease (Docket No. 2003Q-0401). September 2004. Available at: https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20171114183727/https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/LabelingNutrition/ucm072932.htm. Accessed on March 30, 2020.
  • FDA. RE: Petition for a Health Claim for Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid and Reduction of Blood Pressure in the General Population (Docket No. FDA-2014-Q-1146). June 2019. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/media/128043/download. Accessed on March 30, 2020.
  • Feagan BG, Sandborn WJ, Mittmann U, et al. Omega-3 free fatty acids for the maintenance of remission in Crohn disease: the EPIC Randomized Controlled Trials. JAMA 2008;299:1690-7. View abstract.
  • Fewtrell MS, Abbott RA, Kennedy K, et al. Randomized, double-blind trial of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation with fish oil and borage oil in preterm infants. J Pediatr 2004;144:471-9. View abstract.
  • Finnegan YE, Howarth D, Minihane AM, et al. Plant and marine derived (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids do not affect blood coagulation and fibrinolytic factors in moderately hyperlipidemic humans. J Nutr 2003;133:2210-3.. View abstract.
  • Finnegan YE, Minihane AM, Leigh-Firbank EC, et al. Plant- and marine-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have differential effects on fasting and postprandial blood lipid concentrations and on the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in moderately hyperlipidemic subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:783-95. View abstract.
  • Folsom AR, Demissie Z. Fish intake, marine omega-3 fatty acids, and mortality in a cohort of postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 2004;160:1005-10. View abstract.
  • Foran JA, Carpenter DO, Hamilton MC, et al. Risk-based consumption advice for farmed Atlantic and wild Pacific salmon contaminated with dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. Environ Health Perspect 2005;113:552-6. View abstract.
  • Foran SE, Flood JG, Lewandrowski KB. Measurement of mercury levels in concentrated over-the-counter fish oil preparations: is fish oil healthier than fish? Arch Pathol Lab Med 2003;127:1603-5. View abstract.
  • Fortin PR, Lew RA, Liang MH, et al. Validation of a meta-analysis: the effects of fish oil in rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Epidemiol 1995;48:1379-90. View abstract.
  • Fradet V, Cheng I, Casey G, et al. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids, cyclooxygenase-2 genetic variation, and aggressive prostate cancer risk. Clin Cancer Res. 2009 Apr 1;15(7):2559-66. View abstract.
  • Freese R, Mutanen M. Alpha-linolenic acid and marine long-chain n-3 fatty acids differ only slightly in their effects on hemostatic factors in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;66:591-8. View abstract.
  • Freund-Levi Y, Eriksdotter-Jonhagen M, Cederholm T, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid treatment in 174 patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: OmegAD study: a randomized double-blind trial. Arch Neurol 2006;63:1402-8. View abstract.
  • Friedberg CE, Janssen MJ, Heine RJ, Grobbee DE. Fish oil and glycemic control in diabetes. A meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 1998;21:494-500. View abstract.
  • Frost L, Vestergaard P. n-3 Fatty acids consumed from fish and risk of atrial fibrillation or flutter: the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81:50-4. View abstract.
  • Gadek JE, DeMichele SJ, Karlstad MD, et al. Effect of enteral feeding with eicosapentaenoic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and antioxidants in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Enteral Nutrition in ARDS Study Group. Crit Care Med 1999;27:1409-20. View abstract.
  • Gajos G1, Rostoff P, Undas A, et al. Effects of polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids on responsiveness to dual antiplatelet therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: the OMEGA-PCI (OMEGA-3 fatty acids after pci to modify responsiveness to dual antiplatelet therapy) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010 Apr 20;55(16):1671-8. View abstract.
  • Galan P, Kesse-Guyot E, Czernichow S, et al; SU.FOL.OM3 Collaborative Group. Effects of B vitamins and omega 3 fatty acids on cardiovascular diseases: a randomised placebo controlled trial. BMJ 2010;341:c6273. View abstract.
  • Gamoh S, Hashimoto M, Sugioka K, et al. Chronic administration of docosahexaenoic acid improves reference memory-related learning ability in young rats. Neuroscience 1999;93:237-41. View abstract.
  • Gans RO, Bilo HJ, Weersink EG, et al. Fish oil supplementation in patients with stable claudication. Am J Surg 1990;160:490-5. View abstract.
  • Gao C, Liu Y, Gan Y, et al. Effects of fish oil supplementation on glucose control and lipid levels among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Lipids Health Dis. 2020;19(1):87. View abstract.
  • Garcia-Larsen V, Ierodiakonou D, Jarrold K, et al. Diet during pregnancy and infancy and risk of allergic or autoimmune disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2018;15(2):e1002507. View abstract.
  • Geelen A, Brouwer IA, Schouten EG, et al. Effects of n-3 fatty acids from fish on premature ventricular complexes and heart rate in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81:416-20. View abstract.
  • Gianotti L, Braga M, Fortis C, et al. A prospective, randomized clinical trial on perioperative feeding with an arginine, omega-3-fatty acid, and RNA-enriched enteral diet: effect on host response and nutritional status. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1999;23:314-20. View abstract.
  • Gissi-HF Investigators; Tavazzi L, Maggioni AP, Marchioli R, et al. Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2008;372:1223-30. View abstract.
  • GISSI-Prevenzione Investigators. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto miocardico. Lancet 1999;354(9177):447-455. View abstract.
  • Goldberg RJ, Katz J. A meta-analysis of the analgesic effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for inflammatory joint pain. Pain 2007;129:210-23. View abstract.
  • Golikov, A. P. and Babaian, I. S. [Pumpan in the treatment of ischemic heart disease associated with arterial hypertension]. Ter Arkh 2001;73(10):68-69. View abstract.
  • Goodfellow J, Bellamy MF, Ramsey MW, et al. Dietary supplementation with marine omega-3 fatty acids improve systemic large artery endothelial function in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. (abstract) J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:265-70. View abstract.
  • Goodnight SH Jr, Harris WS, Connor WE. The effects of dietary omega 3 fatty acids on platelet composition and function in man: a prospective, controlled study. Blood. 1981 Nov;58(5):880-5. View abstract.
  • Gray P, Chappell A, Jenkinson AM, Thies F, Gray SR. Fish oil supplementation reduces markers of oxidative stress but not muscle soreness after eccentric exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2014;24(2):206-14. View abstract.
  • Greenfield SM, Green AT, Teare JP, et al. A randomized controlled study of evening primrose oil and fish oil in ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1993;7:159-66. View abstract.
  • Grekas D, Kassimatis E, Makedou A, et al. Combined treatment with low-dose pravastatin and fish oil in post-renal transplantation dislipidemia. Nephron 2001;88:329-33.. View abstract.
  • Grimminger F, Mayser P, Papavassilis C, et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of n-3 fatty acid based lipid infusion in acute, extended guttate psoriasis. Rapid improvement of clinical manifestations and changes in neutrophil leukotriene profile. Clin Invest 1993;71:634-43. View abstract.
  • Grimsgaard S, Bonaa KH, Hansen JB, Nordoy A. Highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in humans have similar triacylglycerol-lowering effects but divergent effects on serum fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;66:649-59. View abstract.
  • Gutstein AS, Copple T. Cardiovascular disease and omega-3s: Prescription products and fish oil dietary supplements are not the same. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract. 2017;29(12):791-801. View abstract.
  • Hamazaki T, Sawazaki S, Itomura M, et al. The effect of docosahexaenoic acid on aggression in young adults. A placebo-controlled double-blind study. J Clin Invest 1996;97:1129-33. View abstract.
  • Hardman WE. (n-3) fatty acids and cancer therapy. J Nutr 2004;134:3427S-30S. View abstract.
  • Harel Z, Biro FM, Kottenhahn RK, Rosenthal SL. Supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the management of dysmenorrhea in adolescents. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;174:1335-8. View abstract.
  • Harel Z, Gascon G, Riggs S, et al. Supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the management of recurrent migraines in adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2002;31:154-61. View abstract.
  • Harper CR, Edwards MC, Jacobson TA. Flaxseed oil supplementation does not affect plasma lipoprotein concentration or particle size in human subjects. J Nutr 2006;136:2844-8. View abstract.
  • Harper CR, Jacobson TA. Beyond the Mediterranean diet: the role of omega-3 Fatty acids in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Prev Cardiol 2003;6:136-46. View abstract.
  • Harris WS. Fish oil supplementation: evidence for health benefits. Cleve Clin J Med 2004;71:208-10, 212, 215-8 passim. View abstract.
  • Harris WS. n-3 fatty acids and serum lipoproteins: human studies. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65:1645S-54S. View abstract.
  • Hashemipour MA, Barzegari S, Kakoie S, Aghahi RH. Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Against Chemotherapy-induced Mucositis: A Double-blind Randomized Clinical Trial. Wounds. 2017;29(12):360-366. View abstract.
  • Hatzitolios A, Savopoulos C, Lazaraki G, et al. Efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids, atorvastatin and orlistat in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with dyslipidemia. Indian J Gastroenterol 2004;23:131-4. View abstract.
  • Hawthorne AB, Daneshmend TK, Hawkey CJ, et al. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with fish oil supplementation: a prospective 12 month randomised controlled trial. Gut 1992;33:922-8. View abstract.
  • He K, Daviglus ML. A few more thoughts about fish and fish oil. J Am Diet Assoc 2005;105:350-1. View abstract.
  • He L, Li MS, Lin M, Zhao TY, Gao P. Effect of fish oil supplement in maintenance hemodialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published randomized controlled trials. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2016 Feb;72(2):129-39. View abstract.
  • Healy E, Newell L, Howarth P, Friedmann PS. Control of salicylate intolerance with fish oils. Br J Dermatol 2008;159:1368-9. View abstract.
  • Henry JG, Sobki S, Afafat N. Interference by biotin therapy on measurement of TSH and FT4 by enzyme immunoassay on Boehringer Mannheim ES 700 analyzer. Ann Clin Biochem 1996;33:162-3. View abstract.
  • Hibbeln JR, Davis JM, Steer C, et al. Maternal seafood consumption in pregnancy and neurodevelopmental outcomes in childhood (ALSPAC study): an observational cohort study. Lancet 2007;369:578-85. View abstract.
  • Hibbeln JR. Fish consumption and major depression. Lancet 1998;351:1213. View abstract.
  • Higdon JV, Du SH, Lee YS, et al. Supplementation of postmenopausal women with fish oil does not increase overall oxidation of LDL ex vivo compared to dietary oils rich in oleate and linoleate. J Lipid Res 2001;42:407-18. View abstract.
  • Higdon JV, Liu J, Du S, et al. Supplementation of postmenopausal women with fish oil rich in eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid is not associated with greater in vivo lipid peroxidation compared with oils rich in oleate and linoleate as assessed by plasma malondialdehyde and F(2)- isoprostanes. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:714-22. View abstract.
  • Higgins S, McCarthy SN, Corridan BM, et al. Measurement of free cholesterol, cholesteryl esters and cholesteryl linoleate hydroperoxide in copper-oxidised low density lipoprotein in healthy volunteers supplemented with a low dose of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Nutr Res 2000;20:1091-102.
  • Hilbert G, Lillemark L, Balchen S, Hojskov CS. Reduction of organochlorine contaminants from fish oil during refining. Chemosphere 1998;37:1241-52. View abstract.
  • Hill AM, Buckley JD, Murphy KJ, Howe PR. Combining fish-oil supplements with regular aerobic exercise improves body composition and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:1267-74. View abstract.
  • Hill CL, March LM, Aitken D, et al. Fish oil in knee osteoarthritis: a randomised clinical trial of low dose versus high dose. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(1):23-9. View abstract.
  • Hirayama S, Hamazaki T, Terasawa K. Effect of docosahexaenoic acid-containing food administration on symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder - a placebo-controlled double-blind study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004;58:467-73. View abstract.
  • Hjerkinn EM, Seljeflot I, Ellingsen I, et al. Influence of long-term intervention with dietary counseling, long-chain n-3 fatty acid supplements, or both on circulating markers of endothelial activation in men with long-standing hyperlipidemia. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81:583-9. View abstract.
  • Holland S, Silberstein SD, Freitag F, et al. Evidence-based guideline update: NSAIDs and other complementary treatments for episodic migraine prevention in adults: Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society. Neurology 2012;78:1346-53. View abstract.
  • Holm T, Andreassen AK, Aukrust P, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids improve blood pressure control and preserve renal function in hypertensive heart transplant recipients. Eur Heart J 2001;22:428-36. View abstract.
  • Holub BJ. Clinical nutrition: 4. Omega-3 fatty acids in cardiovascular care. CMAJ 2002:166:608-15. View abstract.
  • Hooper L, Thompson RL, Harrison RA, et al. Omega 3 fatty acids for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;(4):CD003177. View abstract.
  • Hosseinlou A, Alinejad V, Alinejad M, Aghakhani N. The effects of fish oil capsules and vitamin B1 tablets on duration and severity of dysmenorrhea in students of high school in Urmia-Iran. Glob J Health Sci 2014;6(7 Spec No):124-9. View abstract.
  • Houthuijzen JM, Daenen LG, Roodhart JM, et al. Lysophospholipids secreted by splenic macrophages induce chemotherapy resistance via interference with the DNA damage response. Nat Commun 2014;5:5275. View abstract.
  • Hsu HC, Lee YT, Chen MF. Effect of n-3 fatty acids on the composition and binding properties of lipoproteins in hypertriglyceridemic patients. (abstract) Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:28-35. View abstract.
  • Hu FB, Manson JE. Omega-3 fatty acids and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease - Is it just a fish tale? Arch Intern Med 2012;172:694-6. View abstract.
  • Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, et al. Dietary intake of alpha-linolenic acid and risk of fatal ischemic heart disease among women. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:890-7. View abstract.
  • Hua L, Lei M, Xue S, Li X, Li S, Xie Q. Effect of fish oil supplementation combined with high-intensity interval training in newly diagnosed non-obese type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2020;66(2):146-151. View abstract.
  • Huang, J., Frohlich, J., and Ignaszewski, A. P. The impact of dietary changes and dietary supplements on lipid profile. Can J Cardiol 2011;27(4):488-505. View abstract.
  • Hwang DH, Chanmugam PS, Ryan DH, et al. Does vegetable oil attenuate the beneficial effects of fish oil in reducing risk factors for cardiovascular disease? Am J Clin Nutr 1997;66:89-96. View abstract.
  • Irish AB, Viecelli AK, Hawley CM, et al; Omega-3 Fatty Acids (Fish Oils) and Aspirin in Vascular Access Outcomes in Renal Disease (FAVOURED) Study Collaborative Group. Effect of fish oil supplementation and aspirin use on arteriovenous fistula failure in patients requiring hemodialysis: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177(2):184-193. View abstract.
  • Iso H, Rexrode KM, Stampfer MJ, et al. Intake of fish and omega-3 fatty acids and risk of stroke in women. JAMA 2001;285:304-12. View abstract.
  • Israel DH, Gorlin R. Fish oils in the prevention of atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;19:174-85. View abstract.
  • Ito Y, Suzuki K, Imai H, et al. Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on atrophic gastritis in a Japanese population. Cancer Lett 2001;163:171-8. View abstract.
  • Jackson JC, Mozaffarian D, Graves AJ, et al. Fish Oil Supplementation Does Not Affect Cognitive Outcomes in Cardiac Surgery Patients in the Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Prevention of Post-Operative Atrial Fibrillation (OPERA) Trial. J Nutr. 2018;148(3):472-479. View abstract.
  • Jalili M, Dehpour AR. Extremely prolonged INR associated with warfarin in combination with both trazodone and omega-3 fatty acids. Arch Med Res. 2007 Nov;38(8):901-4. View abstract.
  • Jami MM, Bhardwaj V, Merritt RJ. Intravenous Fish Oil Lipid Emulsion Prevents Catheter-Related Thromboses in Pediatric Patients with Intestinal Failure. J Pediatr. 2018. View abstract.
  • Jeansen S, Witkamp RF, Garthoff JA, van Helvoort A, Calder PC. Fish oil LC-PUFAs do not affect blood coagulation parameters and bleeding manifestations: Analysis of 8 clinical studies with selected patient groups on omega-3-enriched medical nutrition. Clin Nutr. 2018;37(3):948-957. View abstract.
  • Jenkins DJ, Josse AR, Beyene J, et al. Fish-oil supplementation in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators: a meta-analysis. CMAJ 2008;178:157-64. View abstract.
  • Jensen T, Stender S, Goldstein K, et al. Partial normalization by dietary cod-liver oil of increased microvascular albumin leakage in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes and albuminuria. N Engl J Med 1989;321:1572-7. View abstract.
  • Jensen TK, Priskorn L, Holmboe SA, et al. Associations of Fish Oil Supplement Use With Testicular Function in Young Men. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Jan 3;3(1):e1919462. View abstract.
  • Jeyaraj S, Shivaji G, and Jeyaraj SD. Effect of a combined supplementation of fish oil (MEGA-3) with garlic pearls on the serum lipid profile, blood pressure and body mass index of hypercholesterolemic subjects [abstract]. Heart 2000;83(suppl II):A4.
  • Johnsen SH, Jacobsen BK, Brækkan SK, Hansen JB, Mathiesen EB. Fish consumption, fish oil supplements and risk of atherosclerosis in the Tromsø study. Nutr J. 2018;17(1):56. View abstract.
  • Jones WL, Kaiser SP. Pilot study; an emulsified fish oil supplement can significantly improve C-reactive protein, hemoglobin, albumin and urine output in chronic hemodialysis volunteers. JANA 2002;5:46-50.
  • Kangari H, Eftekhari MH, Sardari S, et al. Short-term consumption of oral omega-3 and dry eye syndrome. Ophthalmology. 2013 Nov;120(11):2191-6. View abstract.
  • Karimi Z, Mousavizadeh A, Rafiei H, et al. The Effect of Using Olive Oil and Fish Oil Prophylactic Dressings on Heel Pressure Injury Development in Critically Ill Patients. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2020 Jan 20;13:59-65. View abstract.
  • Kasim SE, Stern B, Khilnani S, et al. Effects of omega-3 fish oils on lipid metabolism, glycemic control, and blood pressure in type II diabetic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988;67:1-5.. View abstract.
  • Kastrup EK. Drug Facts and Comparisons. 1998 ed. St. Louis, MO: Facts and Comparisons, 1998.
  • Kaul N, Kreml R, Austria JA, et al. A comparison of fish oil, flaxseed oil and hempseed oil supplementation on selected parameters of cardiovascular health in healthy volunteers. J Am Coll Nutr 2008;27:51-8. View abstract.
  • Kawakita T, Kawabata F, Tsuji T, Kawashima M, Shimmura S, Tsubota K. Effects of dietary supplementation with fish oil on dry eye syndrome subjects: randomized controlled trial. Biomed Res 2013;34(5):215-20. View abstract.
  • Kelley DS, Rudolph IL. Effect of individual fatty acids of omega-6 and omega-3 type on human immune status and role of eicosanoids. Nutrition 2000;16:143-5. View abstract.
  • Kew S, Banerjee T, Minihane AM, et al. Lack of effect of foods enriched with plant- or marine-derived n-3 fatty acids on human immune function. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:1287-95.. View abstract.
  • Khawaja O, Gaziano JM, Djoussé L. A meta-analysis of omega-3 fatty acids and incidence of atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Nutr 2012;31:4-13. View abstract.
  • Khoueiry G, Abi Rafeh N, Sullivan E, Saiful F, Jaffery Z, Kenigsberg DN, Krishnan SC, Khanal S, Bekheit S, Kowalski M. Do omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce risk of sudden cardiac death and ventricular arrhythmias? A meta-analysis of randomized trials. Heart Lung 2013;42(4):251-6. View abstract.
  • Kinrys G. Hypomania associated with omega3 fatty acids. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:715-6. View abstract.
  • Kjeldsen-Kragh J, Lund JA, Riise T, et al. Dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and naproxen treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1992;19:1531-6. View abstract.
  • Klein V, Chajes V, Germain E, et al. Low alpha-linolenic acid content of adipose breast tissue is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 2000;36:335-40. View abstract.
  • Kmet A, Unger J, Jahangir K, Kolber MR. Fish-oil capsule ingestion: a case of recurrent anaphylaxis. Can Fam Physician 2012;58(7):e379-81. View abstract.
  • Köhler A, Sarkkinen E, Tapola N, Niskanen T, Bruheim I. Bioavailability of fatty acids from krill oil, krill meal and fish oil in healthy subjects--a randomized, single-dose, cross-over trial. Lipids Health Dis 2015;14:19. View abstract.
  • Kojima M, Wakai K, Tokudome S, et al. Serum levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of colorectal cancer: a prospective study. Am J Epidemiol 2005;161:462-71. View abstract.
  • Kolasinski SL, Neogi T, Hochberg MC, et al. 2019 American College of Rheumatology/Arthritis Foundation guideline for the management of osteoarthritis of the hand, hip, and knee. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2020 Feb;72(2):220-33. View abstract.
  • Kremmyda LS, Vlachava M, Noakes PS, et al. Atopy risk in infants and children in relation to early exposure to fish, oily fish, or long-chain omega-3 fatty acids: a systematic review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2011;41:36-66. View abstract.
  • Kris-Ehterton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ, et al. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2002;106:2747-57. View abstract.
  • Kromhout D, Bosschieter EB, de Lezenne Coulander C. The inverse relation between fish consumption and 20-year mortality from coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1985;312:1205-9. View abstract.
  • Kromhout D, Giltay EJ, Geleijnse JM; Alpha Omega Trial Group. n-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular events after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2010;363:2015-26. View abstract.
  • Kruger MC, Coetzer H, de Winter R, et al. Calcium, gamma-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid supplementation in senile osteoporosis. Aging (Milano) 1998;10:385-94. View abstract.
  • Kuenzel U and Bertsch S. Clinical experiences with a standardized commercial fish oil product containing 33.5% omega-3 fatty acids - field trial with 3958 hyperlipemic patients in general practitioner practice. In: Chandra RK. Health Effects of Fish and Fish Oils. New Foundland: ARTS Biomedical Publishers and Distributors;1989.
  • Kujur SK, Goswami V, Nikunj AM, Singh G, Bandhe S, Ghritlahre H. Efficacy of omega 3 fatty acid as an adjunct in the management of chronic periodontitis: A randomized controlled trial. Indian J Dent Res. 2020;31(2):229-235. View abstract.
  • Kumar S, Sutherland F, Morton JB, Lee G, Morgan J, Wong J, Eccleston DE, Voukelatos J, Garg ML, Sparks PB. Long-term omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation reduces the recurrence of persistent atrial fibrillation after electrical cardioversion. Heart Rhythm 2012;9(4):483-91. View abstract.
  • Kumar S, Sutherland F, Stevenson I, Lee JM, Garg ML, Sparks PB. Effects of long-term ?-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on paroxysmal atrial tachyarrhythmia burden in patients with implanted pacemakers: results from a prospective randomised study. Int J Cardiol 2013;168(4):3812-7. View abstract.
  • Kwak SM, Myung SK, Lee YJ, Seo HG. Efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplements (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 2012;172:686-94. View abstract.
  • Lacaille B, Julien P, Deshaies Y, et al. Responses of plasma lipoproteins and sex hormones to the consumption of lean fish incorporated in a prudent-type diet in normolipidemic men. J Am Coll Nutr 2000;19:745-53. View abstract.
  • Laivuori H, Hovatta O, Viinikka L, et al. Dietary supplementation with primrose oil or fish oil does not change urinary excretion of prostacyclin and thromboxane metabolites in pre-eclamptic women. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1993;49:691-4. View abstract.
  • Larsson SC, Kumlin M, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Wolk A. Dietary long-chain n-3 fatty acids for the prevention of cancer: a review of potential mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:935-45. View abstract.
  • Lau CS, Morley KD, Belch JJ. Effects of fish oil supplementation on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug requirement in patients with mild rheumatoid arthritis- a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Br J Rheumatol 1993;32:982-9. View abstract.
  • Lauritzen L, Hoppe C, Straarup EM, Michaelsen KF. Maternal fish oil supplementation in lactation and growth during the first 2.5 years of life. Pediatr Res 2005;58:235-42. View abstract.
  • Lauritzen L, Jorgensen MH, Mikkelsen TB, et al. Maternal fish oil supplementation in lactation: effect on visual acuity and n-3 fatty acid content of infant erythrocytes. Lipids 2004;39:195-206. View abstract.
  • Laviano A, Muscaritoli M, Rossi-Fanelli F. Phase II study of high-dose fish oil capsules for patients with cancer-related cachexia: a Cancer and Leukemia Group B study. Cancer 2005;103:651-2. View abstract.
  • Layne KS, Goh YK, Jumpsen JA, et al. Normal subjects consuming physiological levels of 18:3(n-3) and 20:5(n-3) from flaxseed or fish oils have characteristic differences in plasma lipid and lipoprotein fatty acid levels. J Nutr 1996;126:2130-40. View abstract.
  • Leaf A, Albert CM, Josephson M, et al. Prevention of fatal arrhythmias in high-risk subjects by fish oil n-3 fatty acid intake. Circulation 2005;112:2762-8. View abstract.
  • Leaf A, Jorgensen MB, Jacobs AK, et al. Do fish oils prevent restenosis after coronary angioplasty? Circulation 1994;90:2248-57. View abstract.
  • Leaf A, Xiao YF, Kang JX, Billman GE. Prevention of sudden cardiac death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Pharmacol Ther 2003;98:355-77. View abstract.
  • Leaf A. On the reanalysis of the GISSI-Prevenzione. Circulation 2002;105:1874-5. View abstract.
  • Leaf A. Historical overview of n-3 fatty acids and coronary heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87(6):1978S-80S. View abstract.
  • Leaf, D. A., Connor, W. E., Barstad, L., and Sexton, G. Incorporation of dietary n-3 fatty acids into the fatty acids of human adipose tissue and plasma lipid classes. Am.J Clin Nutr. 1995;62(1):68-73. View abstract.
  • Lee LK, Shahar S, Chin AV, Yusoff NA. Docosahexaenoic acid-concentrated fish oil supplementation in subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI): a 12-month randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013;225(3):605-12. View abstract.
  • Lee SM, Chung SH, Park Y, et al. Effect of omega-3 fatty acid on the fatty acid content of the erythrocyte membrane and proteinuria in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Int J Endocrinol. 2015;2015:208121. View abstract.
  • Leitzmann MF, Stampfer MJ, Michaud DS, et al. Dietary intake of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and the risk of prostate cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:204-16. View abstract.
  • Lemaitre RN, King IB, Mozaffarian D, et al. n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, fatal ischemic heart disease, and nonfatal myocardial infarction in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:319-25.. View abstract.
  • Lenn J, Uhl T, Mattacola C, et al. The effects of fish oil and isoflavones on delayed onset muscle soreness. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002;34:1605-13. View abstract.
  • Leson CL, McGuigan MA, Bryson SM. Caffeine overdose in an adolescent male. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1988;26:407-15. View abstract.
  • Lev EI, Solodky A, Harel N, et al. Treatment of aspirin-resistant patients with omega-3 fatty acids versus aspirin dose escalation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010 Jan 12;55(2):114-21. View abstract.
  • Lev-Tzion R, Griffiths AM, Leder O, Turner D. Omega 3 fatty acids (fish oil) for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;2:CD006320. View abstract.
  • Liao Y, Xie B, Zhang H, et al. Efficacy of omega-3 PUFAs in depression: A meta-analysis. Transl Psychiatry. 2019 Aug 5;9(1):190. View abstract.
  • Lim AK, Manley KJ, Roberts MA, Fraenkel MB. Fish oil for kidney transplant recipients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(8):CD005282. View abstract.
  • Lok CE, Moist L, Hemmelgarn BR, Tonelli M, Vazquez MA, Dorval M, Oliver M, Donnelly S, Allon M, Stanley K; Fish Oil Inhibition of Stenosis in Hemodialysis Grafts (FISH) Study Group. Effect of fish oil supplementation on graft patency and cardiovascular events among patients with new synthetic arteriovenous hemodialysis grafts: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2012;307(17):1809-16. View abstract.
  • Lorenz-Meyer H, Bauer P, Nicolay C, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids and low carbohydrate diet for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. A randomized controlled multicenter trial. Study Group Members (German Crohn's Disease Study Group) (abstract). Scand J Gastroenterol 1996;31:778-85. View abstract.
  • Lovaza (omega-3-acid ethyl esters) prescribing information. GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, 2014. Available at: https://www.gsksource.com/pharma/content/dam/GlaxoSmithKline/US/en/Prescribing_Information/Lovaza/pdf/LOVAZA-PI-PIL.PDF (accessed 6/18/2015).
  • Lovegrove JA, Lovegrove SS, Lesauvage SV, et al. Moderate fish-oil supplementation reverses low-platelet, long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid status and reduces plasma triacylglycerol concentrations in British Indo-Asians. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:974-82. View abstract.
  • Lu C, Sharma S, McIntyre L, et al. Omega-3 supplementation in patients with sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Ann Intensive Care. 2017;7(1):58. View abstract.
  • Lu M, Cho E, Taylor A, et al. Prospective Study of Dietary Fat and Risk of Cataract Extraction among US Women. Am J Epidemiol 2005;161:948-59. View abstract.
  • Lucas M, Asselin G, Merette C, et al. Effects of ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on hot flashes and quality of life among middle-aged women: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Menopause 2009;16:357-66. View abstract.
  • Luo J, Rizkalla SW, Vidal H, et al. Moderate intake of n-3 fatty acids for 2 months has no detrimental effect on glucose metabolism and could ameliorate the lipid profile in type 2 diabetic men. Results of a controlled study. Diabetes Care 1998;21:717-24. View abstract.
  • Luo, J Rizkalla SW Vidal H Oppert JM Colas C Boussairi A Guerre-Millo M Chapuis AS Chevalier A Durand G Slama G. Moderate intake of n-3 fatty acids for 2 months has no detrimental effect on glucose metabolism and could ameliorate the lipid profile in type 2 diabetic men. Results of a controlled study. Diabetes Care. 1998;21(5):717-724. View abstract.
  • MacFarlane LA, Cook NR, Kim E, et al. The effects of vitamin D and marine omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on chronic knee pain in older U.S. adults: Results from a randomized trial. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2020. View abstract.
  • MacLean CH, Newberry SJ, Mojica WJ, et al. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cancer risk: a systematic review. JAMA 2006;295:403-15. View abstract.
  • Madsen T, Christensen JH, Blom M, Schmidt EB. The effect of dietary n-3 acids on serum concentrations of C-reactive protein: a dose-response study. Br J Nutr 2003;89:517-22. View abstract.
  • Maes M, Christophe A, Delanghe J, et al. Lowered omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in serum phospholipids and cholesteryl esters of depressed patients. Psychiatry Res 1999;85:275-91.. View abstract.
  • Magavern EF, Khong TK. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation does not prevent serious vascular events in people with diabetes. Drug Ther Bull. 2019 Oct;57(10):150-151. View abstract.
  • Maghsoumi-Norouzabad L, Mansoori A, Abed R, Shishehbor F. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on the frequency, severity, and duration of migraine attacks: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Neurosci. 2018;21(9):614-623. View abstract.
  • Mahan LK, Escott-Stump S. Krause's Food, Nutrition, and Diet Therapy. 9th edition. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, 1996.
  • Makrides M, Best K, Yelland L, et al. A Randomized Trial of Prenatal n-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation and Preterm Delivery. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(11):1035-1045. View abstract.
  • Makrides M, Neumann M, Simmer K, Pater J, and Gibson R. Are long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids essential nutrients in infancy? Lancet 1995;345(8963):1463-1468. View abstract.
  • Malcolm CA, McCulloch DL, Montgomery C, et al. Maternal docosahexaenoic acid supplementation during pregnancy and visual evoked potential development in term infants: a double blind, prospective, randomised trial. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2003;88:F383-90. View abstract.
  • Malinowski JM, Metka K. Elevation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration with over-the-counter fish oil supplementation. Ann Pharmacother 2007;41:1296-300. View abstract.
  • Manson JE, Cook NR, Lee IM, et al. Marine n-3 Fatty Acids and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(1):23-32. View abstract.
  • Marangell LB, Martinez JM, Zboyan HA, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid in the treatment of major depression. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:996-8.. View abstract.
  • Marchioli R, Barzi F, Bomba E, and et al. Early protection against sudden death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction. Time-course analysis of the results of the gruppo italiano per lo studio della sopravvivenza nell'infarto miocardico (GISSI)-prevenzione. Circulation 2002;105(16):1897-1903. View abstract.
  • Marckmann P, Bladbjerg EM, Jespersen J. Dietary fish oil (4 g daily) and cardiovascular risk markers in healthy men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:3384-91. View abstract.
  • Maresta A, Balduccelli M, Varani E, et al. Prevention of postcoronary angioplasty restenosis by omega-3 fatty acids: main results of the Esapent for Prevention of Restenosis Italian Study (ESPRIT). Am Heart J 143:E5. View abstract.
  • Mayser P, Mrowietz U, Arenberger P, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid-based lipid infusion in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;38:539-47. View abstract.
  • Mazurak VC, Calder PC, van der Meij BS. Let them eat fish. JAMA Oncol 2015;1(6):840.View abstract.
  • McKenney JM, Sica D. Prescription omega-3 fatty acids for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2007;64:595-605. View abstract.
  • McKenney JM, Swearingen D, Di Spirito M, et al. Study of the pharmacokinetic interaction between simvastatin and prescription omega-3-acid ethyl esters. J Clin Pharmacol 2006;46:785-91. View abstract.
  • McManus RM, Jumpson J, Finegood DT, et al. A comparison of the effects of n-3 fatty acids from linseed oil and fish oil in well-controlled type II diabetes. Diabetes Care 1996;19:463-7.. View abstract.
  • McNamara RK, Kalt W, Shidler MD, et al. Cognitive response to fish oil, blueberry, and combined supplementation in older adults with subjective cognitive impairment. Neurobiol Aging. 2018;64:147-156. View abstract.
  • McNamara RK, Strawn JR, Tallman MJ, et al. Effects of fish oil monotherapy on depression and prefrontal neurochemistry in adolescents at high risk for bipolar I disorder: A 12-week placebo-controlled proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy trial. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2020;30(5):293-305. View abstract.
  • McVeigh GE, Brennan GM, Cohn JN, et al. Fish oil improves arterial compliance in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Arterioscler Thromb 1994;14:1425-9. View abstract.
  • Meier R, Wettstein A, Drewe J, et al. Fish oil (Eicosapen) is less effective than metronidazole, in combination with pantoprazole and clarithromycin, for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001;15:851-5. View abstract.
  • Melanson SF, Lewandrowski EL, Flood JG, Lewandrowski KB. Measurement of organochlorines in commercial over-the-counter fish oil preparations: implications for dietary and therapeutic recommendations for omega-3 fatty acids and a review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2005;129:74-7. View abstract.
  • Meldrum S, Dunstan JA, Foster JK, Simmer K, Prescott SL. Maternal fish oil supplementation in pregnancy: a 12 year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. Nutrients. 2015;7(3):2061-7. View abstract.
  • Meldrum SJ, D'Vaz N, Simmer K, Dunstan JA, Hird K, Prescott SL. Effects of high-dose fish oil supplementation during early infancy on neurodevelopment and language: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2012;108(8):1443-54. View abstract.
  • Merchant AT, Curhan GC, Rimm EB, et al. Intake of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids and fish and risk of community-acquired pnemonia in US men. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82:668-74. View abstract.
  • Meydani SN, Dinarello CA. Influence of dietary fatty acids on cytokine production and its clinical implications. Nutr Clin Pract 1993;8:65-72. View abstract.
  • Miljanovic B, Trivedi KA, Dana MR, et al. Relation between dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and clinically diagnosed dry eye syndrome in women. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82:887-93. View abstract.
  • Miller LG. Herbal medicinals: selected clinical considerations focusing on known or potential drug-herb interactions. Arch Int Med 1998;158:2200-11.. View abstract.
  • Miller PE, Van Elswyk M, Alexander DD. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Hypertens 2014;27(7):885-96. View abstract.
  • Minihane AM, Khan S, Leigh-Firbank EC, et al. ApoE polymorphism and fish oil supplementation in subjects with an atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20:1990-7. View abstract.
  • Mohammady M, Janani L, Jahanfar S, Mousavi MS. Effect of omega-3 supplements on vasomotor symptoms in menopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2018;228:295-302. View abstract.
  • Montori VM, Farmer A, Wollan PC, Dinneen SF. Fish oil supplementation in type 2 diabetes: a quantitative systemic review (abstract). Diabetes Care 2000;23:1407-15. View abstract.
  • Morcos NC. Modulation of lipid profile by fish oil and garlic combination. J Natl Med Assoc 1997;89:673-8. View abstract.
  • Morcos NC. Modulation of lipid profile by fish oil and garlic combination. J Natl Med Assoc 1997;89:673-8. View abstract.
  • Mori TA, Bao DQ, Burke V, et al. Dietary fish as a major component of a weight-loss diet: effect on serum lipids, glucose, and insulin metabolism in overweight hypertensive subjects (abstract). Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:817-25. View abstract.
  • Mori TA, Burke V, Puddey IB, et al. Purified eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids have differential effects on serum lipids and lipoproteins, LDL particle size, glucose, and insulin in mildly hyperlipidemic men. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:1085-94. View abstract.
  • Moriguchi T, Greiner RS, Salem N Jr. Behavioral deficits associated with dietary induction of decreased brain docosahexaenoic acid concentration. J Neurochem 2000;75:2563-73. View abstract.
  • Morishima T, Tsuchiya Y, Padilla J, Ochi E. Eight weeks of fish oil supplementation does not prevent sitting-induced leg endothelial dysfunction. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2020 Jan;45(1):55-60. View abstract.
  • Morre J, Morré DM, and Brightmore R. Omega-3 but not omega-6 unsaturated fatty acids inhibit the cancer-specific ENOX2 of the HeLa cell surface with no effect on the constitutive ENOX1. J DIET SUPPL 2010;7(2):154-158. View abstract.
  • Morris MC, Evans DA, Bienias JL, et al. Consumption of fish and n-3 fatty acids and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 2003;60:940-6. View abstract.
  • Mozaffarian D, Geelen A, Brouwer IA, et al. Effect of fish oil on heart rate in humans: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Circulation 2005;112:1945-52. View abstract.
  • Mozaffarian D, Longstreth WT Jr, Lemaitre RN, et al. Fish consumption and stroke risk in elderly individuals: the cardiovascular health study. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:200-6. View abstract.
  • Mozaffarian D, Marchioli R, Macchia A, Silletta MG, Ferrazzi P, Gardner TJ, Latini R, Libby P, Lombardi F, O'Gara PT, Page RL, Tavazzi L, Tognoni G; OPERA Investigators. Fish oil and postoperative atrial fibrillation: the Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Prevention of Post-operative Atrial Fibrillation (OPERA) randomized trial. JAMA 2012;308(19):2001-11. View abstract.
  • Mozaffarian D, Psaty BM, Rimm EB, et al. Fish intake and risk of incident atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2004;110:368-73. View abstract.
  • Mozaffarian D, Wu JH, de Oliveira Otto MC, Sandesara CM, Metcalf RG, Latini R, Libby P, Lombardi F, O'Gara PT, Page RL, Silletta MG, Tavazzi L, Marchioli R. Fish oil and post-operative atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61(21):2194-6. View abstract.
  • Mozurkewich EL, Clinton CM, Chilimigras JL, Hamilton SE, Allbaugh LJ, Berman DR, Marcus SM, Romero VC, Treadwell MC, Keeton KL, Vahratian AM, Schrader RM, Ren J, Djuric Z. The Mothers, Omega-3, and Mental Health Study: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013;208(4):313.e1-9. View abstract.
  • Muñoz MA, Liu W, Delaney JA, Brown E, Mugavero MJ, Mathews WC, Napravnik S, Willig JH, Eron JJ, Hunt PW, Kahn JO, Saag MS, Kitahata MM, Crane HM. Comparative effectiveness of fish oil versus fenofibrate, gemfibrozil, and atorvastatin on lowering triglyceride levels among HIV-infected patients in routine clinical care. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013;64(3):254-60. View abstract.
  • Munro IA, Garg ML. Prior supplementation with long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids promotes weight loss in obese adults: a double-blinded randomised controlled trial. Food Funct 2013;4(4):650-8. View abstract.
  • Nandivada P, Anez-Bustillos L, O'Loughlin AA, et al. Risk of post-procedural bleeding in children on intravenous fish oil. Am J Surg. 2017;214(4):733-737. View abstract.
  • Navarro E, Esteve M, Olive A, et al. Abnormal fatty acid pattern in rheumatoid arthritis. A rationale for treatment with marine and botanical lipids. J Rheumatol 2000;27:298-303. View abstract.
  • Nemets B, Stahl Z, Belmaker RH. Addition of omega-3 fatty acid to maintenance medication treatment for recurrent unipolar depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:477-9.. View abstract.
  • Nestel PJ. Fish oil and cardiovascular disease: lipids and arterial function (abstract). Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:228S-31S. View abstract.
  • Neuringer M, Reisbick S, Janowsky J. The role of n-3 fatty acids in visual and cognitive development: current evidence and methods of assessment. J Pediatr 1994;125:S39-47.. View abstract.
  • Nigam A1, Talajic M, Roy D, Nattel S, Lambert J, Nozza A, Jones P, Ramprasath VR, O'Hara G, Kopecky S, Brophy JM, Tardif JC; AFFORD Investigators. Fish oil for the reduction of atrial fibrillation recurrence, inflammation, and oxidative stress. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;64(14):1441-8. View abstract.
  • Nikkila, M. Influence of fish oil on blood lipids in coronary artery disease. Eur J Clin Nutr 1991;45:209-213. View abstract.
  • Nilsen DW, Albrektsen G, Landmark K, et al. Effects of a high-dose concentrate of n-3 fatty acids or corn oil introduced early after an acute myocardial infarction on serum triacylglycerol and HDL cholesterol. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:50-6. View abstract.
  • Nishi D, Koido Y, Nakaya N, Sone T, Noguchi H, Hamazaki K, Hamazaki T, Matsuoka Y. Fish oil for attenuating posttraumatic stress symptoms among rescue workers after the great east Japan earthquake: a randomized controlled trial. Psychother Psychosom 2012;81(5):315-7. View abstract.
  • Nodler JL, DiVasta AD, Vitonis AF, et al. Supplementation with vitamin D or ω-3 fatty acids in adolescent girls and young women with endometriosis (SAGE): a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020;112(1):229-236. View abstract.
  • Nordoy A, Bonaa KH, Sandset PM, et al. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids and simvastatin on hemostatic risk factors and postprandial hyperlipemia in patients with combined hyperlipemia. (abstract) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20:259-65. View abstract.
  • Nordstrom DC, Honkanen VE, Nasu Y, et al. Alpha-linolenic acid in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind, placebo-controlled and randomized study: flaxseed vs. safflower seed. Rheumatol Int 1995;14:231-4. View abstract.
  • Norrish AE, Skeaff CM, Arribas GL, et al. Prostate cancer risk and consumption of fish oils: a dietary biomarker-based, case-control study. Br J Cancer 1999;81:1238-42. View abstract.
  • Ogilvie GK, Fettman MJ, Mallinckrodt CH, et al. Effect of fish oil, arginine, and doxorubicin chemotherapy on remission and survival time for dogs with lymphoma: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Cancer 2000;88:1916-28. View abstract.
  • Oh K, Willett WC, Fuchs CS, Giovannucci E. Dietary marine n-3 fatty acids in relation to risk of distal colorectal adenoma in women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14:835-41. View abstract.
  • Oleñik A, Jiménez-Alfaro I, Alejandre-Alba N, et al. A randomized, double-masked study to evaluate the effect of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in meibomian gland dysfunction. Clin Interv Aging. 2013;8:1133-8. View abstract.
  • Oliveira JM, Rondó PH, Yudkin JS, Souza JM, Pereira TN, Catalani AW, Picone CM, Segurado AA. Effects of fish oil on lipid profile and other metabolic outcomes in HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Int J STD AIDS 2014;25(2):96-104. View abstract.
  • Olsen SF, Halldorsson TI, Li M, et al. Examining the Effect of Fish Oil Supplementation in Chinese Pregnant Women on Gestation Duration and Risk of Preterm Delivery. J Nutr. 2019 Nov 1;149(11):1942-1951. View abstract.
  • Olsen SF, Secher NJ, Tabor A, et al. Randomised clinical trials of fish oil supplementation in high risk pregnancies. Fish Oil Trials In Pregnancy (FOTIP) Team. BJOG 2000;107:382-95. View abstract.
  • Olsen SF, Sorensen JD, Secher NJ, et al. Randomised controlled trial of effect of fish-oil supplementation on pregnancy duration. Lancet 1992;339:1003-7. View abstract.
  • Omar ZA, Montser BA, Farahat MAR. Effect of high-dose Omega 3 on lipid profile and inflammatory markers in chronic hemodialysis children. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2019 May-Jun;30(3):634-639. View abstract.
  • Onwude JL, Lilford RJ, Hjartardottir H, et al. A randomised double blind placebo controlled trial of fish oil in high risk pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995;102:95-100. View abstract.
  • Ostadrahimi A, Mohammad-Alizadeh S, Mirghafourvand M, Farshbaf-Khalili S, Jafarilar-Agdam N, Farshbaf-Khalili A. The effect of fish oil supplementation on maternal and neonatal outcomes: a triple-blind, randomized controlled trial. J Perinat Med. 2017;45(9):1069-1077. View abstract.
  • Ostadrahimi A, Salehi-Pourmehr H, Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi S, Heidarabady S, Farshbaf-Khalili A. The effect of perinatal fish oil supplementation on neurodevelopment and growth of infants: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Nutr. 2018;57(7):2387-2397. View abstract.
  • Palmer DJ, Sullivan T, Gold MS, Prescott SL, Heddle R, Gibson RA, Makrides M. Effect of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in pregnancy on infants' allergies in first year of life: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2012;344:e184. View abstract.
  • Palmer DJ, Sullivan T, Gold MS, Prescott SL, Heddle R, Gibson RA, Makrides M. Randomized controlled trial of fish oil supplementation in pregnancy on childhood allergies. Allergy 2013;68(11):1370-6. View abstract.
  • Paschos GK, Magkos F, Panagiotakos DB, et al. Dietary supplementation with flaxseed oil lowers blood pressure in dyslipidaemic patients. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007;61:1201-6. View abstract.
  • Patti L, Maffettone A, Iovine C, et al. Long-term effects of fish oil on lipoprotein subfractions and low density lipoprotein size in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Atherosclerosis 1999;146:361-7. View abstract.
  • Pawelczyk T, Grancow-Grabka M, Kotlicka-Antczak M, Trafalska E, Pawelczyk A. A randomized controlled study of the efficacy of six-month supplementation with concentrated fish oil rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in first episode schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res. 2016;73:34-44. View abstract.
  • Pawelczyk T, Piatkowska-Janko E, Bogorodzki P, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation may prevent loss of gray matter thickness in the left parieto-occipital cortex in first episode schizophrenia: A secondary outcome analysis of the OFFER randomized controlled study. Schizophr Res. 2018;195:168-175. View abstract.
  • Pawlosky RJ, Hibbeln JR, Lin Y, et al. Effects of beef- and fish-based diets on the kinetics of n-3 fatty acid metabolism in human subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:565-72.. View abstract.
  • Peabody D, Remple V Green T Kalmar A Frohlich J et al. The triglyceride-lowering effect of omega-3 fatty acids in HIV-infected patients on HAART. XIV World AIDS Conference 2002;(Abstract):ThPeB7343.
  • Peat JK, Mihrshahi S, Kemp AS, et al. Three-year outcomes of dietary fatty acid modification and house dust mite reduction in the Childhood Asthma Prevention Study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;114:807-13. View abstract.
  • Pedersen HS, Mulvad G, Seidelin KN, et al. N-3 fatty acids as a risk factor for haemorrhagic stroke. Lancet 1999;353:812-3. View abstract.
  • Peet M, Horrobin DF. A dose-ranging study of the effects of ethyl-eicosapentaenoate in patients with ongoing depression despite apparently adequate treatment with standard drugs. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002;59:913-9.. View abstract.
  • Petersen M, Pedersen H, Major-Pedersen A, et al. Effect of fish oil versus corn oil supplementation on LDL and HDL subclasses in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002;25:17048. View abstract.
  • Pichard C, Sudre P, Karsegard V, et al. A randomized double-blind controlled study of 6 months of oral nutritional supplementation with arginine and omega-3 fatty acids in HIV-infected patients. Swiss HIV Cohort Study. AIDS 1998;12:53-63. View abstract.
  • Pietinen P, Ascherio A, Korhonen P, et al. Intake of fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease in a cohort of Finnish men. The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. Am J Epidemiol 145:876-87. View abstract.
  • Pirich, C., Gaszo, A., Granegger, S., and Sinzinger, H. Effects of fish oil supplementation on platelet survival and ex vivo platelet function in hypercholesterolemic patients. Thromb.Res 11-1-1999;96(3):219-227. View abstract.
  • Pradalier A, Baudesson G, Delage A, et al. Failure of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in prevention of migraine: a double-blind study versus placebo. Cephalalgia 2001;21:818-22. View abstract.
  • Prisco D, Paniccia R, Bandinelli B, et al. Effect of medium-term supplementation with a moderate dose of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on blood pressure in mild hypertensive patients. Thromb Res 1998;1:105-12. View abstract.
  • Proudman SM, James MJ, Spargo LD, Metcalf RG, Sullivan TR, Rischmueller M, Flabouris K, Wechalekar MD, Lee AT, Cleland LG. Fish oil in recent onset rheumatoid arthritis: a randomised, double-blind controlled trial within algorithm-based drug use. Ann Rheum Dis 2015;74(1):89-95. View abstract.
  • Qawasmi A, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Leckman JF, Bloch MH. Meta-analysis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation of formula and infant cognition. Pediatrics 2012;129(6):1141-9. View abstract.
  • Qiao Y, Mei Y, Han H, et al. Effects of Omega-3 in the treatment of violent schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Res. 2018;195:283-285. View abstract.
  • Raitt M, Connor W, Morris C, et al. Antiarrhythmic effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in survivors of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Circulation 2003;108:1.
  • Raitt MH, Connor WE, Morris C, et al. Fish oil supplementation and risk of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation in patients with implantable defibrillators: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005;293:2884-91. View abstract.
  • Rantanen JM, Riahi S, Johansen MB, Schmidt EB, Christensen JH. Effects of Marine n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Heart Rate Variability and Heart Rate in Patients on Chronic Dialysis: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 2018;10(9). pii: E1313. View abstract.
  • Rauch B, Schiele R, Schneider S, et al. OMEGA, a randomized, placebo-controlled trial to test the effect of highly purified omega-3 fatty acids on top of modern guideline-adjusted therapy after myocardial infarction. Circulation 2010;122:2152-9. View abstract.
  • Reddy BS. Omega-3 fatty acids in colorectal cancer prevention. Int J Cancer 2004;112:1-7. View abstract.
  • Reliant Pharmaceuticals. Omacor package insert. Liberty Corner, NJ; December, 2004.
  • Richardson AJ, Montgomery P. The Oxford-Durham study: a randomized, controlled trial of dietary supplementation with fatty acids in children with developmental coordination disorder. Pediatrics 2005;115:1360-6. View abstract.
  • Richardson AJ, Puri BK. A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of supplementation with highly unsaturated fatty acids on ADHD-related symptoms in children with specific learning difficulties. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2002;26:233-9.. View abstract.
  • Rimm EB, Appel LJ, Chiuve SE, et al. Seafood Long-Chain n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018. pii: CIR.0000000000000574. View abstract.
  • Risk and Prevention Study Collaborative Group, Roncaglioni MC, Tombesi M, et al. n-3 fatty acids in patients with multiple cardiovascular risk factors. N Engl J Med. 2013 May 9;368(19):1800-8. View abstract.
  • Roche HM, Gibney MJ. Effect of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on fasting and postprandial triacylglycerol metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:232S-7S. View abstract.
  • Rodacki CL, Rodacki AL, Pereira G, Naliwaiko K, Coelho I, Pequito D, Fernandes LC. Fish-oil supplementation enhances the effects of strength training in elderly women. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;95(2):428-36. View abstract.
  • Rodrigo R, Korantzopoulos P, Cereceda M, et al. A randomized controlled trial to prevent post-operative atrial fibrillation by antioxidant reinforcement. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(16):1457-65. View abstract.
  • Rolland Y, Barreto PS, Maltais M, et al. Effect of Long-Term Omega 3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation with or without Multidomain Lifestyle Intervention on Muscle Strength in Older Adults: Secondary Analysis of the Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial (MAPT). Nutrients. 2019 Aug 16;11(8). pii: E1931. View abstract.
  • Roodhart JM, Daenen LG, Stigter EC, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells induce resistance to chemotherapy through the release of platinum-induced fatty acids. Cancer Cell 2011;20(3):370-83. View abstract.
  • Ros E, Nunez I, Perez-Heras A, et al. A walnut diet improves endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic subjects: a randomized crossover trial. Circulation 2004;109:1609-14. View abstract.
  • Rossi E, Costa M. Fish oil derivatives as a prophylaxis of recurrent miscarriage associated with antiphospholipid antibodies (APL): a pilot study. Lupus 1993;2:319-23. View abstract.
  • Sacks FM, Hebert P, Appel LJ, et al. Short report: the effect of fish oil on blood pressure and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels in phase I of the trials of hypertension prevention. J Hypertens 1994;12:209-13. View abstract.
  • Sacks FM, Stone PH, Gibson CM, et al. Controlled trial of fish oil for regression of human coronary atherosclerosis. HARP Res Group. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:1492-8. View abstract.
  • Sadeghi N, Paknezhad F, Rashidi Nooshabadi M, Kavianpour M, Jafari Rad S, Khadem Haghighian H. Vitamin E and fish oil, separately or in combination, on treatment of primary dysmenorrhea: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2018;34(9):804-808. View abstract.
  • Sagar PS, Das UN, Koratkar R, et al. Cytotoxic action of cis-unsaturated fatty acids on human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells: relationship to free radicals and lipid peroxidation and its modulation by calmodulin antagonists. Cancer Lett 1992;63:189-98. View abstract.
  • Saglimbene VM, Wong G, van Zwieten A, et al. Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake in patients with chronic kidney disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr. 2020 Feb;39(2):358-368. View abstract.
  • Sala-Vila A, Díaz-López A, Valls-Pedret C, et al.; Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea (PREDIMED) Investigators. Dietary marine ?-3 fatty acids and incident sight-threatening retinopathy in middle-aged and older individuals with type 2 diabetes: Prospective investigation from the PREDIMED trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2016;134(10):1142-1149. View abstract.
  • Salonen JT, Seppanen K, Nyyssonen K, et al. Intake of mercury from fish, lipid peroxidation, and the risk of myocardial infarction and coronary, cardiovascular, and any death in eastern Finnish men. Circulation 1995;91:645-55. View abstract.
  • Sampalis F, Bunea R, Pelland MF, et al. Evaluation of the effects of Neptune Krill Oil on the management of premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea. Altern Med Rev 2003;8:171-9. View abstract.
  • Sánchez-Villegas A, Álvarez-Pérez J, Toledo E, et al. Seafood Consumption, Omega-3 Fatty Acids Intake, and Life-Time Prevalence of Depression in the PREDIMED-Plus Trial. Nutrients. 2018;10(12). pii: E2000. View abstract.
  • Saynor R, Gillott T. Changes in blood lipids and fibrinogen with a note on safety in a long term study on the effects of n-3 fatty acids in subjects receiving fish oil supplements and followed for seven years. Lipids 1992;27:533-8. View abstract.
  • Schachter, HM, Reisman, J, Tran, K, Dales, B, Kourad, K, Barnes, D, Sampson, M, Morrison, A, Gaboury, I, and Blackman, J. Health effects of omega-3 fatty acids on asthma. Evid.Rep.Technol.Assess.(Summ.) 2004;(91):1-7. View abstract.
  • Schmitz PG, McCloud LK, Reikes ST, et al. Prophylaxis of hemodialysis graft thrombosis with fish oil: double-blind, randomized, prospective trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002;13:184-90. View abstract.
  • Schoene NW. Vitamin E and omega-3 fatty acids: effectors of platelet responsiveness. Nutrition 2001;17:793-6. View abstract.
  • Schrepf R, Limmert T, Claus Weber P, et al. Immediate effects of n-3 fatty acid infusion on the induction of sustained ventricular tachycardia. Lancet 2004;363:1441-2. View abstract.
  • Schubert R, Kitz R, Beermann C, et al. Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in asthma after low-dose allergen challenge. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2009;148:321-9. View abstract.
  • Seidner DL, Lashner BA, Brzezinski A, et al. An oral supplement enriched with fish oil, soluble fiber, and antioxidants for corticosteroid sparing in ulcerative colitis: a randomized, controlled trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;3:358-69. View abstract.
  • Sellmayer A, Witzgall H, Lorenz RL, Weber PC. Effects of dietary fish oil on ventricular premature complexes. Am J Cardiol 1995;76:974-7. View abstract.
  • Senkal M, Kemen M, Homann HH, et al. Modulation of postoperative immune response by enteral nutrition with a diet enriched with arginine, RNA, and omega-3 fatty acids in patients with upper gastrointestinal cancer. Eur J Surg 1995;161:115-22. View abstract.
  • Seppi K, Weintraub D, Coelho M, et al. The Movement Disorder Society Evidence-Based Medicine Review Update: Treatments for the non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2011;26 Suppl 3:S42-S80. View abstract.
  • Shimizu H, Ohtani K, Tanaka Y, et al. Long-term effect of eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl (EPA-E) on albuminuria of non-insulin dependent diabetic patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1995;28:35-40. View abstract.
  • Simons LA, Hickie JB, Balasubramaniam S. On the effects of dietary n-3 fatty acids (Maxepa) on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in patients with hyperlipidaemia. Atherosclerosis 1985;54:75-88. View abstract.
  • Singh RB, Niaz MA, Sharma JP, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fish oil and mustard oil in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction: the Indian experiment of infarct survival-4. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1997;11:485-91. View abstract.
  • Sinn N, Bryan J. Effect of Supplementation with Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Micronutrients on Learning and Behavior Problems Associated with Child ADHD. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2007;28:82-91. View abstract.
  • Sirtori CR, Crepaldi G, Manzato E, et al. One-year treatment with ethyl esters of n-3 fatty acids in patients with hypertriglyceridemia and glucose intolerance: reduced triglyceridemia, total cholesterol and increased HDL-C without glycemic alterations. Atherosclerosis 1998;137:419-27. View abstract.
  • Sirtori CR, Paoletti R, Mancini M, et al. N-3 fatty acids do not lead to an increased diabetic risk in patients with hyperlipidemia and abnormal glucose tolerance. Italian Fish Oil Multicenter Study. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65:1874-81. View abstract.
  • Siscovick DS, Barringer TA, Fretts AM, et al. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (Fish Oil) Supplementation and the Prevention of Clinical Cardiovascular Disease: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017. pii: CIR.0000000000000482. View abstract.
  • Siscovick DS, Raghunathan TE, King I, et al. Dietary intake and cell membrane levels of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the risk of primary cardiac arrest. JAMA 1995;274:1363-7. View abstract.
  • Skulas-Ray AC, Wilson PWF, Harris WS, et al. Omega-3 Fatty Acids for the Management of Hypertriglyceridemia: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019:CIR0000000000000709. View abstract.
  • Smith W, Mitchell P, Leeder SR. Dietary fat and fish intake and age-related maculopathy (abstract). Arch Ophthalmol 2000;118:401-4. View abstract.
  • Smuts CM, Huang M, Mundy D, et al. A randomized trial of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation during the third trimester of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2003;101:469-79. View abstract.
  • Song M, Lee IM, Manson JE, et al. Effect of Supplementation With Marine ?-3 Fatty Acid on Risk of Colorectal Adenomas and Serrated Polyps in the US General Population: A Prespecified Ancillary Study of a Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2019 Nov 21. View abstract.
  • Song M, Ou FS, Zemla TJ, et al. Marine omega-3 fatty acid intake and survival of stage III colon cancer according to tumor molecular markers in NCCTG Phase III trial N0147 (Alliance). Int J Cancer. 2019;145(2):380-389. View abstract.
  • Sorensen JD, Olsen SF, Pedersen AK, et al. Effects of fish oil supplementation in the third trimester of pregnancy on prostacyclin and thromboxane production. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;168:915-22. View abstract.
  • Sorensen NS, Marckmann P, Hoy CE, et al. Effect of fish-oil-enriched margarine on plasma lipids, low-density-lipoprotein particle composition, size, and susceptibility to oxidation. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:235-41. View abstract.
  • Souied EH, Delcourt C, Querques G, Bassols A, Merle B, Zourdani A, Smith T, Benlian P; Nutritional AMD Treatment 2 Study Group. Oral docosahexaenoic acid in the prevention of exudative age-related macular degeneration: the Nutritional AMD Treatment 2 study. Ophthalmology 2013;120(8):1619-31. View abstract.
  • Soyland E, Funk J, Rajka G, et al. Effect of dietary supplementation with very-long-chain n-3 fatty acids in patients with psoriasis. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1812-6. View abstract.
  • Stark KD, Park EJ, Maines VA, Holub BJ. Effect of a fish-oil concentrate on serum lipids in postmenopausal women receiving and not receiving hormone replacement therapy in a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:389-94. View abstract.
  • Stenius-Aarniala B, Aro A, Hakulinen A, Ahola I, Seppala E, and Vapaatalo H. Evening primrose oil and fish oil are ineffective as supplementary treatment of bronchial asthma. Ann Allergy 1989;62(6):534-537. View abstract.
  • Stern AH. A review of the studies of the cardiovascular health effects of methylmercury with consideration of their suitability for risk assessment. Environ Res 2005;98:133-42. View abstract.
  • Stoll AL, Severus WE, Freeman MP, et al. Omega 3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder: A preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999;56:407-12. View abstract.
  • Stordy BJ. Dark adaptation, motor skills, docosahexaenoic acid, and dyslexia. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:323S-6S. View abstract.
  • Studer M, Briel M, Leimenstoll B, et al. Effect of different antilipidemic agents and diets on mortality: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:725-30. View abstract.
  • Su KP, Huang SY, Chiu CC, Shen WW. Omega-3 fatty acids in major depressive disorder. A preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2003;13:267-71.. View abstract.
  • Su KP, Shen WW, Huang SY. Are omega3 fatty acids beneficial in depression but not mania? Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:716-7. View abstract.
  • Suzukawa M, Abbey M, Howe PR, Nestel PJ. Effects of fish oil fatty acids on low density lipoprotein size, oxidizability, and uptake by macrophages. J Lipid Res 1995;36:473-84.. View abstract.
  • Svaneborg N, Kristensen SD, Hansen LM, et al. The acute and short-time effect of supplementation with the combination of n-3 fatty acids and acetylsalicylic acid on platelet function and plasma lipids. Thromb Res 2002;105:311-6. View abstract.
  • Sydenham E, Dangour AD Lim WS. Omega 3 fatty acid for the prevention of cognitive decline and dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;6:CD005379. View abstract.
  • Tanskanen A, Hibbeln JR, Hintikka J, et al. Fish consumption, depression, and suicidality in a general population. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001;58:512-513.. View abstract.
  • Tavani A, Pelucchi C, Negri E, et al. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, fish, and nonfatal acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2001:104:2269-72. View abstract.
  • Tavani A, Pelucchi C, Parpinel M, et al. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and cancer risk in Italy and Switzerland. Int J Cancer 2003;105:113-116.. View abstract.
  • Tayama J, Ogawa S, Nakaya N, et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and psychological intervention for workers with mild to moderate depression: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. J Affect Disord. 2019;245:364-370. View abstract.
  • Taylor, C. G., Noto, A. D., Stringer, D. M., Froese, S., and Malcolmson, L. Dietary milled flaxseed and flaxseed oil improve N-3 fatty acid status and do not affect glycemic control in individuals with well-controlled type 2 diabetes. J Am Coll Nutr 2010;29(1):72-80. View abstract.
  • Terres, W., Beil, U., Reimann, B., Tiede, S., and Bleifeld, W. [Low-dose fish oil in primary hypertriglyceridemia. A randomized placebo-controlled study]. Z Kardiol. 1991;80(1):20-24. View abstract.
  • Terry P, Lichtenstein P, Feychting M, et al. Fatty fish consumption and risk of prostate cancer. Lancet 2001;357:1764-6. View abstract.
  • Terry P, Wolk A, Vainio H, Weiderpass E. Fatty fish consumption lowers the risk of endometrial cancer: a nationwide case-control study in Sweden. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002;11:143-5. View abstract.
  • Terry PD, Rohan TE, Wolk A. Intakes of fish and marine fatty acids and the risks of cancers of the breast and prostate and of other hormone-related cancers: a review of the epidemiologic evidence. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:532-43.. View abstract.
  • Theilla M, Schwartz B, Cohen J, Shapiro H, Anbar R, Singer P. Impact of a nutritional formula enriched in fish oil and micronutrients on pressure ulcers in critical care patients. Am J Crit Care 2012;21(4):e102-9. View abstract.
  • Thien FC, Mencia-Huerta J, Lee TH. Dietary fish oil effects on seasonal hay fever and asthma in pollen- sensitive subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;147:1138-43. View abstract.
  • Thorsdottir I, Birgisdottir BE, Halldorsdottir S, Geirsson RT. Association of fish and fish liver oil intake in pregnancy with infant size at birth among women of normal weight before pregnancy in a fishing community. Am J Epidemiol 2004;160:460-5. View abstract.
  • Tiemeier H, van Tuijl HR, Hofman A, et al. Plasma fatty acid composition and depression are associated in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78:40-6.. View abstract.
  • Toft I, Bonaa KH, Ingebretsen OC, et al. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on glucose homeostasis and blood pressure in essential hypertension. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1995;123:911-8. View abstract.
  • Tsuchiya Y, Yanagimoto K, Nakazato K, Hayamizu K, Ochi E. Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids-rich fish oil supplementation attenuates strength loss and limited joint range of motion after eccentric contractions: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016;116(6):1179-88. View abstract.
  • Tsuchiya Y, Yanagimoto K, Ueda H, Ochi E. Supplementation of eicosapentaenoic acid-rich fish oil attenuates muscle stiffness after eccentric contractions of human elbow flexors. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2019;16(1):19. View abstract.
  • Turk E, Karagulle E, Koksal H, Togan T, Erinanc OH, Dogru O, Moray G. Bilateral breast necrosis due to local injection of fish oil. Breast J 2013;19(2):196-8. View abstract.
  • US Environmental Protection Agency. Fish Advisories web page. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/waterscience/fish.
  • US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Seafood. Mercury levels in seafood species. Available at: https://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~frf/sea-mehg.html.
  • van Dam M, Stalenhoef AFH, Wittekoek J. Efficacy of concentrated n-3 fatty acids in hypertriglyceridaemia: a comparison with gemfibrozil. Clin Drug Invest 2001;21:175-81.
  • van der Tempel H, Tulleken JE, Limburg PC, et al. Effects of fish oil supplementation in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1990;49:76-80. View abstract.
  • van Gelder BM, Tijhuis M, Kalmijn S, Kromhout D. Fish consumption, n-3 fatty acids, and subsequent 5-y cognitive decline in elderly men: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:1142-7. View abstract.
  • van Gool CJ, Zeegers MP, Thijs C. Oral essential fatty acid supplementation in atopic dermatitis-a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials. Br J Dermatol 2004;150:728-40. View abstract.
  • Van Papendrop DH, Coetzer H Kruger MG. Biochemical profile of osteoporotic patients on essential fatty acids supplementation. Nutr Res 1995;15:325-334.
  • Vandongen R, Mori TA, Burke V, et al. Effects on blood pressure of omega 3 fats in subjects at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Hypertension 1993;22:371-9. View abstract.
  • Viecelli AK, Irish AB, Polkinghorne KR, et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation to prevent arteriovenous fistula and graft failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Kidney Dis. 2018. pii: S0272-6386(17)31137-X. View abstract.
  • Vinding RK, Stokholm J, Sevelsted A, et al. Fish oil supplementation in pregnancy increases gestational age, size for gestational age, and birth weight in infants: A randomized controlled trial. J Nutr. 2019;149(4):628-634. View abstract.
  • Vogel RA, Corretti MC, Plotnick GD. The postprandial effect of components of the Mediterranean diet on endothelial function. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:1455-60. View abstract.
  • Voigt RG, Llorente AM, Jensen CL, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Pediatr 2001;139:189-96. View abstract.
  • von Houwelingen R, Nordøy A, van der Beek E, et al. Effect of a moderate fish intake on blood pressure, bleeding time, hematology, and clinical chemistry in healthy males. Am J Clin Nutr. 1987 Sep;46(3):424-36. View abstract.
  • von Schacky C, Angerer P, Kothny W, et al. The effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on coronary atherosclerosis. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1999;130:554-62. View abstract.
  • Wainwright P. Nutrition and behaviour: the role of n-3 fatty acids in cognitive function. Br J Nutr 2000;83:337-9. View abstract.
  • Wallace JM, McCabe AJ, Roche HM, et al. The effect of low-dose fish oil supplementation on serum growth factors in healthy humans. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000;54:690-4. View abstract.
  • Walton AJ, Snaith ML, Locniskar M, et al. Dietary fish oil and the severity of symptoms in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 1991;50:463-6. View abstract.
  • Wander RC, Du SH, Ketchum SO, Rowe KE. Effects of interaction of RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate and fish oil on low-density-lipoprotein oxidation in postmenopausal women with and without hormone-replacement therapy. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;63:184-93. View abstract.
  • Wang C, Chung M, Lichtenstein A, et al. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular disease. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ) 2004 Mar;(94):1-8. View abstract.
  • Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhao L. Omega-3 PUFA intake and the risk of digestive system cancers: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(19):e20119. View abstract.
  • Wang Q, Zhou B, Cui Q, Chen C. Omega-3 Long-chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2019 Jul;144(1). pii: e20190181. View abstract.
  • Warren G, McKendrick M, Peet M. The role of essential fatty acids in chronic fatigue syndrome. A case-controlled study of red-cell membrane essential fatty acids (EFA) and a placebo-controlled treatment study with high dose of EFA. Acta Neurol Scand 1999;99:112-6. View abstract.
  • Weiss LA, Barrett-Connor E, von Muhlen D. Ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids and bone mineral density in older adults: the Rancho Bernardo Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81:934-8. View abstract.
  • Westphal S, Orth M, Ambrosch A, et al. Postprandial chylomicrons VLDLs in severe hypertriacylglycerolemia are lowered more effectively than are chylomicron remnants after treatment with n-3 fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:914-20. View abstract.
  • Whalley LJ, Fox HC, Wahle KW, et al. Cognitive aging, childhood intelligence, and the use of food supplements: possible involvement of n-3 fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:1650-70. View abstract.
  • Wheeler MA, Smith SD, Saito N, et al. Effect of long-term oral L-arginine on the nitric oxide synthase pathway in the urine from patients with interstitial cystitis. J Urol 1997;158:2045-50. View abstract.
  • Wilson JF. Balancing the risks and benefits of fish consumption. Ann Intern Med 2004;141:977-80. View abstract.
  • Wojtowicz JC, Butovich I, Uchiyama E, et al. Pilot, prospective, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial of an omega-3 supplement for dry eye. Cornea 2010 Oct 28. [Epub ahead of print]. View abstract.
  • Wong KW. Clinical efficacy of n-3 fatty acid supplementation in patients with asthma. J Am Diet Assoc 2005;105:98-105. View abstract.
  • Woodman RJ, Mori TA, Burke V, et al. Effects of purified eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on glycemic control, blood pressure, and serum lipids in type 2 diabetic patients with treated hypertension. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:1007-15.. View abstract.
  • Woods MN, Wanke CA Ling PR Hendricks KM Tang AM Knox TA Andersson CE Dong KR Skinner SC Bistrian BR. Effect of a dietary intervention and n-3 fatty acid supplementation on measures of serum lipid and insulin sensitivity in persons with HIV. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(6):1566-1578. View abstract.
  • Woods RK, Thien FC, Abramson MJ. Dietary marine fatty acids (fish oil) for asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;(2):CD001283. View abstract.
  • Xin W, Wei W, Li X. Effects of fish oil supplementation on cardiac function in chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Heart 2012;98:1620-5. View abstract.
  • Xin W, Wei W, Lin Z, Zhang X, Yang H, Zhang T, Li B, Mi S. Fish oil and atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One 2013;8(9):e72913. View abstract.
  • Yam D, Peled A, Shinitzky M. Suppression of tumor growth and metastasis by dietary fish oil combined with vitamins E and C and cisplatin. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2001;47:34-40. View abstract.
  • Yamori Y, Nara Y, Mizushima S, et al. Nutritional factors for stroke and major cardiovascular diseases: international epidemiological comparison of dietary prevention. Health Rep 1994;6:22-7. View abstract.
  • Yan JH, Guan BJ, Gao HY, Peng XE. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(37):e12271. View abstract.
  • Yang SJ, Chi CC. Effects of fish oil supplement on psoriasis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019 Dec 5;19(1):354. View abstract.
  • Yetiv JZ. Clinical applications of fish oils. JAMA 1988;260:665-70. View abstract.
  • Yokoyama M, Origasa H, Matsuzaki M, et al. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis. Lancet 2007;369:1090-8. View abstract.
  • Yosefy C, Viskoper JR, Laszt A, et al. The effect of fish oil on hypertension, plasma lipids and hemostasis in hypertensive, obese, dyslipidemic patients with and without diabetes mellitus. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1999;61:83-7. View abstract.
  • Yzebe D, Lievre M. Fish oils in the care of coronary heart disease patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2004;18:581-92. View abstract.
  • Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR. Omega-3 Fatty acid treatment of women with borderline personality disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:167-9.. View abstract.
  • Zhou SJ, Yelland L, McPhee AJ, Quinlivan J, Gibson RA, Makrides M. Fish-oil supplementation in pregnancy does not reduce the risk of gestational diabetes or preeclampsia. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;95(6):1378-84. View abstract.
  • Zibaeenezhad MJ, Ghavipisheh M, Attar A, Aslani A. Comparison of the effect of omega-3 supplements and fresh fish on lipid profile: a randomized, open-labeled trial. Nutr Diabetes. 2017;7(12):1. View abstract.
  • Khandelwal, S., Demonty, I., Jeemon, P., Lakshmy, R., Mukherjee, R., Gupta, R., Snehi, U., Niveditha, D., Singh, Y., van der Knaap, H. C., Passi, S. J., Prabhakaran, D., and Reddy, K. S. Independent and interactive effects of plant sterols and fish oil n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on the plasma lipid profile of mildly hyperlipidaemic Indian adults. Br.J.Nutr. 2009;102(5):722-732. View abstract.
  • Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Belury, M. A., Porter, K., Beversdorf, D. Q., Lemeshow, S., and Glaser, R. Depressive symptoms, omega-6:omega-3 fatty acids, and inflammation in older adults. Psychosom Med 2007;69(3):217-224. View abstract.
  • Kim, J., Lim, S. Y., Shin, A., Sung, M. K., Ro, J., Kang, H. S., Lee, K. S., Kim, S. W., and Lee, E. S. Fatty fish and fish omega-3 fatty acid intakes decrease the breast cancer risk: a case-control study. BMC.Cancer 2009;9:216. View abstract.
  • Kim, Y. I. Can fish oil maintain Crohn's disease in remission? Nutr Rev. 1996;54(8):248-252. View abstract.
  • Kinsella, J. E., Lokesh, B., and Stone, R. A. Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and amelioration of cardiovascular disease: possible mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;52(1):1-28. View abstract.
  • Kirby, A., Woodward, A., Jackson, S., Wang, Y., and Crawford, M. A. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study investigating the effects of omega-3 supplementation in children aged 8-10 years from a mainstream school population. Res Dev.Disabil. 2010;31(3):718-730. View abstract.
  • Kirsch, C. M., Payan, D. G., Wong, M. Y., Dohlman, J. G., Blake, V. A., Petri, M. A., Offenberger, J., Goetzl, E. J., and Gold, W. M. Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid in asthma. Clin Allergy 1988;18(2):177-187. View abstract.
  • Klemens, C. M., Berman, D. R., and Mozurkewich, E. L. The effect of perinatal omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on inflammatory markers and allergic diseases: a systematic review. BJOG. 2011;118(8):916-925. View abstract.
  • Kligler, B., Homel, P., Blank, A. E., Kenney, J., Levenson, H., and Merrell, W. Randomized trial of the effect of an integrative medicine approach to the management of asthma in adults on disease-related quality of life and pulmonary function. Altern.Ther.Health Med. 2011;17(1):10-15. View abstract.
  • Knapp, H. R. and FitzGerald, G. A. The antihypertensive effects of fish oil. A controlled study of polyunsaturated fatty acid supplements in essential hypertension. N Engl J Med 4-20-1989;320(16):1037-1043. View abstract.
  • Knapp, H. R. Dietary fatty acids in human thrombosis and hemostasis. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65(5 Suppl):1687S-1698S.
  • Koletzko B, Sauerwald U Keicher U et al. Fatty acid profiles, antioxidant status, and growth of preterm infants fed diets without or with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: A randomized clinical trial. Eur J Nutr 2003;42(5):1.
  • Koletzko, B., Beblo, S., Demmelmair, H., and Hanebutt, F. L. Omega-3 LC-PUFA supply and neurological outcomes in children with phenylketonuria (PKU). J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2009;48 Suppl 1:S2-S7. View abstract.
  • Koletzko, B., Beblo, S., Demmelmair, H., Muller-Felber, W., and Hanebutt, F. L. Does dietary DHA improve neural function in children? Observations in phenylketonuria. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2009;81(2-3):159-164. View abstract.
  • Koletzko, B., Cetin, I., and Brenna, J. T. Dietary fat intakes for pregnant and lactating women. Br.J.Nutr. 2007;98(5):873-877. View abstract.
  • Konig, B., Spielmann, J., Haase, K., Brandsch, C., Kluge, H., Stangl, G. I., and Eder, K. Effects of fish oil and conjugated linoleic acids on expression of target genes of PPAR alpha and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins in the liver of laying hens. Br.J Nutr 2008;100(2):355-363. View abstract.
  • Koretz, R. L. Maintaining remissions in Crohn's disease: a fat chance to please. Gastroenterology 1997;112(6):2155-2156. View abstract.
  • Koshki A, Taleban FA, Tabibi H, Hedayati M, and Esmaeili M. Effects of dietary omega3-fatty acid supplementation on the serum systemic and vascular inflammation markers in hemodialysis patients. IRANIAN J NUTR SCI FOOD TECHNOL 2009;4(2):1.
  • Kothny, W., Angerer, P., Stork, S., and von Schacky, C. Short term effects of omega-3 fatty acids on the radial artery of patients with coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 1998;140(1):181-186. View abstract.
  • Kowey, P. R., Reiffel, J. A., Ellenbogen, K. A., Naccarelli, G. V., and Pratt, C. M. Efficacy and safety of prescription omega-3 fatty acids for the prevention of recurrent symptomatic atrial fibrillation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 12-1-2010;304(21):2363-2372. View abstract.
  • Kratz, M., Callahan, H. S., Yang, P. Y., Matthys, C. C., and Weigle, D. S. Dietary n-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids and energy balance in overweight or moderately obese men and women: a randomized controlled trial. Nutr.Metab (Lond) 2009;6:24. View abstract.
  • Krauss-Etschmann, S., Hartl, D., Rzehak, P., Heinrich, J., Shadid, R., Del, Carmen Ramirez-Tortosa, Campoy, C., Pardillo, S., Schendel, D. J., Decsi, T., Demmelmair, H., and Koletzko, B. V. Decreased cord blood IL-4, IL-13, and CCR4 and increased TGF-beta levels after fish oil supplementation of pregnant women. J.Allergy Clin.Immunol. 2008;121(2):464-470. View abstract.
  • Krauss-Etschmann, S., Shadid, R., Campoy, C., Hoster, E., Demmelmair, H., Jimenez, M., Gil, A., Rivero, M., Veszpremi, B., Decsi, T., and Koletzko, B. V. Effects of fish-oil and folate supplementation of pregnant women on maternal and fetal plasma concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid: a European randomized multicenter trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85(5):1392-1400. View abstract.
  • Krebs, J. D., Browning, L. M., McLean, N. K., Rothwell, J. L., Mishra, G. D., Moore, C. S., and Jebb, S. A. Additive benefits of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and weight-loss in the management of cardiovascular disease risk in overweight hyperinsulinaemic women. Int.J.Obes.(Lond) 2006;30(10):1535-1544. View abstract.
  • Kremer, J. M., Bigauoette, J., Michalek, A. V., Timchalk, M. A., Lininger, L., Rynes, R. I., Huyck, C., Zieminski, J., and Bartholomew, L. E. Effects of manipulation of dietary fatty acids on clinical manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 1-26-1985;1(8422):184-187. View abstract.
  • Kremer, J. M., Jubiz, W., Michalek, A., Rynes, R. I., Bartholomew, L. E., Bigaouette, J., Timchalk, M., Beeler, D., and Lininger, L. Fish-oil fatty acid supplementation in active rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blinded, controlled, crossover study. Ann Intern Med 1987;106(4):497-503. View abstract.
  • Kremer, J. M., Lawrence, D. A., Jubiz, W., DiGiacomo, R., Rynes, R., Bartholomew, L. E., and Sherman, M. Dietary fish oil and olive oil supplementation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical and immunologic effects. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33(6):810-820. View abstract.
  • Kremer, J. M., Lawrence, D. A., Petrillo, G. F., Litts, L. L., Mullaly, P. M., Rynes, R. I., Stocker, R. P., Parhami, N., Greenstein, N. S., Fuchs, B. R., and . Effects of high-dose fish oil on rheumatoid arthritis after stopping nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Clinical and immune correlates. Arthritis Rheum. 1995;38(8):1107-1114. View abstract.
  • Kremmyda LS, Vlachava M Noakes PS Diaper ND Miles EA Calder PC. Atopy risk in infants and children in relation to early exposure to fish,oily fish,or long-chain omega-3 fatty acids: a systematic review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2011;41(1):36-66.
  • Kris-Etherton, P. M., Harris, W. S., and Appel, L. J. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb.Vasc.Biol 2-1-2003;23(2):e20-e30. View abstract.
  • Kristensen, S. D., Schmidt, E. B., and Dyerberg, J. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and human platelet function: a review with particular emphasis on implications for cardiovascular disease. J Intern Med Suppl 1989;225(731):141-150. View abstract.
  • Kristensen, S. D., Schmidt, E. B., Andersen, H. R., and Dyerberg, J. Fish oil in angina pectoris. Atherosclerosis 1987;64(1):13-19. View abstract.
  • Kroger, E., Verreault, R., Carmichael, P. H., Lindsay, J., Julien, P., Dewailly, E., Ayotte, P., and Laurin, D. Omega-3 fatty acids and risk of dementia: the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;90(1):184-192. View abstract.
  • Kromann, N. and Green, A. Epidemiological studies in the Upernavik district, Greenland. Incidence of some chronic diseases 1950-1974. Acta Med Scand 1980;208(5):401-406.
  • Kruger MC, Coetzer H de Winter R Gericke G van Papendorp DH. Calcium, gamma-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid supplementation in senile osteoporosis. Aging (Milano). 1998;10(5):385-394.
  • Kunz B, Ring J, and Braun-Falco O. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) treatment in atopic eczema (AE): a prospective double-blind trial [abstract]. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989;83:196.
  • Kurlandsky, L. E., Bennink, M. R., Webb, P. M., Ulrich, P. J., and Baer, L. J. The absorption and effect of dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids on serum leukotriene B4 in patients with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr.Pulmonol. 1994;18(4):211-217. View abstract.
  • Landmark, K., Thaulow, E., Hysing, J., Mundal, H. H., Eritsland, J., and Hjermann, I. Effects of fish oil, nifedipine and their combination on blood pressure and lipids in primary hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 1993;7(1):25-32. View abstract.
  • Lapillonne A, Picaud JC Chirouze V et al. Supplementation of preterm formulas (PTF) with a low EPA fish oil: Effect on polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFAS) status and growth. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1997;24(4):1.
  • Lapillonne, A., Brossard, N., Claris, O., Reygrobellet, B., and Salle, B. L. Erythrocyte fatty acid composition in term infants fed human milk or a formula enriched with a low eicosapentanoic acid fish oil for 4 months. Eur J Pediatr 2000;159(1-2):49-53. View abstract.
  • Larnkjaer, A., Christensen, J. H., Michaelsen, K. F., and Lauritzen, L. Maternal fish oil supplementation during lactation does not affect blood pressure, pulse wave velocity, or heart rate variability in 2.5-y-old children. J Nutr 2006;136(6):1539-1544. View abstract.
  • Larrieu, S., Letenneur, L., Helmer, C., Dartigues, J. F., and Barberger-Gateau, P. Nutritional factors and risk of incident dementia in the PAQUID longitudinal cohort. J Nutr Health Aging 2004;8(3):150-154. View abstract.
  • Lau, C. S., McLaren, M., and Belch, J. J. Effects of fish oil on plasma fibrinolysis in patients with mild rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1995;13(1):87-90. View abstract.
  • Lauritzen, L., Jorgensen, M. H., Olsen, S. F., Straarup, E. M., and Michaelsen, K. F. Maternal fish oil supplementation in lactation: effect on developmental outcome in breast-fed infants. Reprod.Nutr Dev. 2005;45(5):535-547. View abstract.
  • Lauritzen, L., Kjaer, T. M., Fruekilde, M. B., Michaelsen, K. F., and Frokiaer, H. Fish oil supplementation of lactating mothers affects cytokine production in 2 1/2-year-old children. Lipids 2005;40(7):669-676. View abstract.
  • Lavoie, SM Harding CO Gillingham MB. NORMAL FATTY ACID CONCENTRATIONS IN YOUNG CHILDREN WITH PHENYLKETONURIA (PKU). Top Clin Nutr. 2009;24(4):333-340.
  • Lawrence, R. and Sorrell, T. Eicosapentaenoic acid in cystic fibrosis: evidence of a pathogenetic role for leukotriene B4. Lancet 8-21-1993;342(8869):465-469. View abstract.
  • Leaf DA and Rauch CR. Omega-3 supplementation and estimated VO2max: a double blind randomized controlled trial in athletes. Ann Sports Med 1988;4(1):37-40.
  • Leeb, B. F., Sautner, J., Andel, I., and Rintelen, B. Intravenous application of omega-3 fatty acids in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. The ORA-1 trial. An open pilot study. Lipids 2006;41(1):29-34. View abstract.
  • Lehtonen, A., Raiha, I., Puumalainen, R., Seppanen, A., and Marniemi, J. The effect of the short-term administration of fish oil on serum lipoproteins in old people. Gerontology 1989;35(5-6):311-314. View abstract.
  • Leng GC, Lee AJ, and Fowkes FG. Randomized controlled trial of gamma-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in peripheral arterial disease. Clin Nutr 1998;17:265-271.
  • Leng, G. C., Lee, A. J., Fowkes, F. G., Jepson, R. G., Lowe, G. D., Skinner, E. R., and Mowat, B. F. Randomized controlled trial of gamma-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in peripheral arterial disease. Clin Nutr 1998;17(6):265-271. View abstract.
  • Leon, H., Shibata, M. C., Sivakumaran, S., Dorgan, M., Chatterley, T., and Tsuyuki, R. T. Effect of fish oil on arrhythmias and mortality: systematic review. BMJ 2008;337:a2931. View abstract.
  • Leren, P. The effect of plasma cholesterol lowering diet in male survivors of myocardial infarction. A controlled clinical trial. Acta Med.Scand.Suppl 1966;466:1-92. View abstract.
  • Levinson, P. D., Iosiphidis, A. H., Saritelli, A. L., Herbert, P. N., and Steiner, M. Effects of n-3 fatty acids in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 1990;3(10):754-760. View abstract.
  • Lewin, G. A., Schachter, H. M., Yuen, D., Merchant, P., Mamaladze, V., and Tsertsvadze, A. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on child and maternal health. Evid.Rep.Technol.Assess.(Summ.) 2005;(118):1-11. View abstract.
  • Liang, B., Wang, S., Ye, Y. J., Yang, X. D., Wang, Y. L., Qu, J., Xie, Q. W., and Yin, M. J. Impact of postoperative omega-3 fatty acid-supplemented parenteral nutrition on clinical outcomes and immunomodulations in colorectal cancer patients. World J.Gastroenterol. 4-21-2008;14(15):2434-2439. View abstract.
  • Lim, A. K., Manley, K. J., Roberts, M. A., and Fraenkel, M. B. Fish oil for kidney transplant recipients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(2):CD005282. View abstract.
  • Lim, W. S., Gammack, J. K., Van, Niekerk J., and Dangour, A. D. Omega 3 fatty acid for the prevention of dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;(1):CD005379. View abstract.
  • Lin, P. Y., Chiu, C. C., Huang, S. Y., and Su, K. P. A meta-analytic review of polyunsaturated fatty acid compositions in dementia. J.Clin.Psychiatry 2012;73(9):1245-1254. View abstract.
  • Liu, L. L. and Wang, L. N. omega-3 fatty acids therapy for IgA nephropathy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin.Nephrol. 2012;77(2):119-125. View abstract.
  • Liu, T., Korantzopoulos, P., Shehata, M., Li, G., Wang, X., and Kaul, S. Prevention of atrial fibrillation with omega-3 fatty acids: a meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. Heart 2011;97(13):1034-1040. View abstract.
  • Llorente, A. M., Jensen, C. L., Voigt, R. G., Fraley, J. K., Berretta, M. C., and Heird, W. C. Effect of maternal docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on postpartum depression and information processing. Am.J.Obstet.Gynecol. 2003;188(5):1348-1353. View abstract.
  • Lloyd-Still, J. D., Powers, C. A., Hoffman, D. R., Boyd-Trull, K., Lester, L. A., Benisek, D. C., and Arterburn, L. M. Bioavailability and safety of a high dose of docosahexaenoic acid triacylglycerol of algal origin in cystic fibrosis patients: a randomized, controlled study. Nutrition 2006;22(1):36-46. View abstract.
  • Loeschke, K., Ueberschaer, B., Pietsch, A., Gruber, E., Ewe, K., Wiebecke, B., Heldwein, W., and Lorenz, R. n-3 fatty acids only delay early relapse of ulcerative colitis in remission. Dig.Dis.Sci. 1996;41(10):2087-2094. View abstract.
  • Logan, A. C. Omega-3 fatty acids and major depression: A primer for the mental health professional. Lipids Health Dis. 11-9-2004;3(1):25. View abstract.
  • Lorenz, R. and Loeschke, K. Placebo-controlled trials of omega 3 fatty acids in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. World Rev Nutr Diet. 1994;76:143-145. View abstract.
  • Lorenz, R., Weber, P. C., Szimnau, P., Heldwein, W., Strasser, T., and Loeschke, K. Supplementation with n-3 fatty acids from fish oil in chronic inflammatory bowel disease--a randomized, placebo-controlled, double- blind cross-over trial. J Intern.Med.Suppl 1989;225(731):225-232. View abstract.
  • Lucas A, Stafford M Morley R Abbott R Stephenson T MacFadyen U Elias-Jones A Clements H. Efficacy and safety of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation of infant-formula milk: a randomised trial. Lancet. 1999;354(9194):1948-1954.
  • Lucas, M., Asselin, G., Merette, C., Poulin, M. J., and Dodin, S. Ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid for the treatment of psychological distress and depressive symptoms in middle-aged women: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2009;89(2):641-651. View abstract.
  • Lucia, Bergmann R., Bergmann, K. E., Haschke-Becher, E., Richter, R., Dudenhausen, J. W., Barclay, D., and Haschke, F. Does maternal docosahexaenoic acid supplementation during pregnancy and lactation lower BMI in late infancy? J Perinat.Med 2007;35(4):295-300. View abstract.
  • Luis Roman, D. A., Bachiller, P., Izaola, O., Romero, E., Martin, J., Arranz, M., Eiros Bouza, J. M., and Aller, R. Nutritional treatment for acquired immunodeficiency virus infection using an enterotropic peptide-based formula enriched with n-3 fatty acids: a randomized prospective trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2001;55(12):1048-1052. View abstract.
  • Lungershausen, Y. K., Abbey, M., Nestel, P. J., and Howe, P. R. Reduction of blood pressure and plasma triglycerides by omega-3 fatty acids in treated hypertensives. J Hypertens. 1994;12(9):1041-1045. View abstract.
  • Macchia, A., Levantesi, G., Franzosi, M. G., Geraci, E., Maggioni, A. P., Marfisi, R., Nicolosi, G. L., Schweiger, C., Tavazzi, L., Tognoni, G., Valagussa, F., and Marchioli, R. Left ventricular systolic dysfunction, total mortality, and sudden death in patients with myocardial infarction treated with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Eur.J.Heart Fail. 2005;7(5):904-909. View abstract.
  • Macchia, A., Monte, S., Pellegrini, F., Romero, M., Ferrante, D., Doval, H., D'Ettorre, A., Maggioni, A. P., and Tognoni, G. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation reduces one-year risk of atrial fibrillation in patients hospitalized with myocardial infarction. Eur.J.Clin.Pharmacol. 2008;64(6):627-634. View abstract.
  • Mackness, M. I., Bhatnagar, D., Durrington, P. N., Prais, H., Haynes, B., Morgan, J., and Borthwick, L. Effects of a new fish oil concentrate on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in patients with hypertriglyceridaemia. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994;48(12):859-865. View abstract.
  • Maclean, C. H., Issa, A. M., Newberry, S. J., Mojica, W. A., Morton, S. C., Garland, R. H., Hilton, L. G., Traina, S. B., and Shekelle, P. G. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cognitive function with aging, dementia, and neurological diseases. Evid.Rep.Technol.Assess.(Summ.) 2005;(114):1-3. View abstract.
  • Maclean, C. H., Mojica, W. A., Morton, S. C., Pencharz, J., Hasenfeld, Garland R., Tu, W., Newberry, S. J., Jungvig, L. K., Grossman, J., Khanna, P., Rhodes, S., and Shekelle, P. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on lipids and glycemic control in type II diabetes and the metabolic syndrome and on inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, renal disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and osteoporosis. Evid.Rep.Technol.Assess.(Summ.) 2004;(89):1-4. View abstract.
  • Maclean, C. H., Newberry, S. J., Mojica, W. A., Issa, A., Khanna, P., Lim, Y. W., Morton, S. C., Suttorp, M., Tu, W., Hilton, L. G., Garland, R. H., Traina, S. B., and Shekelle, P. G. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cancer. Evid.Rep.Technol.Assess.(Summ.) 2005;(113):1-4. View abstract.
  • Madden, J., Shearman, C. P., Dunn, R. L., Dastur, N. D., Tan, R. M., Nash, G. B., Rainger, G. E., Brunner, A., Calder, P. C., and Grimble, R. F. Altered monocyte CD44 expression in peripheral arterial disease is corrected by fish oil supplementation. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc.Dis 2009;19(4):247-252. View abstract.
  • Maffettone A. [Long-term effects (six months) of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertriglycaeridemia]. Giornale Italiano di Diabetologia 1996;16:185-193.
  • Magalish, T. L., Ivanov, E. M., and Iubitskaia, N. S. [Ultraphonophoresis of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the complex therapy of rheumatoid arthritis]. Vopr.Kurortol.Fizioter.Lech.Fiz Kult. 2002;(2):43-44. View abstract.
  • Magaro, M., Altomonte, L., Zoli, A., Mirone, L., De, Sole P., Di, Mario G., Lippa, S., and Oradei, A. Influence of diet with different lipid composition on neutrophil chemiluminescence and disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann.Rheum.Dis. 1988;47(10):793-796. View abstract.
  • Mahmoodi MR, Kimiagar M, Mehrabi Y, Rajab A, and Hedayati M. The effects of omega-3 plus vitamin E and vitamin C plus zinc supplementations on plasma lipids and lipoprotein profile in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. IRANIAN J NUTR SCI FOOD TECHNOL 2009;4(3):1.
  • Maki, K. C., Reeves, M. S., Farmer, M., Griinari, M., Berge, K., Vik, H., Hubacher, R., and Rains, T. M. Krill oil supplementation increases plasma concentrations of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in overweight and obese men and women. Nutr.Res. 2009;29(9):609-615. View abstract.
  • Maki, K. C., Van Elswyk, M. E., McCarthy, D., Hess, S. P., Veith, P. E., Bell, M., Subbaiah, P., and Davidson, M. H. Lipid responses to a dietary docosahexaenoic acid supplement in men and women with below average levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. J Am Coll Nutr 2005;24(3):189-199. View abstract.
  • Makrides, M., Gibson, R. A., McPhee, A. J., Collins, C. T., Davis, P. G., Doyle, L. W., Simmer, K., Colditz, P. B., Morris, S., Smithers, L. G., Willson, K., and Ryan, P. Neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants fed high-dose docosahexaenoic acid: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1-14-2009;301(2):175-182. View abstract.
  • Makrides, M., Gibson, R. A., McPhee, A. J., Yelland, L., Quinlivan, J., and Ryan, P. Effect of DHA supplementation during pregnancy on maternal depression and neurodevelopment of young children: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 10-20-2010;304(15):1675-1683. View abstract.
  • Malaguarnera, M., Restuccia, N., Fazio, I. D., Panebianco, M. P., Gulizia, G., and Giugno, I. Fish oil treatment of interferon-alpha-induced dyslipidaemia: study in patients with chronic hepatitis C. BioDrugs. 1999;11(4):285-291. View abstract.
  • Malcolm, C. A., Hamilton, R., McCulloch, D. L., Montgomery, C., and Weaver, L. T. Scotopic electroretinogram in term infants born of mothers supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid during pregnancy. Invest Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 2003;44(8):3685-3691. View abstract.
  • Mallah, H. S., Brown, M. R., Rossi, T. M., and Block, R. C. Parenteral fish oil-associated burr cell anemia. J Pediatr 2010;156(2):324-326. View abstract.
  • Malle, E., Sattler, W., Prenner, E., Leis, H. J., Hermetter, A., Gries, A., and Kostner, G. M. Effects of dietary fish oil supplementation on platelet aggregability and platelet membrane fluidity in normolipemic subjects with and without high plasma Lp(a) concentrations. Atherosclerosis 1991;88(2-3):193-201. View abstract.
  • Mantzaris GJ, Archavlis E Zografos C et al. A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study of fish oil in ulcerative colitis. Hellenic J Gastroenterol. 1996;9:138-141.
  • Marangell, L. B., Martinez, J. M., Zboyan, H. A., Chong, H., and Puryear, L. J. Omega-3 fatty acids for the prevention of postpartum depression: negative data from a preliminary, open-label pilot study. Depress.Anxiety. 2004;19(1):20-23. View abstract.
  • Marangell, L. B., Suppes, T., Ketter, T. A., Dennehy, E. B., Zboyan, H., Kertz, B., Nierenberg, A., Calabrese, J., Wisniewski, S. R., and Sachs, G. Omega-3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder: clinical and research considerations. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2006;75(4-5):315-321. View abstract.
  • Marchioli, R., Barzi, F., Bomba, E., Chieffo, C., Di, Gregorio D., Di, Mascio R., Franzosi, M. G., Geraci, E., Levantesi, G., Maggioni, A. P., Mantini, L., Marfisi, R. M., Mastrogiuseppe, G., Mininni, N., Nicolosi, G. L., Santini, M., Schweiger, C., Tavazzi, L., Tognoni, G., Tucci, C., and Valagussa, F. Early protection against sudden death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: time-course analysis of the results of the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico (GISSI)-Prevenzione. Circulation 4-23-2002;105(16):1897-1903. View abstract.
  • Marchioli, R., Levantesi, G., Macchia, A., Maggioni, A. P., Marfisi, R. M., Silletta, M. G., Tavazzi, L., Tognoni, G., and Valagussa, F. Antiarrhythmic mechanisms of n-3 PUFA and the results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. J.Membr.Biol. 2005;206(2):117-128. View abstract.
  • Marckmann, P., Jespersen, J., Leth, T., and Sandstrom, B. Effect of fish diet versus meat diet on blood lipids, coagulation and fibrinolysis in healthy young men. J Intern Med 1991;229(4):317-323. View abstract.
  • Margolin, G., Huster, G., Glueck, C. J., Speirs, J., Vandegrift, J., Illig, E., Wu, J., Streicher, P., and Tracy, T. Blood pressure lowering in elderly subjects: a double-blind crossover study of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53(2):562-572. View abstract.
  • Margos P, Leftheriotis D Katsouras G Livanis EG Kremastinos DT. Influence of n-3 fatty acids intake on secondary prevention after cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm. Europace 2007;9(iii):51.
  • Marik, P. E. and Flemmer, M. Do dietary supplements have beneficial health effects in industrialized nations: what is the evidence? JPEN J.Parenter.Enteral Nutr. 2012;36(2):159-168. View abstract.
  • Marks, G. B., Mihrshahi, S., Kemp, A. S., Tovey, E. R., Webb, K., Almqvist, C., Ampon, R. D., Crisafulli, D., Belousova, E. G., Mellis, C. M., Peat, J. K., and Leeder, S. R. Prevention of asthma during the first 5 years of life: a randomized controlled trial. J.Allergy Clin.Immunol. 2006;118(1):53-61. View abstract.
  • Maroon, J. C. and Bost, J. W. Omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil) as an anti-inflammatory: an alternative to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for discogenic pain. Surg.Neurol. 2006;65(4):326-331. View abstract.
  • Marsen, T. A., Pollok, M., Oette, K., and Baldamus, C. A. Pharmacokinetics of omega-3-fatty acids during ingestion of fish oil preparations. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1992;46(3):191-196. View abstract.
  • Martin-Bautista, E., Munoz-Torres, M., Fonolla, J., Quesada, M., Poyatos, A., and Lopez-Huertas, E. Improvement of bone formation biomarkers after 1-year consumption with milk fortified with eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, oleic acid, and selected vitamins. Nutr Res 2010;30(5):320-326. View abstract.
  • Martinez, M., Vazquez, E., Garcia-Silva, M. T., Manzanares, J., Bertran, J. M., Castello, F., and Mougan, I. Therapeutic effects of docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester in patients with generalized peroxisomal disorders. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2000;71(1 Suppl):376S-385S. View abstract.
  • Martinez-Victoria, E. and Yago, M. D. Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and body weight. Br.J.Nutr. 2012;107 Suppl 2:S107-S116. View abstract.
  • Martins, J. G. EPA but not DHA appears to be responsible for the efficacy of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in depression: evidence from a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Coll Nutr 2009;28(5):525-542. View abstract.
  • Masuev, K. A. [The effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the omega-3 class on the late phase of the allergic reaction in bronchial asthma patients]. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv 1997;69(3):31-33. View abstract.
  • Matsuyama, W., Mitsuyama, H., Watanabe, M., Oonakahara, K., Higashimoto, I., Osame, M., and Arimura, K. Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on inflammatory markers in COPD. Chest 2005;128(6):3817-3827. View abstract.
  • McCarter, M. D., Gentilini, O. D., Gomez, M. E., and Daly, J. M. Preoperative oral supplement with immunonutrients in cancer patients. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr 1998;22(4):206-211. View abstract.
  • McDonald CF, Vecchie L, Pierce RJ, and et al. Effect of fish-oil derived omega-3 fatty acid supplements on asthma control [abstract]. Austral New Zealand J Med 1990;20:526.
  • McGrath, L. T., Brennan, G. M., Donnelly, J. P., Johnston, G. D., Hayes, J. R., and McVeigh, G. E. Effect of dietary fish oil supplementation on peroxidation of serum lipids in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis 4-5-1996;121(2):275-283. View abstract.
  • McKarney, C., Everard, M., and N'Diaye, T. Omega-3 fatty acids (from fish oils) for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(4):CD002201. View abstract.
  • McNamara, R. K., Able, J., Jandacek, R., Rider, T., Tso, P., Eliassen, J. C., Alfieri, D., Weber, W., Jarvis, K., DelBello, M. P., Strakowski, S. M., and Adler, C. M. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation increases prefrontal cortex activation during sustained attention in healthy boys: a placebo-controlled, dose-ranging, functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91(4):1060-1067. View abstract.
  • Mebarek, S., Ermak, N., Benzaria, A., Vicca, S., Dubois, M., Nemoz, G., Laville, M., Lacour, B., Vericel, E., Lagarde, M., and Prigent, A. F. Effects of increasing docosahexaenoic acid intake in human healthy volunteers on lymphocyte activation and monocyte apoptosis. Br J Nutr 2009;101(6):852-858. View abstract.
  • Meguid, N. A., Atta, H. M., Gouda, A. S., and Khalil, R. O. Role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the management of Egyptian children with autism. Clin Biochem 2008;41(13):1044-1048. View abstract.
  • Mehra, M. R., Lavie, C. J., Ventura, H. O., and Milani, R. V. Fish oils produce anti-inflammatory effects and improve body weight in severe heart failure. J.Heart Lung Transplant. 2006;25(7):834-838. View abstract.
  • Mehrotra B and Ronquillo J. Dietary supplementation in hem/onc outpatients at a tertiary care hospital. American Society of Clinical Oncology 38th Annual Meeting, Orlando, Florida, May 18-21, 2002. 9999;1.
  • Mehta, J. L., Lopez, L. M., Lawson, D., Wargovich, T. J., and Williams, L. L. Dietary supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with stable coronary heart disease. Effects on indices of platelet and neutrophil function and exercise performance. Am J Med 1988;84(1):45-52. View abstract.
  • Meigel, W., Dettke, T., Meigel, E. M., and Lenze, U. [Additional oral therapy of atopic dermatitis with unsaturated fatty acids]. Z.Hautkr. 1987;62 Suppl 1:100-103. View abstract.
  • Mertes, N., Grimm, H., Furst, P., and Stehle, P. Safety and efficacy of a new parenteral lipid emulsion (SMOFlipid) in surgical patients: a randomized, double-blind, multicenter study. Ann.Nutr.Metab 2006;50(3):253-259. View abstract.
  • Meshcheriakova, V. A., Plotnikova, O. A., Sharafetdinov, KhKh, Alekseeva, R. I., Mal'tsev, G. I., and Kulakova, S. N. [Comparative study of effects of diet therapy including eiconol or linseed oil on several parameters of lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus]. Vopr.Pitan. 2001;70(2):28-31. View abstract.
  • Metcalf, R. G., James, M. J., Gibson, R. A., Edwards, J. R., Stubberfield, J., Stuklis, R., Roberts-Thomson, K., Young, G. D., and Cleland, L. G. Effects of fish-oil supplementation on myocardial fatty acids in humans. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2007;85(5):1222-1228. View abstract.
  • Metcalf, R. G., Sanders, P., James, M. J., Cleland, L. G., and Young, G. D. Effect of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the inducibility of ventricular tachycardia in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 3-15-2008;101(6):758-761. View abstract.
  • Meydani, M., Natiello, F., Goldin, B., Free, N., Woods, M., Schaefer, E., Blumberg, J. B., and Gorbach, S. L. Effect of long-term fish oil supplementation on vitamin E status and lipid peroxidation in women. J Nutr 1991;121(4):484-491. View abstract.
  • Meydani, S. N., Endres, S., Woods, M. M., Goldin, B. R., Soo, C., Morrill-Labrode, A., Dinarello, C. A., and Gorbach, S. L. Oral (n-3) fatty acid supplementation suppresses cytokine production and lymphocyte proliferation: comparison between young and older women. J Nutr 1991;121(4):547-555. View abstract.
  • Meydani, S. N., Lichtenstein, A. H., Cornwall, S., Meydani, M., Goldin, B. R., Rasmussen, H., Dinarello, C. A., and Schaefer, E. J. Immunologic effects of national cholesterol education panel step-2 diets with and without fish-derived N-3 fatty acid enrichment. J Clin Invest 1993;92(1):105-113. View abstract.
  • Meyer, B. J., Hammervold, T., Rustan, A. C., and Howe, P. R. Dose-dependent effects of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on blood lipids in statin-treated hyperlipidaemic subjects. Lipids 2007;42(2):109-115. View abstract.
  • Michaeli, B., Berger, M. M., Revelly, J. P., Tappy, L., and Chiolero, R. Effects of fish oil on the neuro-endocrine responses to an endotoxin challenge in healthy volunteers. Clin.Nutr. 2007;26(1):70-77. View abstract.
  • Mickleborough, T. D., Lindley, M. R., Ionescu, A. A., and Fly, A. D. Protective effect of fish oil supplementation on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma. Chest 2006;129(1):39-49. View abstract.
  • Mickleborough, T. D., Murray, R. L., Ionescu, A. A., and Lindley, M. R. Fish oil supplementation reduces severity of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in elite athletes. Am.J.Respir.Crit Care Med. 11-15-2003;168(10):1181-1189. View abstract.
  • Middleton, S. J., Naylor, S., Woolner, J., and Hunter, J. O. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of essential fatty acid supplementation in the maintenance of remission of ulcerative colitis. Aliment.Pharmacol.Ther. 2002;16(6):1131-1135. View abstract.
  • Mihrshahi, S., Peat, J. K., Marks, G. B., Mellis, C. M., Tovey, E. R., Webb, K., Britton, W. J., and Leeder, S. R. Eighteen-month outcomes of house dust mite avoidance and dietary fatty acid modification in the Childhood Asthma Prevention Study (CAPS). J.Allergy Clin.Immunol. 2003;111(1):162-168. View abstract.
  • Mihrshahi, S., Peat, J. K., Webb, K., Oddy, W., Marks, G. B., and Mellis, C. M. Effect of omega-3 fatty acid concentrations in plasma on symptoms of asthma at 18 months of age. Pediatr.Allergy Immunol. 2004;15(6):517-522. View abstract.
  • Mihrshahi, S., Peat, J. K., Webb, K., Tovey, E. R., Marks, G. B., Mellis, C. M., and Leeder, S. R. The childhood asthma prevention study (CAPS): design and research protocol of a randomized trial for the primary prevention of asthma. Control Clin.Trials 2001;22(3):333-354. View abstract.
  • Miles, E. A. and Calder, P. C. Influence of marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on immune function and a systematic review of their effects on clinical outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis. Br.J.Nutr. 2012;107 Suppl 2:S171-S184. View abstract.
  • Miles, E. A., Banerjee, T., Wells, S. J., and Calder, P. C. Limited effect of eicosapentaenoic acid on T-lymphocyte and natural killer cell numbers and functions in healthy young males. Nutrition 2006;22(5):512-519. View abstract.
  • Miller, J. P., Heath, I. D., Choraria, S. K., Shephard, N. W., Gajendragadkar, R. V., Harcus, A. W., Batson, G. A., Smith, D. W., and Saynor, R. Triglyceride lowering effect of MaxEPA fish lipid concentrate: a multicentre placebo controlled double blind study. Clin Chim.Acta 12-30-1988;178(3):251-259. View abstract.
  • Mills, S. C., von Roon, A. C., Tekkis, P. P., and Orchard, T. R. Crohn's disease. Clin.Evid.(Online.) 2011;2011 View abstract.
  • Milner, M. R., Gallino, R. A., Leffingwell, A., Pichard, A. D., Brooks-Robinson, S., Rosenberg, J., Little, T., and Lindsay, J., Jr. Usefulness of fish oil supplements in preventing clinical evidence of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Am.J Cardiol. 8-1-1989;64(5):294-299. View abstract.
  • Milte, C. M., Coates, A. M., Buckley, J. D., Hill, A. M., and Howe, P. R. Dose-dependent effects of docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oil on erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid and blood lipid levels. Br J Nutr 2008;99(5):1083-1088. View abstract.
  • Milte, C. M., Sinn, N., and Howe, P. R. Polyunsaturated fatty acid status in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression, and Alzheimer's disease: towards an omega-3 index for mental health? Nutr Rev 2009;67(10):573-590. View abstract.
  • Mimoun, M., Coste, T. C., Lebacq, J., Lebecque, P., Wallemacq, P., Leal, T., and Armand, M. Increased tissue arachidonic acid and reduced linoleic acid in a mouse model of cystic fibrosis are reversed by supplemental glycerophospholipids enriched in docosahexaenoic acid. J Nutr 2009;139(12):2358-2364. View abstract.
  • Mindrescu, C., Gupta, R. P., Hermance, E. V., DeVoe, M. C., Soma, V. R., Coppola, J. T., and Staniloae, C. S. Omega-3 fatty acids plus rosuvastatin improves endothelial function in South Asians with dyslipidemia. Vasc.Health Risk Manag. 2008;4(6):1439-1447. View abstract.
  • Minoura, T., Takata, T., Sakaguchi, M., Takada, H., Yamamura, M., Hioki, K., and Yamamoto, M. Effect of dietary eicosapentaenoic acid on azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats. Cancer Res 9-1-1988;48(17):4790-4794. View abstract.
  • Mischoulon, D. and Fava, M. Docosahexanoic acid and omega-3 fatty acids in depression. Psychiatr.Clin North Am 2000;23(4):785-794. View abstract.
  • Mischoulon, D., Best-Popescu, C., Laposata, M., Merens, W., Murakami, J. L., Wu, S. L., Papakostas, G. I., Dording, C. M., Sonawalla, S. B., Nierenberg, A. A., Alpert, J. E., and Fava, M. A double-blind dose-finding pilot study of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for major depressive disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008;18(9):639-645. View abstract.
  • Mischoulon, D., Papakostas, G. I., Dording, C. M., Farabaugh, A. H., Sonawalla, S. B., Agoston, A. M., Smith, J., Beaumont, E. C., Dahan, L. E., Alpert, J. E., Nierenberg, A. A., and Fava, M. A double-blind, randomized controlled trial of ethyl-eicosapentaenoate for major depressive disorder. J.Clin.Psychiatry 2009;70(12):1636-1644. View abstract.
  • Mita, T., Watada, H., Ogihara, T., Nomiyama, T., Ogawa, O., Kinoshita, J., Shimizu, T., Hirose, T., Tanaka, Y., and Kawamori, R. Eicosapentaenoic acid reduces the progression of carotid intima-media thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2007;191(1):162-167. View abstract.
  • Moertl, D., Hammer, A., Steiner, S., Hutuleac, R., Vonbank, K., and Berger, R. Dose-dependent effects of omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids on systolic left ventricular function, endothelial function, and markers of inflammation in chronic heart failure of nonischemic origin: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, 3-arm study. Am.Heart J. 2011;161(5):915-919. View abstract.
  • Moghadamnia, A. A., Mirhosseini, N., Abadi, M. H., Omranirad, A., and Omidvar, S. Effect of Clupeonella grimmi (anchovy/kilka) fish oil on dysmenorrhoea. East Mediterr.Health J. 2010;16(4):408-413. View abstract.
  • Molgaard, J., von Schenck, H., Lassvik, C., Kuusi, T., and Olsson, A. G. Effect of fish oil treatment on plasma lipoproteins in type III hyperlipoproteinaemia. Atherosclerosis 1990;81(1):1-9. View abstract.
  • Moller, J. M., Svaneborg, N., Lervang, H. H., Varming, K., Madsen, P., Dyerberg, J., and Schmidt, E. B. The acute effect of a single very high dose of N-3 fatty acids on coagulation and fibrinolysis. Thromb.Res 9-1-1992;67(5):569-577. View abstract.
  • Montgomery, P. and Richardson, A. J. Omega-3 fatty acids for bipolar disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;(2):CD005169. View abstract.
  • Moore, N. G., Wang-Johanning, F., Chang, P. L., and Johanning, G. L. Omega-3 fatty acids decrease protein kinase expression in human breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2001;67(3):279-283. View abstract.
  • Morgan, W. A., Raskin, P., and Rosenstock, J. A comparison of fish oil or corn oil supplements in hyperlipidemic subjects with NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1995;18(1):83-86. View abstract.
  • Mori, T. A., Bao, D. Q., Burke, V., Puddey, I. B., and Beilin, L. J. Docosahexaenoic acid but not eicosapentaenoic acid lowers ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate in humans. Hypertension 1999;34(2):253-260. View abstract.
  • Mori, T. A., Beilin, L. J., Burke, V., Morris, J., and Ritchie, J. Interactions between dietary fat, fish, and fish oils and their effects on platelet function in men at risk of cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc Biol 1997;17(2):279-286. View abstract.
  • Mori, T. A., Vandongen, R., Beilin, L. J., Burke, V., Morris, J., and Ritchie, J. Effects of varying dietary fat, fish, and fish oils on blood lipids in a randomized controlled trial in men at risk of heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59(5):1060-1068. View abstract.
  • Mori, T. A., Vandongen, R., Mahanian, F., and Douglas, A. Plasma lipid levels and platelet and neutrophil function in patients with vascular disease following fish oil and olive oil supplementation. Metabolism 1992;41(10):1059-1067. View abstract.
  • Mori, T. A., Watts, G. F., Burke, V., Hilme, E., Puddey, I. B., and Beilin, L. J. Differential effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on vascular reactivity of the forearm microcirculation in hyperlipidemic, overweight men. Circulation 9-12-2000;102(11):1264-1269. View abstract.
  • Morris, C. R. and Agin, M. C. Syndrome of allergy, apraxia, and malabsorption: characterization of a neurodevelopmental phenotype that responds to omega 3 and vitamin E supplementation. Altern.Ther Health Med. 2009;15(4):34-43. View abstract.
  • Morris, M. C., Sacks, F., and Rosner, B. Does fish oil lower blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled trials. Circulation 1993;88(2):523-533. View abstract.
  • Morris, M. C., Taylor, J. O., Stampfer, M. J., Rosner, B., and Sacks, F. M. The effect of fish oil on blood pressure in mild hypertensive subjects: a randomized crossover trial. Am J Clin Nutr 1993;57(1):59-64. View abstract.
  • Mortensen, J. Z., Schmidt, E. B., Nielsen, A. H., and Dyerberg, J. The effect of N-6 and N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on hemostasis, blood lipids and blood pressure. Thromb.Haemost. 8-30-1983;50(2):543-546. View abstract.
  • Mostad, I. L., Bjerve, K. S., Lydersen, S., and Grill, V. Effects of marine n-3 fatty acid supplementation on lipoprotein subclasses measured by nuclear magnetic resonance in subjects with type II diabetes. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 2008;62(3):419-429. View abstract.
  • Mozaffarian, D., Stein, P. K., Prineas, R. J., and Siscovick, D. S. Dietary fish and omega-3 fatty acid consumption and heart rate variability in US adults. Circulation 3-4-2008;117(9):1130-1137. View abstract.
  • Muhlhausler, B. S., Gibson, R. A., and Makrides, M. Effect of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation during pregnancy or lactation on infant and child body composition: a systematic review. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2010;92(4):857-863. View abstract.
  • Muhlhausler, B. S., Gibson, R. A., and Makrides, M. The effect of maternal omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LCPUFA) supplementation during pregnancy and/or lactation on body fat mass in the offspring: a systematic review of animal studies. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2011;85(2):83-88. View abstract.
  • Murakami, K., Mizoue, T., Sasaki, S., Ohta, M., Sato, M., Matsushita, Y., and Mishima, N. Dietary intake of folate, other B vitamins, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in relation to depressive symptoms in Japanese adults. Nutrition 2008;24(2):140-147. View abstract.
  • Musa-Veloso, K., Binns, M. A., Kocenas, A. C., Poon, T., Elliot, J. A., Rice, H., Oppedal-Olsen, H., Lloyd, H., and Lemke, S. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid dose-dependently reduce fasting serum triglycerides. Nutr Rev 2010;68(3):155-167. View abstract.
  • Musa-Veloso, K., Binns, M. A., Kocenas, A., Chung, C., Rice, H., Oppedal-Olsen, H., Lloyd, H., and Lemke, S. Impact of low v. moderate intakes of long-chain n-3 fatty acids on risk of coronary heart disease. Br.J.Nutr. 2011;106(8):1129-1141. View abstract.
  • Naber, F. B., Oudkerk, Pool M., Teerlink, T., Popp-Snijders, C., Gans, R. O., and Bilo, H. J. [Effect of short-term use of omega-3-type polyunsaturated fatty acids in subjects with hypertriglyceridemia]. Ned Tijdschr.Geneeskd. 8-1-1992;136(31):1511-1514. View abstract.
  • Nagakura, T., Matsuda, S., Shichijyo, K., Sugimoto, H., and Hata, K. Dietary supplementation with fish oil rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with bronchial asthma. Eur Respir.J 2000;16(5):861-865. View abstract.
  • Nagata, C., Takatsuka, N., and Shimizu, H. Soy and fish oil intake and mortality in a Japanese community. Am J Epidemiol. 11-1-2002;156(9):824-831. View abstract.
  • Nakamura, N., Hamazaki, T., Ohta, M., Okuda, K., Urakaze, M., Sawazaki, S., Yamazaki, K., Satoh, A., Temaru, R., Ishikura, Y., Takata, M., Kishida, M., and Kobayashi, M. Joint effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and eicosapentaenoic acids on serum lipid profile and plasma fatty acid concentrations in patients with hyperlipidemia. Int J Clin Lab Res 1999;29(1):22-25. View abstract.
  • Nemets, B., Osher, Y., and Belmaker, R. H. Omega-3 fatty acids and augmentation strategies in treating resistant depression. Essent.Psychopharmacol. 2004;6(1):59-64. View abstract.
  • Nemets, H., Nemets, B., Apter, A., Bracha, Z., and Belmaker, R. H. Omega-3 treatment of childhood depression: a controlled, double-blind pilot study. Am.J.Psychiatry 2006;163(6):1098-1100. View abstract.
  • Nestel, P., Shige, H., Pomeroy, S., Cehun, M., Abbey, M., and Raederstorff, D. The n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid increase systemic arterial compliance in humans. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2002;76(2):326-330. View abstract.
  • Ng, R. C., Hirata, C. K., Yeung, W., Haller, E., and Finley, P. R. Pharmacologic treatment for postpartum depression: a systematic review. Pharmacotherapy 2010;30(9):928-941. View abstract.
  • Nielsen, G. L., Faarvang, K. L., Thomsen, B. S., Teglbjaerg, K. L., Jensen, L. T., Hansen, T. M., Lervang, H. H., Schmidt, E. B., Dyerberg, J., and Ernst, E. The effects of dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, double blind trial. Eur J Clin Invest 1992;22(10):687-691. View abstract.
  • Ninio, D. M., Hill, A. M., Howe, P. R., Buckley, J. D., and Saint, D. A. Docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oil improves heart rate variability and heart rate responses to exercise in overweight adults. Br J Nutr 2008;100(5):1097-1103. View abstract.
  • No Author. Weighing the benefits of omega-3 fatty acids for childhood depression. BROWN UNIV CHILD ADOLESC PSYCHOPHARMACOL UPDATE 2006;8(8):1-4.
  • Nodari S, Triggiani M Foresti A et al. Use of N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to maintain sinus rhythm after conversion from persistent atrial fibrillation. A prospective randomized study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55(A2):E14.
  • Nodari, S., Triggiani, M., Campia, U., Manerba, A., Milesi, G., Cesana, B. M., Gheorghiade, M., and Dei, Cas L. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on left ventricular function and functional capacity in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J.Am.Coll.Cardiol. 2-15-2011;57(7):870-879. View abstract.
  • Nodari, S., Triggiani, M., Campia, U., Manerba, A., Milesi, G., Cesana, B. M., Gheorghiade, M., and Dei, Cas L. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the prevention of atrial fibrillation recurrences after electrical cardioversion: a prospective, randomized study. Circulation 9-6-2011;124(10):1100-1106. View abstract.
  • Nordoy, A., Barstad, L., Connor, W. E., and Hatcher, L. Absorption of the n-3 eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids as ethyl esters and triglycerides by humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53(5):1185-1190. View abstract.
  • Nordoy, A., Bonaa, K. H., Nilsen, H., Berge, R. K., Hansen, J. B., and Ingebretsen, O. C. Effects of Simvastatin and omega-3 fatty acids on plasma lipoproteins and lipid peroxidation in patients with combined hyperlipidaemia. J Intern Med 1998;243(2):163-170. View abstract.
  • Nordoy, A., Hansen, J. B., Brox, J., and Svensson, B. Effects of atorvastatin and omega-3 fatty acids on LDL subfractions and postprandial hyperlipemia in patients with combined hyperlipemia. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc.Dis 2001;11(1):7-16. View abstract.
  • Nordoy, A., Hatcher, L. F., Ullmann, D. L., and Connor, W. E. Individual effects of dietary saturated fatty acids and fish oil on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in normal men. Am J Clin Nutr 1993;57(5):634-639. View abstract.
  • Nordoy, A., Hatcher, L., Goodnight, S., FitzGerald, G. A., and Conner, W. E. Effects of dietary fat content, saturated fatty acids, and fish oil on eicosanoid production and hemostatic parameters in normal men. J Lab Clin Med 1994;123(6):914-920. View abstract.
  • Normen, L., Yip, B., Montaner, J., Harris, M., Frohlich, J., Bondy, G., and Hogg, R. S. Use of metabolic drugs and fish oil in HIV-positive patients with metabolic complications and associations with dyslipidaemia and treatment targets. HIV.Med 2007;8(6):346-356. View abstract.
  • Norris, P. G., Jones, C. J., and Weston, M. J. Effect of dietary supplementation with fish oil on systolic blood pressure in mild essential hypertension. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 7-12-1986;293(6539):104-105. View abstract.
  • Nye, E. R., Ablett, M. B., Robertson, M. C., Ilsley, C. D., and Sutherland, W. H. Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid on restenosis rate, clinical course and blood lipids in patients after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Aust N Z.J Med 1990;20(4):549-552. View abstract.
  • O'Connor, G. T., Malenka, D. J., Olmstead, E. M., Johnson, P. S., and Hennekens, C. H. A meta-analysis of randomized trials of fish oil in prevention of restenosis following coronary angioplasty. Am J Prev Med 1992;8(3):186-192. View abstract.
  • O'Keefe, J. H., Jr., Abuissa, H., Sastre, A., Steinhaus, D. M., and Harris, W. S. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on resting heart rate, heart rate recovery after exercise, and heart rate variability in men with healed myocardial infarctions and depressed ejection fractions. Am J Cardiol 4-15-2006;97(8):1127-1130. View abstract.
  • Oddy, W. H., de Klerk, N. H., Kendall, G. E., Mihrshahi, S., and Peat, J. K. Ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids and childhood asthma. J Asthma 2004;41(3):319-326. View abstract.
  • Oe, H., Hozumi, T., Murata, E., Matsuura, H., Negishi, K., Matsumura, Y., Iwata, S., Ogawa, K., Sugioka, K., Takemoto, Y., Shimada, K., Yoshiyama, M., Ishikura, Y., Kiso, Y., and Yoshikawa, J. Arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation increases coronary flow velocity reserve in Japanese elderly individuals. Heart 2008;94(3):316-321. View abstract.
  • Oien, T., Storro, O., and Johnsen, R. Do early intake of fish and fish oil protect against eczema and doctor-diagnosed asthma at 2 years of age? A cohort study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2010;64(2):124-129. View abstract.
  • Okamoto, M., Mitsunobu, F., Ashida, K., Mifune, T., Hosaki, Y., Tsugeno, H., Harada, S., and Tanizaki, Y. Effects of dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acids compared with n-6 fatty acids on bronchial asthma. Intern Med 2000;39(2):107-111. View abstract.
  • Oliveira, J. M. and Rondo, P. H. Omega-3 fatty acids and hypertriglyceridemia in HIV-infected subjects on antiretroviral therapy: systematic review and meta-analysis. HIV.Clin.Trials 2011;12(5):268-274. View abstract.
  • Oliver, C. and Jahnke, N. Omega-3 fatty acids for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2011;(8):CD002201. View abstract.
  • Olsen, S. F. and Secher, N. J. Low consumption of seafood in early pregnancy as a risk factor for preterm delivery: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2-23-2002;324(7335):447. View abstract.
  • Olsen, S. F., Osterdal, M. L., Salvig, J. D., Mortensen, L. M., Rytter, D., Secher, N. J., and Henriksen, T. B. Fish oil intake compared with olive oil intake in late pregnancy and asthma in the offspring: 16 y of registry-based follow-up from a randomized controlled trial. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2008;88(1):167-175. View abstract.
  • Olszewski, A. J. and McCully, K. S. Fish oil decreases serum homocysteine in hyperlipemic men. Coron.Artery Dis 1993;4(1):53-60. View abstract.
  • Olza, J., Mesa, M. D., Aguilera, C. M., Moreno-Torres, R., Jimenez, A., Perez, de la Cruz, and Gil, A. Influence of an eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid-enriched enteral nutrition formula on plasma fatty acid composition and biomarkers of insulin resistance in the elderly. Clin.Nutr. 2010;29(1):31-37. View abstract.
  • Ortega, R. M., Rodriguez-Rodriguez, E., and Lopez-Sobaler, A. M. Effects of omega 3 fatty acids supplementation in behavior and non-neurodegenerative neuropsychiatric disorders. Br.J.Nutr. 2012;107 Suppl 2:S261-S270. View abstract.
  • Osher, Y., Bersudsky, Y., and Belmaker, R. H. Omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid in bipolar depression: report of a small open-label study. J Clin Psychiatry 2005;66(6):726-729. View abstract.
  • Otto, C., Kaemmerer, U., Illert, B., Muehling, B., Pfetzer, N., Wittig, R., Voelker, H. U., Thiede, A., and Coy, J. F. Growth of human gastric cancer cells in nude mice is delayed by a ketogenic diet supplemented with omega-3 fatty acids and medium-chain triglycerides. BMC.Cancer 2008;8:122. View abstract.
  • Ozaydin, M., Erdogan, D., Tayyar, S., Uysal, B. A., Dogan, A., Icli, A., Ozkan, E., Varol, E., Turker, Y., and Arslan, A. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids administration does not reduce the recurrence rates of atrial fibrillation and inflammation after electrical cardioversion: a prospective randomized study. Anadolu.Kardiyol.Derg. 2011;11(4):305-309. View abstract.
  • Paker AM, Sunness JS Brereton NH et al. Docosahexaenoic acid therapy in peroxisomal diseases: results of a double-blind, randomized trial. Neurology 2010;75:826-830.
  • Palat D, Rudolph D, and Rothstein M. A trial of fish oil in asthma [abstract]. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988;137(Suppl 4 part 2):329.
  • Panchaud, A., Sauty, A., Kernen, Y., Decosterd, L. A., Buclin, T., Boulat, O., Hug, C., Pilet, M., and Roulet, M. Biological effects of a dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation in cystic fibrosis patients: a randomized, crossover placebo-controlled trial. Clin.Nutr. 2006;25(3):418-427. View abstract.
  • Pandalai, P. K., Pilat, M. J., Yamazaki, K., Naik, H., and Pienta, K. J. The effects of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids on in vitro prostate cancer growth. Anticancer Res 1996;16(2):815-820. View abstract.
  • Parinyasiri, U., Ong-Ajyooth, L., Parichatikanond, P., Ong-Ajyooth, S., Liammongkolkul, S., and Kanyog, S. Effect of fish oil on oxidative stress, lipid profile and renal function in IgA nephropathy. J Med Assoc.Thai. 2004;87(2):143-149. View abstract.
  • Parker, G. B., Heruc, G. A., Hilton, T. M., Olley, A., Brotchie, H., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., Friend, C., Walsh, W. F., and Stocker, R. Low levels of docosahexaenoic acid identified in acute coronary syndrome patients with depression. Psychiatry Res 3-30-2006;141(3):279-286. View abstract.
  • Parra, D., Ramel, A., Bandarra, N., Kiely, M., Martinez, J. A., and Thorsdottir, I. A diet rich in long chain omega-3 fatty acids modulates satiety in overweight and obese volunteers during weight loss. Appetite 2008;51(3):676-680. View abstract.
  • Paschos, G. K., Zampelas, A., Panagiotakos, D. B., Katsiougiannis, S., Griffin, B. A., Votteas, V., and Skopouli, F. N. Effects of flaxseed oil supplementation on plasma adiponectin levels in dyslipidemic men. Eur.J.Nutr. 2007;46(6):315-320. View abstract.
  • Pase, M. P., Grima, N. A., and Sarris, J. Do long-chain n-3 fatty acids reduce arterial stiffness? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br.J.Nutr. 2011;106(7):974-980. View abstract.
  • Pase, M. P., Grima, N. A., and Sarris, J. The effects of dietary and nutrient interventions on arterial stiffness: a systematic review. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2011;93(2):446-454. View abstract.
  • Patel, J. V., Tracey, I., Hughes, E. A., and Lip, G. Y. Omega-3 polyunsaturated acids and cardiovascular disease: notable ethnic differences or unfulfilled promise? J.Thromb.Haemost. 2010;8(10):2095-2104. View abstract.
  • Patrick, L and Salik, R. The effect of essential fatty acid supplementation on language development and learning skills in autism and asperger's syndrome. Autism Asperger's Digest 2005;36-37.
  • Payan, D. G., Wong, M. Y., Chernov-Rogan, T., Valone, F. H., Pickett, W. C., Blake, V. A., Gold, W. M., and Goetzl, E. J. Alterations in human leukocyte function induced by ingestion of eicosapentaenoic acid. J.Clin.Immunol. 1986;6(5):402-410. View abstract.
  • Pazirandeh, S., Ling, P. R., Ollero, M., Gordon, F., Burns, D. L., and Bistrian, B. R. Supplementation of arachidonic acid plus docosahexaenoic acid in cirrhotic patients awaiting liver transplantation: a preliminary study. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr 2007;31(6):511-516. View abstract.
  • Pelikanova, T., Kohout, M., Valek, J., Kazdova, L., and Base, J. Metabolic effects of omega-3 fatty acids in type 2 (non-insulin- dependent) diabetic patients. Ann N Y Acad Sci 6-14-1993;683:272-278. View abstract.
  • Peoples, G. E., McLennan, P. L., Howe, P. R., and Groeller, H. Fish oil reduces heart rate and oxygen consumption during exercise. J.Cardiovasc.Pharmacol. 2008;52(6):540-547. View abstract.
  • Persson, C., Glimelius, B., Ronnelid, J., and Nygren, P. Impact of fish oil and melatonin on cachexia in patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer: a randomized pilot study. Nutrition 2005;21(2):170-178. View abstract.
  • Peters, B. S., Wierzbicki, A. S., Moyle, G., Nair, D., and Brockmeyer, N. The effect of a 12-week course of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on lipid parameters in hypertriglyceridemic adult HIV-infected patients undergoing HAART: a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial. Clin.Ther. 2012;34(1):67-76. View abstract.
  • Pettersson, E. E., Rekola, S., Berglund, L., Sundqvist, K. G., Angelin, B., Diczfalusy, U., Bjorkhem, I., and Bergstrom, J. Treatment of IgA nephropathy with omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids: a prospective, double-blind, randomized study. Clin Nephrol 1994;41(4):183-190. View abstract.
  • Phillipson, B. E., Rothrock, D. W., Connor, W. E., Harris, W. S., and Illingworth, D. R. Reduction of plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and apoproteins by dietary fish oils in patients with hypertriglyceridemia. N.Engl.J.Med. 5-9-1985;312(19):1210-1216. View abstract.
  • Pignatelli, P. and Basili, S. Nutraceuticals in the early infancy. Cardiovasc.Ther. 2010;28(4):236-245. View abstract.
  • Piolot, A., Blache, D., Boulet, L., Fortin, L. J., Dubreuil, D., Marcoux, C., Davignon, J., and Lussier-Cacan, S. Effect of fish oil on LDL oxidation and plasma homocysteine concentrations in health. J.Lab Clin.Med. 2003;141(1):41-49. View abstract.
  • Pittet, Y. K., Berger, M. M., Pluess, T. T., Voirol, P., Revelly, J. P., Tappy, L., and Chiolero, R. L. Blunting the response to endotoxin in healthy subjects: effects of various doses of intravenous fish oil. Intensive Care Med 2010;36(2):289-295. View abstract.
  • Politi, P., Cena, H., Comelli, M., Marrone, G., Allegri, C., Emanuele, E., and Ucelli di, Nemi S. Behavioral effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in young adults with severe autism: an open label study. Arch Med Res 2008;39(7):682-685. View abstract.
  • Pontes-Arruda, A., Aragao, A. M., and Albuquerque, J. D. Effects of enteral feeding with eicosapentaenoic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and antioxidants in mechanically ventilated patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(9):2325-2333. View abstract.
  • Pooya, Sh, Jalali, M. D., Jazayery, A. D., Saedisomeolia, A., Eshraghian, M. R., and Toorang, F. The efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on plasma homocysteine and malondialdehyde levels of type 2 diabetic patients. Nutr.Metab Cardiovasc.Dis. 2010;20(5):326-331. View abstract.
  • Poppitt, S. D., Howe, C. A., Lithander, F. E., Silvers, K. M., Lin, R. B., Croft, J., Ratnasabapathy, Y., Gibson, R. A., and Anderson, C. S. Effects of moderate-dose omega-3 fish oil on cardiovascular risk factors and mood after ischemic stroke: a randomized, controlled trial. Stroke 2009;40(11):3485-3492. View abstract.
  • Portwood, M. M. The role of dietary fatty acids in children's behaviour and learning. Nutr Health 2006;18(3):233-247. View abstract.
  • Pot, G. K., Brouwer, I. A., Enneman, A., Rijkers, G. T., Kampman, E., and Geelen, A. No effect of fish oil supplementation on serum inflammatory markers and their interrelationships: a randomized controlled trial in healthy, middle-aged individuals. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009;63(11):1353-1359. View abstract.
  • Pouwer, F., Nijpels, G., Beekman, A. T., Dekker, J. M., van Dam, R. M., Heine, R. J., and Snoek, F. J. Fat food for a bad mood. Could we treat and prevent depression in Type 2 diabetes by means of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids? A review of the evidence. Diabet.Med 2005;22(11):1465-1475. View abstract.
  • Pratt, C. M., Reiffel, J. A., Ellenbogen, K. A., Naccarelli, G. V., and Kowey, P. R. Efficacy and safety of prescription omega-3-acid ethyl esters for the prevention of recurrent symptomatic atrial fibrillation: a prospective study. Am Heart J 2009;158(2):163-169. View abstract.
  • Prescott, S. L., Barden, A. E., Mori, T. A., and Dunstan, J. A. Maternal fish oil supplementation in pregnancy modifies neonatal leukotriene production by cord-blood-derived neutrophils. Clin.Sci.(Lond) 2007;113(10):409-416. View abstract.
  • Preshaw, R. M., Attisha, R. P., and Hollingsworth, W. J. Randomized sequential trial of parenteral nutrition in healing of colonic anastomoses in man. Can.J.Surg. 1979;22(5):437-439. View abstract.
  • Prisco, D., Filippini, M., Francalanci, I., Paniccia, R., Gensini, G. F., and Serneri, G. G. Effect of n-3 fatty acid ethyl ester supplementation on fatty acid composition of the single platelet phospholipids and on platelet functions. Metabolism 1995;44(5):562-569. View abstract.
  • Puri, B. K., Koepp, M. J., Holmes, J., Hamilton, G., and Yuen, A. W. A 31-phosphorus neurospectroscopy study of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intervention with eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in patients with chronic refractory epilepsy. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2007;77(2):105-107. View abstract.
  • Pyzh, M. V., Gratsianskii, N. A., and Dobrovol'skii, A. B. [The effect of the long-term use of a diet enriched with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the fatty acid composition, fibrinolytic system indices and lipid spectrum of the blood in patients with ischemic heart disease]. Kardiologiia. 1993;33(10):46-50. View abstract.
  • Quinn, J. F., Raman, R., Thomas, R. G., Yurko-Mauro, K., Nelson, E. B., Van, Dyck C., Galvin, J. E., Emond, J., Jack, C. R., Jr., Weiner, M., Shinto, L., and Aisen, P. S. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation and cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease: a randomized trial. JAMA 11-3-2010;304(17):1903-1911. View abstract.
  • Raatz, S. K., Redmon, J. B., Wimmergren, N., Donadio, J. V., and Bibus, D. M. Enhanced absorption of n-3 fatty acids from emulsified compared with encapsulated fish oil. J Am Diet Assoc 2009;109(6):1076-1081. View abstract.
  • Radack, K. and Deck, C. The effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on blood pressure: a methodologic analysis of the evidence. J Am Coll Nutr 1989;8(5):376-385. View abstract.
  • Radack, K. L., Deck, C. C., and Huster, G. A. n-3 fatty acid effects on lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins at very low doses: results of a randomized controlled trial in hypertriglyceridemic subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;51(4):599-605. View abstract.
  • Radack, K., Deck, C., and Huster, G. The effects of low doses of n-3 fatty acid supplementation on blood pressure in hypertensive subjects. A randomized controlled trial. Arch.Intern.Med. 1991;151(6):1173-1180. View abstract.
  • Ramakrishnan, U., Stein, A. D., Parra-Cabrera, S., Wang, M., Imhoff-Kunsch, B., Juarez-Marquez, S., Rivera, J., and Martorell, R. Effects of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation during pregnancy on gestational age and size at birth: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Mexico. Food Nutr Bull 2010;31(2 Suppl):S108-S116. View abstract.
  • Ramel, A., Martinez, J. A., Kiely, M., Bandarra, N. M., and Thorsdottir, I. Effects of weight loss and seafood consumption on inflammation parameters in young, overweight and obese European men and women during 8 weeks of energy restriction. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 2010;64(9):987-993. View abstract.
  • Ramel, A., Martinez, J. A., Kiely, M., Bandarra, N. M., and Thorsdottir, I. Moderate consumption of fatty fish reduces diastolic blood pressure in overweight and obese European young adults during energy restriction. Nutrition 2010;26(2):168-174. View abstract.
  • Ramel, A., Parra, D., Martinez, J. A., Kiely, M., and Thorsdottir, I. Effects of seafood consumption and weight loss on fasting leptin and ghrelin concentrations in overweight and obese European young adults. Eur.J.Nutr. 2009;48(2):107-114. View abstract.
  • Rasmussen, B. M., Vessby, B., Uusitupa, M., Berglund, L., Pedersen, E., Riccardi, G., Rivellese, A. A., Tapsell, L., and Hermansen, K. Effects of dietary saturated, monounsaturated, and n-3 fatty acids on blood pressure in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83(2):221-226. View abstract.
  • Raz, R., Carasso, R. L., and Yehuda, S. The influence of short-chain essential fatty acids on children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. J.Child Adolesc.Psychopharmacol. 2009;19(2):167-177. View abstract.
  • Reddy, B. S. and Maruyama, H. Effect of dietary fish oil on azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in male F344 rats. Cancer Res 1986;46(7):3367-3370. View abstract.
  • Reddy, B. S., Burill, C., and Rigotty, J. Effect of diets high in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids on initiation and postinitiation stages of colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 1-15-1991;51(2):487-491. View abstract.
  • Rees, A. M., Austin, M. P., and Parker, G. B. Omega-3 fatty acids as a treatment for perinatal depression: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2008;42(3):199-205. View abstract.
  • Rees, D., Miles, E. A., Banerjee, T., Wells, S. J., Roynette, C. E., Wahle, K. W., and Calder, P. C. Dose-related effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on innate immune function in healthy humans: a comparison of young and older men. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83(2):331-342. View abstract.
  • Reid, S., Cawthon, P. M., Craig, J. C., Samuels, J. A., Molony, D. A., and Strippoli, G. F. Non-immunosuppressive treatment for IgA nephropathy. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2011;(3):CD003962. View abstract.
  • Rein, P., Saely, C. H., Aczel, S., Patsch, B., and Drexel, H. Omega-3 fatty acids significantly reduce postprandial triglyceridemia in male smokers: a pilot study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc.Dis 2009;19(2):e3-e4. View abstract.
  • Reis, G. J., Boucher, T. M., Sipperly, M. E., Silverman, D. I., McCabe, C. H., Baim, D. S., Sacks, F. M., Grossman, W., and Pasternak, R. C. Randomised trial of fish oil for prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty. Lancet 7-22-1989;2(8656):177-181. View abstract.
  • Reis, G. J., Silverman, D. I., Boucher, T. M., Sipperly, M. E., Horowitz, G. L., Sacks, F. M., and Pasternak, R. C. Effects of two types of fish oil supplements on serum lipids and plasma phospholipid fatty acids in coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 11-15-1990;66(17):1171-1175. View abstract.
  • Reisman, J., Schachter, H. M., Dales, R. E., Tran, K., Kourad, K., Barnes, D., Sampson, M., Morrison, A., Gaboury, I., and Blackman, J. Treating asthma with omega-3 fatty acids: where is the evidence? A systematic review. BMC.Complement Altern Med 2006;6:26. View abstract.
  • Remans, P. H., Sont, J. K., Wagenaar, L. W., Wouters-Wesseling, W., Zuijderduin, W. M., Jongma, A., Breedveld, F. C., and Van Laar, J. M. Nutrient supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids and micronutrients in rheumatoid arthritis: clinical and biochemical effects. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004;58(6):839-845. View abstract.
  • Rhodes, L. E., Durham, B. H., Fraser, W. D., and Friedmann, P. S. Dietary fish oil reduces basal and ultraviolet B-generated PGE2 levels in skin and increases the threshold to provocation of polymorphic light eruption. J.Invest Dermatol. 1995;105(4):532-535. View abstract.
  • Richardson, A. J. Omega-3 fatty acids in ADHD and related neurodevelopmental disorders. Int Rev Psychiatry 2006;18(2):155-172. View abstract.
  • Riemer, S., Maes, M., Christophe, A., and Rief, W. Lowered omega-3 PUFAs are related to major depression, but not to somatization syndrome. J Affect.Disord 2010;123(1-3):173-180. View abstract.
  • Ripoll, L. H. Clinical psychopharmacology of borderline personality disorder: an update on the available evidence in light of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - 5. Curr.Opin.Psychiatry 2012;25(1):52-58. View abstract.
  • Rivellese, A. A., Maffettone, A., Iovine, C., Di Marino, L., Annuzzi, G., Mancini, M., and Riccardi, G. Long-term effects of fish oil on insulin resistance and plasma lipoproteins in NIDDM patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Diabetes Care 1996;19(11):1207-1213. View abstract.
  • Rizos, E. C., Ntzani, E. E., Bika, E., Kostapanos, M. S., and Elisaf, M. S. Association between omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and risk of major cardiovascular disease events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 9-12-2012;308(10):1024-1033. View abstract.
  • Rizza, S., Tesauro, M., Cardillo, C., Galli, A., Iantorno, M., Gigli, F., Sbraccia, P., Federici, M., Quon, M. J., and Lauro, D. Fish oil supplementation improves endothelial function in normoglycemic offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2009;206(2):569-574. View abstract.
  • Robinson, D. R., Knoell, C. T., Urakaze, M., Huang, R., Taki, H., Sugiyama, E., Xu, L. L., Yeh, E. T., Olesiak, W., Guo, M., and . Suppression of autoimmune disease by omega-3 fatty acids. Biochem Soc Trans. 1995;23(2):287-291. View abstract.
  • Robinson, D. R., Prickett, J. D., Makoul, G. T., Steinberg, A. D., and Colvin, R. B. Dietary fish oil reduces progression of established renal disease in (NZB x NZW)F1 mice and delays renal disease in BXSB and MRL/1 strains. Arthritis Rheum 1986;29(4):539-546. View abstract.
  • Robinson, D. R., Xu, L. L., Tateno, S., Guo, M., and Colvin, R. B. Suppression of autoimmune disease by dietary n-3 fatty acids. J Lipid Res 1993;34(8):1435-1444. View abstract.
  • Roche, H. M. and Gibney, M. J. Postprandial triacylglycerolaemia: the effect of low-fat dietary treatment with and without fish oil supplementation. Eur J Clin Nutr 1996;50(9):617-624. View abstract.
  • Rodriguez, G., Iglesia, I., Bel-Serrat, S., and Moreno, L. A. Effect of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids during the perinatal period on later body composition. Br.J.Nutr. 2012;107 Suppl 2:S117-S128. View abstract.
  • Rodriguez-Palmero, M., Lopez-Sabater, M. C., Castellote-Bargallo, A. I., de la Torre-Boronat MC, and Rivero-Urgell, M. Administration of low doses of fish oil derived N-3 fatty acids to elderly subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997;51(8):554-560. View abstract.
  • Rogers, P. J., Appleton, K. M., Kessler, D., Peters, T. J., Gunnell, D., Hayward, R. C., Heatherley, S. V., Christian, L. M., McNaughton, S. A., and Ness, A. R. No effect of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (EPA and DHA) supplementation on depressed mood and cognitive function: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2008;99(2):421-431. View abstract.
  • Rollins, C. J. Effect of intravenous omega-3 fatty acids on clinical symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr 2010;34(2):169-170. View abstract.
  • Roman, A. S., Schreher, J., Mackenzie, A. P., and Nathanielsz, P. W. Omega-3 fatty acids and decidual cell prostaglandin production in response to the inflammatory cytokine IL-1beta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006;195(6):1693-1699. View abstract.
  • Romano, C., Cucchiara, S., Barabino, A., Annese, V., and Sferlazzas, C. Usefulness of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in addition to mesalazine in maintaining remission in pediatric Crohn's disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. World J.Gastroenterol. 12-7-2005;11(45):7118-7121. View abstract.
  • Romieu, I., Garcia-Esteban, R., Sunyer, J., Rios, C., Alcaraz-Zubeldia, M., Velasco, S. R., and Holguin, F. The effect of supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on markers of oxidative stress in elderly exposed to PM(2.5). Environ Health Perspect. 2008;116(9):1237-1242. View abstract.
  • Romieu, I., Tellez-Rojo, M. M., Lazo, M., Manzano-Patino, A., Cortez-Lugo, M., Julien, P., Belanger, M. C., Hernandez-Avila, M., and Holguin, F. Omega-3 fatty acid prevents heart rate variability reductions associated with particulate matter. Am J Respir.Crit Care Med 12-15-2005;172(12):1534-1540. View abstract.
  • Rondanelli, M., Giacosa, A., Opizzi, A., Pelucchi, C., La, Vecchia C., Montorfano, G., Negroni, M., Berra, B., Politi, P., and Rizzo, A. M. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on depressive symptoms and on health-related quality of life in the treatment of elderly women with depression: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 2010;29(1):55-64. View abstract.
  • Rose, D. P. and Connolly, J. M. Omega-3 fatty acids as cancer chemopreventive agents. Pharmacol Ther 1999;83(3):217-244. View abstract.
  • Ross, E. The role of marine fish oils in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Nutr.Rev. 1993;51(2):47-49. View abstract.
  • Rosselli, J. L., Thacker, S. M., Karpinski, J. P., and Petkewicz, K. A. Treatment of IgA nephropathy: an update. Ann.Pharmacother. 2011;45(10):1284-1296. View abstract.
  • Rossing, P., Hansen, B. V., Nielsen, F. S., Myrup, B., Holmer, G., and Parving, H. H. Fish oil in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care 1996;19(11):1214-1219. View abstract.
  • Roulet, M., Frascarolo, P., Pilet, M., and Chapuis, G. Effects of intravenously infused fish oil on platelet fatty acid phospholipid composition and on platelet function in postoperative trauma. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr 1997;21(5):296-301. View abstract.
  • Rousseau, J. H., Kleppinger, A., and Kenny, A. M. Self-reported dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids and association with bone and lower extremity function. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009;57(10):1781-1788. View abstract.
  • Rusca, A., Di Stefano, A. F., Doig, M. V., Scarsi, C., and Perucca, E. Relative bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of two oral formulations of docosahexaenoic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid after multiple-dose administration in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2009;65(5):503-510. View abstract.
  • Ryan, A. M., Reynolds, J. V., Healy, L., Byrne, M., Moore, J., Brannelly, N., McHugh, A., McCormack, D., and Flood, P. Enteral nutrition enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) preserves lean body mass following esophageal cancer surgery: results of a double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Ann.Surg. 2009;249(3):355-363. View abstract.
  • Ryan, A. S. and Nelson, E. B. Assessing the effect of docosahexaenoic acid on cognitive functions in healthy, preschool children: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2008;47(4):355-362. View abstract.
  • Sabater, J., Masclans, J. R., Sacanell, J., Chacon, P., Sabin, P., and Planas, M. Effects on hemodynamics and gas exchange of omega-3 fatty acid-enriched lipid emulsion in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): a prospective, randomized, double-blind, parallel group study. Lipids Health Dis. 2008;7:39. View abstract.
  • Sagduyu, K., Dokucu, M. E., Eddy, B. A., Craigen, G., Baldassano, C. F., and Yildiz, A. Omega-3 fatty acids decreased irritability of patients with bipolar disorder in an add-on, open label study. Nutr J 2005;4:6. View abstract.
  • Saito, Y., Yokoyama, M., Origasa, H., Matsuzaki, M., Matsuzawa, Y., Ishikawa, Y., Oikawa, S., Sasaki, J., Hishida, H., Itakura, H., Kita, T., Kitabatake, A., Nakaya, N., Sakata, T., Shimada, K., and Shirato, K. Effects of EPA on coronary artery disease in hypercholesterolemic patients with multiple risk factors: sub-analysis of primary prevention cases from the Japan EPA Lipid Intervention Study (JELIS). Atherosclerosis 2008;200(1):135-140. View abstract.
  • Sala-Vila, A. and Calder, P. C. Update on the relationship of fish intake with prostate, breast, and colorectal cancers. Crit Rev.Food Sci.Nutr. 2011;51(9):855-871. View abstract.
  • Salachas, A., Papadopoulos, C., Sakadamis, G., Styliadis, J., Voudris, V., Oakley, D., and Saynor, R. Effects of a low-dose fish oil concentrate on angina, exercise tolerance time, serum triglycerides, and platelet function. Angiology 1994;45(12):1023-1031. View abstract.
  • Salomon, P., Kornbluth, A. A., and Janowitz, H. D. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with fish oil n--3-omega-fatty acid: an open trial. J Clin Gastroenterol 1990;12(2):157-161. View abstract.
  • Salvig, J. D. and Lamont, R. F. Evidence regarding an effect of marine n-3 fatty acids on preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Obstet.Gynecol.Scand. 2011;90(8):825-838. View abstract.
  • Samieri, C., Feart, C., Letenneur, L., Dartigues, J. F., Peres, K., Auriacombe, S., Peuchant, E., Delcourt, C., and Barberger-Gateau, P. Low plasma eicosapentaenoic acid and depressive symptomatology are independent predictors of dementia risk. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88(3):714-721. View abstract.
  • Samsonov, M. A., Vasil'ev, A. V., Pogozheva, A. V., Pokrovskaia, G. R., Mal'tsev, G. I., Biiasheva, I. R., and Orlova, L. A. [The effect of a soy protein isolate and sources of polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids in an anti-atherosclerotic diet on the lipid spectrum of blood serum and immunological indicators in patients with ischemic heart disease and hypertension]. Vopr.Med Khim. 1992;38(5):47-50. View abstract.
  • Sanchez-Villegas, A., Henriquez, P., Figueiras, A., Ortuno, F., Lahortiga, F., and Martinez-Gonzalez, M. A. Long chain omega-3 fatty acids intake, fish consumption and mental disorders in the SUN cohort study. Eur.J.Nutr. 2007;46(6):337-346. View abstract.
  • Sanders, T. A. and Hinds, A. The influence of a fish oil high in docosahexaenoic acid on plasma lipoprotein and vitamin E concentrations and haemostatic function in healthy male volunteers. Br.J Nutr. 1992;68(1):163-173. View abstract.
  • Sanders, T. A., Gleason, K., Griffin, B., and Miller, G. J. Influence of an algal triacylglycerol containing docosahexaenoic acid (22 : 6n-3) and docosapentaenoic acid (22 : 5n-6) on cardiovascular risk factors in healthy men and women. Br J Nutr 2006;95(3):525-531. View abstract.
  • Sanders, T. A., Hall, W. L., Maniou, Z., Lewis, F., Seed, P. T., and Chowienczyk, P. J. Effect of low doses of long-chain n-3 PUFAs on endothelial function and arterial stiffness: a randomized controlled trial. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2011;94(4):973-980. View abstract.
  • Sanders, T. A., Oakley, F. R., Miller, G. J., Mitropoulos, K. A., Crook, D., and Oliver, M. F. Influence of n-6 versus n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in diets low in saturated fatty acids on plasma lipoproteins and hemostatic factors. Arterioscler.Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17(12):3449-3460. View abstract.
  • Sandesara C, Chung MK Van Wagoner DR et al. Fish oil to inhibit supraventricular arrhythmias after cardiac surgery: the FISH Trial. Heart Rhythm Society's 31st Annual Scientific Sessions. 2010;Late-Breaking Clinical Trials II.:12e15.
  • Sandesara, C. M., Chung, M. K., Van Wagoner, D. R., Barringer, T. A., Allen, K., Ismail, H. M., Zimmerman, B., and Olshansky, B. A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Inhibition of Supraventricular Arrhythmias After Cardiac Surgery: The FISH Trial. J.Am.Heart Assoc. 2012;1(3):e000547. View abstract.
  • Sangiovanni, J. P., Agron, E., Meleth, A. D., Reed, G. F., Sperduto, R. D., Clemons, T. E., and Chew, E. Y. {omega}-3 Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and 12-y incidence of neovascular age-related macular degeneration and central geographic atrophy: AREDS report 30, a prospective cohort study from the Age-Related Eye Disease Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;90(6):1601-1607. View abstract.
  • Saravanan P, Bridgewater B West AL O'Neill SC Calder PC Davidson NC. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation does not reduce risk of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2010;3(1):46-53.
  • Sarkkinen, E., Schwab, U., Niskanen, L., Hannuksela, M., Savolainen, M., Kervinen, K., Kesaniemi, A., and Uusitupa, M. I. The effects of monounsaturated-fat enriched diet and polyunsaturated-fat enriched diet on lipid and glucose metabolism in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 1996;50(9):592-598. View abstract.
  • Sarris, J. Clinical depression: an evidence-based integrative complementary medicine treatment model. Altern.Ther.Health Med. 2011;17(4):26-37. View abstract.
  • Sarris, J., Kean, J., Schweitzer, I., and Lake, J. Complementary medicines (herbal and nutritional products) in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): a systematic review of the evidence. Complement Ther Med 2011;19(4):216-227. View abstract.
  • Sarris, J., Mischoulon, D., and Schweitzer, I. Adjunctive nutraceuticals with standard pharmacotherapies in bipolar disorder: a systematic review of clinical trials. Bipolar.Disord. 2011;13(5-6):454-465. View abstract.
  • Sarris, J., Mischoulon, D., and Schweitzer, I. Omega-3 for bipolar disorder: meta-analyses of use in mania and bipolar depression. J.Clin.Psychiatry 2012;73(1):81-86. View abstract.
  • Sarris, J., Schoendorfer, N., and Kavanagh, D. J. Major depressive disorder and nutritional medicine: a review of monotherapies and adjuvant treatments. Nutr Rev 2009;67(3):125-131. View abstract.
  • Satoh, N., Shimatsu, A., Kotani, K., Himeno, A., Majima, T., Yamada, K., Suganami, T., and Ogawa, Y. Highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid reduces cardio-ankle vascular index in association with decreased serum amyloid A-LDL in metabolic syndrome. Hypertens.Res. 2009;32(11):1004-1008. View abstract.
  • Satoh, N., Shimatsu, A., Kotani, K., Sakane, N., Yamada, K., Suganami, T., Kuzuya, H., and Ogawa, Y. Purified eicosapentaenoic acid reduces small dense LDL, remnant lipoprotein particles, and C-reactive protein in metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2007;30(1):144-146. View abstract.
  • Sawaya, G. F., Guirguis-Blake, J., LeFevre, M., Harris, R., and Petitti, D. Update on the methods of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: estimating certainty and magnitude of net benefit. Ann Intern Med 12-18-2007;147(12):871-875. View abstract.
  • Saynor, R. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on serum lipids. Lancet 9-22-1984;2(8404):696-697. View abstract.
  • Schachter, H. M., Kourad, K., Merali, Z., Lumb, A., Tran, K., and Miguelez, M. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on mental health. Evid.Rep.Technol.Assess.(Summ.) 2005;(116):1-11. View abstract.
  • Schectman, G., Kaul, S., and Kissebah, A. H. Effect of fish oil concentrate on lipoprotein composition in NIDDM. Diabetes 1988;37(11):1567-1573. View abstract.
  • Schena, F Strippoli G Manno C. Therapeutic aspects of IgA nephropathy: an overview. Nephrology 2002;7:S156-S163.
  • Schiano, V., Laurenzano, E., Brevetti, G., De Maio, J. I., Lanero, S., Scopacasa, F., and Chiariello, M. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in peripheral arterial disease: effect on lipid pattern, disease severity, inflammation profile, and endothelial function. Clin.Nutr. 2008;27(2):241-247. View abstract.
  • Schilling, J., Vranjes, N., Fierz, W., Joller, H., Gyurech, D., Ludwig, E., Marathias, K., and Geroulanos, S. Clinical outcome and immunology of postoperative arginine, omega-3 fatty acids, and nucleotide-enriched enteral feeding: a randomized prospective comparison with standard enteral and low calorie/low fat i.v. solutions. Nutrition 1996;12(6):423-429. View abstract.
  • Schindler, O. S. and Rost, R. [Effect of low dose omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in coronary patients with dyslipoproteinemia]. Z Ernahrungswiss. 1996;35(2):191-198. View abstract.
  • Schmidt, E. B., Ernst, E., Varming, K., Pedersen, J. O., and Dyerberg, J. The effect of n-3 fatty acids on lipids and haemostasis in patients with type IIa and type IV hyperlipidaemia. Thromb.Haemost. 9-29-1989;62(2):797-801. View abstract.
  • Schmidt, E. B., Varming, K., Svaneborg, N., and Dyerberg, J. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation (Pikasol) in men with moderate and severe hypertriglyceridaemia: a dose-response study. Ann Nutr Metab 1992;36(5-6):283-287. View abstract.
  • Schwab, U. S., Sarkkinen, E. S., Lichtenstein, A. H., Li, Z., Ordovas, J. M., Schaefer, E. J., and Uusitupa, M. I. The effect of quality and amount of dietary fat on the susceptibility of low density lipoprotein to oxidation in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 1998;52(6):452-458. View abstract.
  • Schwartz, J. and Weiss, S. T. The relationship of dietary fish intake to level of pulmonary function in the first National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES I). Eur Respir.J 1994;7(10):1821-1824. View abstract.
  • Seddon, J. M., George, S., and Rosner, B. Cigarette smoking, fish consumption, omega-3 fatty acid intake, and associations with age-related macular degeneration: the US Twin Study of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol 2006;124(7):995-1001. View abstract.
  • Sekine, K. Hepatic role in the storage and utilization of fish oil fatty acids in humans: studies on liver surgery patients. Intern Med 1995;34(3):139-143. View abstract.
  • Seljeflot, I., Johansen, O., Arnesen, H., Eggesbo, J. B., Westvik, A. B., and Kierulf, P. Procoagulant activity and cytokine expression in whole blood cultures from patients with atherosclerosis supplemented with omega-3 fatty acids. Thromb.Haemost. 1999;81(4):566-570. View abstract.
  • Senkal, M., Geier, B., Hannemann, M., Deska, T., Linseisen, J., Wolfram, G., and Adolph, M. Supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids in parenteral nutrition beneficially alters phospholipid fatty acid pattern. JPEN J.Parenter.Enteral Nutr. 2007;31(1):12-17. View abstract.
  • Senkal, M., Mumme, A., Eickhoff, U., Geier, B., Spath, G., Wulfert, D., Joosten, U., Frei, A., and Kemen, M. Early postoperative enteral immunonutrition: clinical outcome and cost-comparison analysis in surgical patients. Crit Care Med. 1997;25(9):1489-1496. View abstract.
  • Senkal, M., Zumtobel, V., Bauer, K. H., Marpe, B., Wolfram, G., Frei, A., Eickhoff, U., and Kemen, M. Outcome and cost-effectiveness of perioperative enteral immunonutrition in patients undergoing elective upper gastrointestinal tract surgery: a prospective randomized study. Arch.Surg. 1999;134(12):1309-1316. View abstract.
  • Shah, A. P., Ichiuji, A. M., Han, J. K., Traina, M., El-Bialy, A., Meymandi, S. K., and Wachsner, R. Y. Cardiovascular and endothelial effects of fish oil supplementation in healthy volunteers. J.Cardiovasc.Pharmacol.Ther. 2007;12(3):213-219. View abstract.
  • Shams, K., Grindlay, D. J., and Williams, H. C. What's new in atopic eczema? An analysis of systematic reviews published in 2009-2010. Clin.Exp.Dermatol. 2011;36(6):573-577. View abstract.
  • Shapiro, J. A., Koepsell, T. D., Voigt, L. F., Dugowson, C. E., Kestin, M., and Nelson, J. L. Diet and rheumatoid arthritis in women: a possible protective effect of fish consumption. Epidemiology 1996;7(3):256-263. View abstract.
  • Sharma, A., Belna, J., Espat, J., Rodriguez, G., Cannon, V. T., and Hurteau, J. A. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on components of the transforming growth factor beta-1 pathway: implication for dietary modification and prevention in ovarian cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009;200(5):516. View abstract.
  • Shaw, D. I., Hall, W. L., Jeffs, N. R., and Williams, C. M. Comparative effects of fatty acids on endothelial inflammatory gene expression. Eur J Nutr 2007;46(6):321-328. View abstract.
  • Shen, J., Johnson, V. M., Sullivan, L. M., Jacques, P. F., Magnani, J. W., Lubitz, S. A., Pandey, S., Levy, D., Vasan, R. S., Quatromoni, P. A., Junyent, M., Ordovas, J. M., and Benjamin, E. J. Dietary factors and incident atrial fibrillation: the Framingham Heart Study. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2011;93(2):261-266. View abstract.
  • Shidfar, F., Keshavarz, A., Hosseyni, S., Ameri, A., and Yarahmadi, S. Effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplements on serum lipids, apolipoproteins and malondialdehyde in type 2 diabetes patients. East Mediterr.Health J 2008;14(2):305-313. View abstract.
  • Silvers, K. M., Woolley, C. C., Hamilton, F. C., Watts, P. M., and Watson, R. A. Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of fish oil in the treatment of depression. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2005;72(3):211-218. View abstract.
  • Singer, P., Melzer, S., Goschel, M., and Augustin, S. Fish oil amplifies the effect of propranolol in mild essential hypertension. Hypertension 1990;16(6):682-691. View abstract.
  • Singer, P., Theilla, M., Fisher, H., Gibstein, L., Grozovski, E., and Cohen, J. Benefit of an enteral diet enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid and gamma-linolenic acid in ventilated patients with acute lung injury. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(4):1033-1038. View abstract.
  • Singh, R. B., Dubnov, G., Niaz, M. A., Ghosh, S., Singh, R., Rastogi, S. S., Manor, O., Pella, D., and Berry, E. M. Effect of an Indo-Mediterranean diet on progression of coronary artery disease in high risk patients (Indo-Mediterranean Diet Heart Study): a randomised single-blind trial. Lancet 11-9-2002;360(9344):1455-1461. View abstract.
  • Sinn, N. Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for ADHD symptoms: response to commentary. J.Dev.Behav.Pediatr. 2007;28(3):262-263. View abstract.
  • Sinn, N., Bryan, J., and Wilson, C. Cognitive effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms: a randomised controlled trial. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2008;78(4-5):311-326. View abstract.
  • Sjoberg, N. J., Milte, C. M., Buckley, J. D., Howe, P. R., Coates, A. M., and Saint, D. A. Dose-dependent increases in heart rate variability and arterial compliance in overweight and obese adults with DHA-rich fish oil supplementation. Br J Nutr 2010;103(2):243-248. View abstract.
  • Skoldstam, L., Borjesson, O., Kjallman, A., Seiving, B., and Akesson, B. Effect of six months of fish oil supplementation in stable rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind, controlled study. Scand J Rheumatol. 1992;21(4):178-185. View abstract.
  • Skulas-Ray, A. C., Kris-Etherton, P. M., Harris, W. S., Vanden Heuvel, J. P., Wagner, P. R., and West, S. G. Dose-response effects of omega-3 fatty acids on triglycerides, inflammation, and endothelial function in healthy persons with moderate hypertriglyceridemia. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2011;93(2):243-252. View abstract.
  • Smithers, L. G., Collins, C. T., Simmonds, L. A., Gibson, R. A., McPhee, A., and Makrides, M. Feeding preterm infants milk with a higher dose of docosahexaenoic acid than that used in current practice does not influence language or behavior in early childhood: a follow-up study of a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91(3):628-634. View abstract.
  • Smithers, L. G., Gibson, R. A., McPhee, A., and Makrides, M. Higher dose of docosahexaenoic acid in the neonatal period improves visual acuity of preterm infants: results of a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88(4):1049-1056. View abstract.
  • Smithers, L. G., Markrides, M., and Gibson, R. A. Human milk fatty acids from lactating mothers of preterm infants: a study revealing wide intra- and inter-individual variation. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2010;83(1):9-13. View abstract.
  • Solomon, S. A., Cartwright, I., Pockley, G., Greaves, M., Preston, F. E., Ramsay, L. E., and Waller, P. C. A placebo-controlled, double-blind study of eicosapentaenoic acid-rich fish oil in patients with stable angina pectoris. Curr Med Res Opin 1990;12(1):1-11. View abstract.
  • Sontrop, J. and Campbell, M. K. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and depression: a review of the evidence and a methodological critique. Prev Med 2006;42(1):4-13. View abstract.
  • Sorgi, P. J., Hallowell, E. M., Hutchins, H. L., and Sears, B. Effects of an open-label pilot study with high-dose EPA/DHA concentrates on plasma phospholipids and behavior in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Nutr.J. 2007;6:16. View abstract.
  • Soyland, E., Funk, J., Rajka, G., Sandberg, M., Thune, P., Rustad, L., Helland, S., Middelfart, K., Odu, S., Falk, E. S., and . Dietary supplementation with very long-chain n-3 fatty acids in patients with atopic dermatitis. A double-blind, multicentre study. Br J Dermatol 1994;130(6):757-764. View abstract.
  • Sperling, R. I., Weinblatt, M., Robin, J. L., Ravalese, J., III, Hoover, R. L., House, F., Coblyn, J. S., Fraser, P. A., Spur, B. W., Robinson, D. R., and . Effects of dietary supplementation with marine fish oil on leukocyte lipid mediator generation and function in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1987;30(9):988-997. View abstract.
  • Stacpoole, P. W., Alig, J., Ammon, L., and Crockett, S. E. Dose-response effects of dietary marine oil on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in normal subjects and patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Metabolism 1989;38(10):946-956. View abstract.
  • Stacpoole, P. W., Alig, J., Kilgore, L. L., Ayala, C. M., Herbert, P. N., Zech, L. A., and Fisher, W. R. Lipodystrophic diabetes mellitus. Investigations of lipoprotein metabolism and the effects of omega-3 fatty acid administration in two patients. Metabolism 1988;37(10):944-951. View abstract.
  • Stanke-Labesque, F., Moliere, P., Bessard, J., Laville, M., Vericel, E., and Lagarde, M. Effect of dietary supplementation with increasing doses of docosahexaenoic acid on neutrophil lipid composition and leukotriene production in human healthy volunteers. Br J Nutr 2008;100(4):829-833. View abstract.
  • Steiner, A., Oertel, R., Battig, B., Pletscher, W., Weiss, B., Greminger, P., and Vetter, W. Effect of fish oil on blood pressure and serum lipids in hypertension and hyperlipidaemia. J Hypertens.Suppl 1989;7(3):S73-S76. View abstract.
  • Stenson WF, Cort D, Beeken W, and et al. A trial of fish oil supplemented diet in ulcerative colitis [abstract]. Gastroenterology 1990;98(Suppl):A475.
  • Stenson, W. F., Cort, D., Rodgers, J., Burakoff, R., DeSchryver-Kecskemeti, K., Gramlich, T. L., and Beeken, W. Dietary supplementation with fish oil in ulcerative colitis. Ann Intern Med 4-15-1992;116(8):609-614. View abstract.
  • Stevens, L. J., Zentall, S. S., Abate, M. L., Kuczek, T., and Burgess, J. R. Omega-3 fatty acids in boys with behavior, learning, and health problems. Physiol Behav. 1996;59(4-5):915-920. View abstract.
  • Stevens, L., Zhang, W., Peck, L., Kuczek, T., Grevstad, N., Mahon, A., Zentall, S. S., Arnold, L. E., and Burgess, J. R. EFA supplementation in children with inattention, hyperactivity, and other disruptive behaviors. Lipids 2003;38(10):1007-1021. View abstract.
  • Stirban A, Nandrean S Götting C Tamler R Pop A Negrean M Gawlowski T Stratmann B Tschoepe D. Effects of n-3 fatty acids on macro- and microvascular function in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(3):808-813.
  • Stradling, C., Chen, Y. F., Russell, T., Connock, M., Thomas, G. N., and Taheri, S. The effects of dietary intervention on HIV dyslipidaemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS.One. 2012;7(6):e38121. View abstract.
  • Strom, M., Mortensen, E. L., Halldorsson, T. I., Thorsdottir, I., and Olsen, S. F. Fish and long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intakes during pregnancy and risk of postpartum depression: a prospective study based on a large national birth cohort. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2009;90(1):149-155. View abstract.
  • Su, K. P., Huang, S. Y., Chiu, T. H., Huang, K. C., Huang, C. L., Chang, H. C., and Pariante, C. M. Omega-3 fatty acids for major depressive disorder during pregnancy: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J.Clin.Psychiatry 2008;69(4):644-651. View abstract.
  • Sublette, M. E., Ellis, S. P., Geant, A. L., and Mann, J. J. Meta-analysis of the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in clinical trials in depression. J.Clin.Psychiatry 2011;72(12):1577-1584. View abstract.
  • Sublette, M. E., Hibbeln, J. R., Galfalvy, H., Oquendo, M. A., and Mann, J. J. Omega-3 polyunsaturated essential fatty acid status as a predictor of future suicide risk. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163(6):1100-1102. View abstract.
  • Sulikowska, B., Nieweglowski, T., Manitius, J., Lysiak-Szydlowska, W., and Rutkowski, B. Effect of 12-month therapy with omega-3 polyunsaturated acids on glomerular filtration response to dopamine in IgA nephropathy. Am.J Nephrol. 2004;24(5):474-482. View abstract.
  • Sundrarjun, T., Komindr, S., Archararit, N., Dahlan, W., Puchaiwatananon, O., Angthararak, S., Udomsuppayakul, U., and Chuncharunee, S. Effects of n-3 fatty acids on serum interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor p55 in active rheumatoid arthritis. J Int Med Res 2004;32(5):443-454. View abstract.
  • Svensson, M., Schmidt, E. B., Jorgensen, K. A., and Christensen, J. H. N-3 fatty acids as secondary prevention against cardiovascular events in patients who undergo chronic hemodialysis: a randomized, placebo-controlled intervention trial. Clin.J.Am.Soc.Nephrol. 2006;1(4):780-786. View abstract.
  • Svensson, M., Schmidt, E. B., Jorgensen, K. A., and Christensen, J. H. The effect of n-3 fatty acids on lipids and lipoproteins in patients treated with chronic haemodialysis: a randomized placebo-controlled intervention study. Nephrol.Dial.Transplant. 2008;23(9):2918-2924. View abstract.
  • Swahn, E., von, Schenck H., and Olsson, A. G. Omega-3 Ethyl Ester Concentrate Decreases Total Apolipoprotein CIII and Increases Antithrombin III in Postmyocardial Infarction Patients. Clin.Drug Investig. 1998;15(6):473-482. View abstract.
  • Swails, W. S., Kenler, A. S., Driscoll, D. F., DeMichele, S. J., Babineau, T. J., Utsunamiya, T., Chavali, S., Forse, R. A., and Bistrian, B. R. Effect of a fish oil structured lipid-based diet on prostaglandin release from mononuclear cells in cancer patients after surgery. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr 1997;21(5):266-274. View abstract.
  • Szklarek-Kubicka, M., Fijalkowska-Morawska, J., Zaremba-Drobnik, D., Ucinski, A., Czekalski, S., and Nowicki, M. Effect of intradialytic intravenous administration of omega-3 fatty acids on nutritional status and inflammatory response in hemodialysis patients: a pilot study. J Ren Nutr 2009;19(6):487-493. View abstract.
  • Szymanski, K. M., Wheeler, D. C., and Mucci, L. A. Fish consumption and prostate cancer risk: a review and meta-analysis. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2010;92(5):1223-1233. View abstract.
  • Takatsuka, H., Takemoto, Y., Iwata, N., Suehiro, A., Hamano, T., Okamoto, T., Kanamaru, A., and Kakishita, E. Oral eicosapentaenoic acid for complications of bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2001;28(8):769-774. View abstract.
  • Tanaka K, Shimizu T Ohtsuka Y et al. Early dietary treatments with Lorenzo's oil and docosahexaenoic acid for neurological development in a case with Zellweger syndrome. Brain Dev 2007;29:586-589.
  • Tartibian, B., Maleki, B. H., and Abbasi, A. The effects of ingestion of omega-3 fatty acids on perceived pain and external symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness in untrained men. Clin J Sport Med 2009;19(2):115-119. View abstract.
  • Tartibian, B., Maleki, B. H., and Abbasi, A. The effects of omega-3 supplementation on pulmonary function of young wrestlers during intensive training. J Sci Med Sport 2010;13(2):281-286. View abstract.
  • Tassoni, D., Kaur, G., Weisinger, R. S., and Sinclair, A. J. The role of eicosanoids in the brain. Asia Pac.J Clin Nutr 2008;17 Suppl 1:220-228. View abstract.
  • Tato, F., Keller, C., and Wolfram, G. Effects of fish oil concentrate on lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in familial combined hyperlipidemia. Clin Investig. 1993;71(4):314-318. View abstract.
  • Terano, T. Effect of omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ingestion on bone metabolism and osteoporosis. World Rev.Nutr.Diet. 2001;88:141-147. View abstract.
  • Terano, T., Fujishiro, S., Ban, T., Yamamoto, K., Tanaka, T., Noguchi, Y., Tamura, Y., Yazawa, K., and Hirayama, T. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation improves the moderately severe dementia from thrombotic cerebrovascular diseases. Lipids 1999;34 Suppl:S345-S346. View abstract.
  • Theobald, H. E., Goodall, A. H., Sattar, N., Talbot, D. C., Chowienczyk, P. J., and Sanders, T. A. Low-dose docosahexaenoic acid lowers diastolic blood pressure in middle-aged men and women. J Nutr 2007;137(4):973-978. View abstract.
  • Thienprasert, A., Samuhaseneetoo, S., Popplestone, K., West, A. L., Miles, E. A., and Calder, P. C. Fish oil n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids selectively affect plasma cytokines and decrease illness in Thai schoolchildren: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention trial. J Pediatr 2009;154(3):391-395. View abstract.
  • Thorsdottir, I., Tomasson, H., Gunnarsdottir, I., Gisladottir, E., Kiely, M., Parra, M. D., Bandarra, N. M., Schaafsma, G., and Martinez, J. A. Randomized trial of weight-loss-diets for young adults varying in fish and fish oil content. Int.J.Obes.(Lond) 2007;31(10):1560-1566. View abstract.
  • Thusgaard, M., Christensen, J. H., Morn, B., Andersen, T. S., Vige, R., Arildsen, H., Schmidt, E. B., and Nielsen, H. Effect of fish oil (n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and inflammatory markers in HIV-infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Scand.J.Infect.Dis. 2009;41(10):760-766. View abstract.
  • Tofail, F., Kabir, I., Hamadani, J. D., Chowdhury, F., Yesmin, S., Mehreen, F., and Huda, S. N. Supplementation of fish-oil and soy-oil during pregnancy and psychomotor development of infants. J.Health Popul.Nutr. 2006;24(1):48-56. View abstract.
  • Toft, I., Bonaa, K. H., Ingebretsen, O. C., Nordoy, A., and Jenssen, T. Fibrinolytic function after dietary supplementation with omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc Biol 1997;17(5):814-819. View abstract.
  • Tomei, R., Rossi, L., Carbonieri, E., Franceschini, L., Cemin, C., Ghebremariam-Tesfau, K., and Zardini, P. [Efficacy and tolerability of simvastatin and omega-3 fatty acid combination in patients with coronary disease, hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia]. Cardiologia 1993;38(12):773-778. View abstract.
  • Tomer, A., Kasey, S., Connor, W. E., Clark, S., Harker, L. A., and Eckman, J. R. Reduction of pain episodes and prothrombotic activity in sickle cell disease by dietary n-3 fatty acids. Thromb.Haemost. 2001;85(6):966-974. View abstract.
  • Tomiyama, H., Takazawa, K., Osa, S., Hirose, K., Hirai, A., Iketani, T., Monden, M., Sanoyama, K., and Yamashina, A. Do eicosapentaenoic acid supplements attenuate age-related increases in arterial stiffness in patients with dyslipidemia?: A preliminary study. Hypertens.Res. 2005;28(8):651-655. View abstract.
  • Transler, C., Eilander, A., Mitchell, S., and van de Meer, N. The impact of polyunsaturated fatty acids in reducing child attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders. J.Atten.Disord. 2010;14(3):232-246. View abstract.
  • Trikalinos, T. A., Moorthy, D., Chung, M., Yu, W. W., Lee, J., Lichtenstein, A. H., and Lau, J. Concordance of randomized and nonrandomized studies was unrelated to translational patterns of two nutrient-disease associations. J.Clin.Epidemiol. 2012;65(1):16-29. View abstract.
  • Tulleken, J. E., Limburg, P. C., Muskiet, F. A., and van Rijswijk, M. H. Vitamin E status during dietary fish oil supplementation in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1990;33(9):1416-1419. View abstract.
  • Tur, J. A., Bibiloni, M. M., Sureda, A., and Pons, A. Dietary sources of omega 3 fatty acids: public health risks and benefits. Br.J.Nutr. 2012;107 Suppl 2:S23-S52. View abstract.
  • Turchini, G. M. and Francis, D. S. Fatty acid metabolism (desaturation, elongation and beta-oxidation) in rainbow trout fed fish oil- or linseed oil-based diets. Br J Nutr 2009;102(1):69-81. View abstract.
  • Turnbull, T., Cullen-Drill, M., and Smaldone, A. Efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on improvement of bipolar symptoms: a systematic review. Arch Psychiatr.Nurs 2008;22(5):305-311. View abstract.
  • Turner, D., Shah, P. S., Steinhart, A. H., Zlotkin, S., and Griffiths, A. M. Maintenance of remission in inflammatory bowel disease using omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil): a systematic review and meta-analyses. Inflamm.Bowel.Dis. 2011;17(1):336-345. View abstract.
  • Turner, D., Steinhart, A. H., and Griffiths, A. M. Omega 3 fatty acids (fish oil) for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(3):CD006443. View abstract.
  • Turner, D., Zlotkin, S. H., Shah, P. S., and Griffiths, A. M. Omega 3 fatty acids (fish oil) for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2009;(1):CD006320. View abstract.
  • Uauy, R. D., Birch, D. G., Birch, E. E., Tyson, J. E., and Hoffman, D. R. Effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on retinal function of very-low- birth-weight neonates. Pediatr Res 1990;28(5):485-492. View abstract.
  • Uauy, R., Hoffman, D. R., Birch, E. E., Birch, D. G., Jameson, D. M., and Tyson, J. Safety and efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids in the nutrition of very low birth weight infants: soy oil and marine oil supplementation of formula. J Pediatr 1994;124(4):612-620. View abstract.
  • Vacek, J. L., Harris, W. S., and Haffey, K. Short-term effects of omega-3 fatty acids on exercise stress test parameters, angina and lipoproteins. Biomed.Pharmacother. 1989;43(5):375-379. View abstract.
  • Vaisman, N., Kaysar, N., Zaruk-Adasha, Y., Pelled, D., Brichon, G., Zwingelstein, G., and Bodennec, J. Correlation between changes in blood fatty acid composition and visual sustained attention performance in children with inattention: effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids containing phospholipids. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2008;87(5):1170-1180. View abstract.
  • Vakhapova, V., Cohen, T., Richter, Y., Herzog, Y., and Korczyn, A. D. Phosphatidylserine containing omega-3 fatty acids may improve memory abilities in non-demented elderly with memory complaints: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Dement.Geriatr Cogn Disord 2010;29(5):467-474. View abstract.
  • Valdini, A. F., Glenn, M. A., Greenblatt, L., and Steinhardt, S. Efficacy of fish oil supplementation for treatment of moderate elevation of serum cholesterol. J Fam.Pract 1990;30(1):55-59. View abstract.
  • van de Rest, O., Geleijnse, J. M., Kok, F. J., van Staveren, W. A., Dullemeijer, C., Olderikkert, M. G., Beekman, A. T., and de Groot, C. P. Effect of fish oil on cognitive performance in older subjects: a randomized, controlled trial. Neurology 8-5-2008;71(6):430-438. View abstract.
  • van de Rest, O., Geleijnse, J. M., Kok, F. J., van Staveren, W. A., Hoefnagels, W. H., Beekman, A. T., and de Groot, L. C. Effect of fish-oil supplementation on mental well-being in older subjects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2008;88(3):706-713. View abstract.
  • van de Rest, O., Geleijnse, J. M., Kok, F. J., van Staveren, W. A., Olderikkert, M. G., Beekman, A. T., and de Groot, L. C. Effect of fish oil supplementation on quality of life in a general population of older Dutch subjects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J.Am.Geriatr.Soc. 2009;57(8):1481-1486. View abstract.
  • van der Meij, B. S., Langius, J. A., Smit, E. F., Spreeuwenberg, M. D., von Blomberg, B. M., Heijboer, A. C., Paul, M. A., and van Leeuwen, P. A. Oral nutritional supplements containing (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids affect the nutritional status of patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer during multimodality treatment. J.Nutr. 2010;140(10):1774-1780. View abstract.
  • van der Meij, B. S., van Bokhorst-de van der Schueren MA, Langius, J. A., Brouwer, I. A., and van Leeuwen, P. A. n-3 PUFAs in cancer, surgery, and critical care: a systematic review on clinical effects, incorporation, and washout of oral or enteral compared with parenteral supplementation. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2011;94(5):1248-1265. View abstract.
  • Vandongen, R., Mori, T. A., Codde, J. P., Stanton, K. G., and Masarei, J. R. Hypercholesterolaemic effect of fish oil in insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Med J Aust 2-1-1988;148(3):141-143. View abstract.
  • Varghese TJ, Coomansingh D Richardson S et al. Clinical response of ulcerative colitis with dietary omega-3 fatty acids: a double-blind randomized study. Br J Surg 2000;87(Suppl 1):73.
  • Venkatraman, J. T. and Chu, W. C. Effects of dietary omega-3 and omega-6 lipids and vitamin E on serum cytokines, lipid mediators and anti-DNA antibodies in a mouse model for rheumatoid arthritis. J Am Coll Nutr 1999;18(6):602-613.
  • Ventura, H. O., Milani, R. V., Lavie, C. J., Smart, F. W., Stapleton, D. D., Toups, T. S., and Price, H. L. Cyclosporine-induced hypertension. Efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids in patients after cardiac transplantation. Circulation 1993;88(5 Pt 2):II281-II285. View abstract.
  • Verlengia, R., Gorjao, R., Kanunfre, C. C., Bordin, S., de Lima, T. M., Martins, E. F., Newsholme, P., and Curi, R. Effects of EPA and DHA on proliferation, cytokine production, and gene expression in Raji cells. Lipids 2004;39(9):857-864. View abstract.
  • Vidgren, H. M., Agren, J. J., Schwab, U., Rissanen, T., Hanninen, O., and Uusitupa, M. I. Incorporation of n-3 fatty acids into plasma lipid fractions, and erythrocyte membranes and platelets during dietary supplementation with fish, fish oil, and docosahexaenoic acid-rich oil among healthy young men. Lipids 1997;32(7):697-705. View abstract.
  • Virtanen, JK Mursu J Voutilainen S Tuomainen TP. Serum long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of hospital diagnosis of atrial fibrillation in men. Circulation. 2009;120(23):2315-2321.
  • Visioli, F., Rise, P., Plasmati, E., Pazzucconi, F., Sirtori, C. R., and Galli, C. Very low intakes of N-3 fatty acids incorporated into bovine milk reduce plasma triacylglycerol and increase HDL-cholesterol concentrations in healthy subjects. Pharmacol.Res. 2000;41(5):571-576. View abstract.
  • Volker DH, Weng X, and Quaggiotto P. Bioavailability of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid enriched luncheon meats. NUTR DIET 2005;62(4):130-137.
  • Volker, D., Fitzgerald, P., Major, G., and Garg, M. Efficacy of fish oil concentrate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2000;27(10):2343-2346. View abstract.
  • von Schacky, C., Fischer, S., and Weber, P. C. Long-term effects of dietary marine omega-3 fatty acids upon plasma and cellular lipids, platelet function, and eicosanoid formation in humans. J Clin Invest 1985;76(4):1626-1631. View abstract.
  • Wachtler, P., Konig, W., Senkal, M., Kemen, M., and Koller, M. Influence of a total parenteral nutrition enriched with omega-3 fatty acids on leukotriene synthesis of peripheral leukocytes and systemic cytokine levels in patients with major surgery. J Trauma 1997;42(2):191-198. View abstract.
  • Wang, C., Harris, W. S., Chung, M., Lichtenstein, A. H., Balk, E. M., Kupelnick, B., Jordan, H. S., and Lau, J. n-3 Fatty acids from fish or fish-oil supplements, but not alpha-linolenic acid, benefit cardiovascular disease outcomes in primary- and secondary-prevention studies: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84(1):5-17. View abstract.
  • Wang, H., Hao, Q., Li, Q. R., Yan, X. W., Ye, S., Li, Y. S., Li, N., and Li, J. S. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids affect lipopolysaccharide-induced maturation of dendritic cells through mitogen-activated protein kinases p38. Nutrition 2007;23(6):474-482. View abstract.
  • Wang, Q., Liang, X., Wang, L., Lu, X., Huang, J., Cao, J., Li, H., and Gu, D. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on endothelial function: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Atherosclerosis 2012;221(2):536-543. View abstract.
  • Wang, S., Ma, A. Q., Song, S. W., Quan, Q. H., Zhao, X. F., and Zheng, X. H. Fish oil supplementation improves large arterial elasticity in overweight hypertensive patients. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 2008;62(12):1426-1431. View abstract.
  • Wang, X., Li, W., Li, N., and Li, J. Omega-3 fatty acids-supplemented parenteral nutrition decreases hyperinflammatory response and attenuates systemic disease sequelae in severe acute pancreatitis: a randomized and controlled study. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr 2008;32(3):236-241. View abstract.
  • Warner, J. G., Jr., Ullrich, I. H., Albrink, M. J., and Yeater, R. A. Combined effects of aerobic exercise and omega-3 fatty acids in hyperlipidemic persons. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1989;21(5):498-505. View abstract.
  • Watanabe, N., Watanabe, Y., Kumagai, M., and Fujimoto, K. Administration of dietary fish oil capsules in healthy middle-aged Japanese men with a high level of fish consumption. Int.J.Food Sci.Nutr. 2009;60 Suppl 5:136-142. View abstract.
  • Weimann, A., Bastian, L., Bischoff, W. E., Grotz, M., Hansel, M., Lotz, J., Trautwein, C., Tusch, G., Schlitt, H. J., and Regel, G. Influence of arginine, omega-3 fatty acids and nucleotide-supplemented enteral support on systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ failure in patients after severe trauma. Nutrition 1998;14(2):165-172. View abstract.
  • Weksler, B. B. Omega 3 fatty acids have multiple antithrombotic effects. World Rev Nutr Diet 1994;76:47-50. View abstract.
  • Wibbenmeyer, L. A., Mitchell, M. A., Newel, I. M., Faucher, L. D., Amelon, M. J., Ruffin, T. O., Lewis, R. D., Latenser, B. A., and Kealey, P. G. Effect of a fish oil and arginine-fortified diet in thermally injured patients. J Burn Care Res 2006;27(5):694-702. View abstract.
  • Wichmann, M. W., Thul, P., Czarnetzki, H. D., Morlion, B. J., Kemen, M., and Jauch, K. W. Evaluation of clinical safety and beneficial effects of a fish oil containing lipid emulsion (Lipoplus, MLF541): data from a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(3):700-706. View abstract.
  • Williams, A. L., Katz, D., Ali, A., Girard, C., Goodman, J., and Bell, I. Do essential fatty acids have a role in the treatment of depression? J.Affect.Disord. 2006;93(1-3):117-123. View abstract.
  • Wilt, T. J., Lofgren, R. P., Nichol, K. L., Schorer, A. E., Crespin, L., Downes, D., and Eckfeldt, J. Fish oil supplementation does not lower plasma cholesterol in men with hypercholesterolemia. Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study. Ann Intern Med 12-1-1989;111(11):900-905. View abstract.
  • Wing, L. M., Nestel, P. J., Chalmers, J. P., Rouse, I., West, M. J., Bune, A. J., Tonkin, A. L., and Russell, A. E. Lack of effect of fish oil supplementation on blood pressure in treated hypertensives. J Hypertens. 1990;8(4):339-343. View abstract.
  • Wohl, D. A., Tien, H. C., Busby, M., Cunningham, C., Macintosh, B., Napravnik, S., Danan, E., Donovan, K., Hossenipour, M., and Simpson, R. J., Jr. Randomized study of the safety and efficacy of fish oil (omega-3 fatty acid) supplementation with dietary and exercise counseling for the treatment of antiretroviral therapy-associated hypertriglyceridemia. Clin.Infect.Dis. 11-15-2005;41(10):1498-1504. View abstract.
  • Wojcicki, J. M. and Heyman, M. B. Maternal omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and risk for perinatal maternal depression. J.Matern.Fetal Neonatal Med. 2011;24(5):680-686. View abstract.
  • Woltil, H. A., van Beusekom, C. M., Okken-Beukens, M., Schaafsma, A., Muskiet, F. A., and Okken, A. Development of low-birthweight infants at 19 months of age correlates with early intake and status of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 1999;61(4):235-241. View abstract.
  • Wong, C. Y., Yiu, K. H., Li, S. W., Lee, S., Tam, S., Lau, C. P., and Tse, H. F. Fish-oil supplement has neutral effects on vascular and metabolic function but improves renal function in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet.Med. 2010;27(1):54-60. View abstract.
  • Woodman, R. J., Mori, T. A., Burke, V., Puddey, I. B., Barden, A., Watts, G. F., and Beilin, L. J. Effects of purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on platelet, fibrinolytic and vascular function in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients. Atherosclerosis 2003;166(1):85-93. View abstract.
  • Woods, R. K., Thien, F. C., and Abramson, M. J. Dietary marine fatty acids (fish oil) for asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database.Syst.Rev 2002;(3):CD001283.
  • Wright, S. A., O'Prey, F. M., McHenry, M. T., Leahey, W. J., Devine, A. B., Duffy, E. M., Johnston, D. G., Finch, M. B., Bell, A. L., and McVeigh, G. E. A randomised interventional trial of omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids on endothelial function and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann.Rheum.Dis. 2008;67(6):841-848. View abstract.
  • Wu, S., Liang, J., Zhang, L., Zhu, X., Liu, X., and Miao, D. Fish consumption and the risk of gastric cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC.Cancer 2011;11:26. View abstract.
  • Xiong, J., Zhu, S., Zhou, Y., Wu, H., and Wang, C. Regulation of omega-3 fish oil emulsion on the SIRS during the initial stage of severe acute pancreatitis. J.Huazhong.Univ Sci.Technolog.Med.Sci. 2009;29(1):35-38. View abstract.
  • Yamada, T., Strong, J. P., Ishii, T., Ueno, T., Koyama, M., Wagayama, H., Shimizu, A., Sakai, T., Malcom, G. T., and Guzman, M. A. Atherosclerosis and omega-3 fatty acids in the populations of a fishing village and a farming village in Japan. Atherosclerosis 2000;153(2):469-481. View abstract.
  • Yamagishi, K., Iso, H., Date, C., Fukui, M., Wakai, K., Kikuchi, S., Inaba, Y., Tanabe, N., and Tamakoshi, A. Fish, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and mortality from cardiovascular diseases in a nationwide community-based cohort of Japanese men and women the JACC (Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk) Study. J.Am.Coll.Cardiol. 9-16-2008;52(12):988-996. View abstract.
  • Yee, L. D., Lester, J. L., Cole, R. M., Richardson, J. R., Hsu, J. C., Li, Y., Lehman, A., Belury, M. A., and Clinton, S. K. Omega-3 fatty acid supplements in women at high risk of breast cancer have dose-dependent effects on breast adipose tissue fatty acid composition. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91(5):1185-1194. View abstract.
  • Young, G. S., Conquer, J. A., and Thomas, R. Effect of randomized supplementation with high dose olive, flax or fish oil on serum phospholipid fatty acid levels in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Reprod.Nutr Dev. 2005;45(5):549-558. View abstract.
  • Yuan, J. M., Ross, R. K., Gao, Y. T., and Yu, M. C. Fish and shellfish consumption in relation to death from myocardial infarction among men in Shanghai, China. Am.J.Epidemiol. 11-1-2001;154(9):809-816. View abstract.
  • Zeman, M., Zak, A., Vecka, M., Tvrzicka, E., Pisarikova, A., and Stankova, B. N-3 fatty acid supplementation decreases plasma homocysteine in diabetic dyslipidemia treated with statin-fibrate combination. J.Nutr.Biochem. 2006;17(6):379-384. View abstract.
  • Zhu, F. S., Liu, S., Chen, X. M., Huang, Z. G., and Zhang, D. W. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from seal oils on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease associated with hyperlipidemia. World J.Gastroenterol. 11-7-2008;14(41):6395-6400. View abstract.
  • Zucker, M. L., Bilyeu, D. S., Helmkamp, G. M., Harris, W. S., and Dujovne, C. A. Effects of dietary fish oil on platelet function and plasma lipids in hyperlipoproteinemic and normal subjects. Atherosclerosis 1988;73(1):13-22. View abstract.
  • Abdelhamid AS, Brown TJ, Brainard JS, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jul 18;7:CD003177. View abstract.
  • Adams MR, McCredie R, Jessup W, et al. Oral L-arginine improves endothelium-dependent dilatation and reduces monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells in young men with coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 1997;129:261-9. View abstract.
  • Addendum A: EPA and DHA Content of Fish Species. Original Food Guide Pyramid Patterns and Description of USDA Analyses. April 16, 2004. Available at: https://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2005/report/HTML/table_g2_adda2.htm (accessed 6/18/2015).
  • Adler A, Holub BJ. Effect of garlic and fish-oil supplementation on serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in hypercholesterolemic men. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65:445-50. View abstract.
  • Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Lipids and Glycemic Control in Type II Diabetes and the Metabolic Syndrome and on Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Renal Disease, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, and Osteoporosis. AHRQ Publication No. 04-E012-1; 2004. Available at: https://archive.ahrq.gov/downloads/pub/evidence/pdf/o3lipid/o3lipid.pdf. (Accessed February 7, 2017).
  • Aggressive prostate cancer: high blood levels of omega-3s doubled the risk, but high levels of trans-fatty acids cut risk in half. Oncology (Williston Park). 2011 May;25(6):544, 546. View abstract.
  • Aguila MB, Pinheiro AR, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. Spontaneously hypertensive rats left ventricular cardiomyocyte loss attenuation through different edible oils long-term intake. Int J Cardiol 2005;100:461-6. View abstract.
  • Aguila MB, Sa Silva SP, Pinheiro AR, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. Effects of long-term intake of edible oils on hypertension and myocardial and aortic remodelling in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 2004;22:921-9. View abstract.
  • Akedo I, Ishikawa H, Nakamura T, et al. Three cases with familial adenomatous polyposis diagnosed as having malignant lesions in the course of a long-term trial using docosahexanoic acid (DHA)-concentrated fish oil capsules (abstract). Jpn J Clin Oncol 1998;28:762-5. View abstract.
  • Albert C. Fish oil--an appetising alternative to anti-arrhythmic drugs? Lancet 2004;363:1412-3. View abstract.
  • Alexander DD, Miller PE, Van Elswyk MEet al .A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials and Prospective Cohort Studies of Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Coronary Heart Disease Risk. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017;92(1):15-29.
  • Allard JP, Kurian R, Aghdassi E, Muggli R, et al. Lipid peroxidation during n-3 fatty acid and vitamin E supplementation in humans. Lipids 1997;32:535-41.. View abstract.
  • Alvarez Campano CG, Macleod MJ, Aucott L, Thies F. Marine-derived n-3 fatty acids therapy for stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jun 26;6:CD012815. View abstract.
  • American Academy of Ophthalmology Cornea/External Disease Panel. Preferred Practice Pattern Guidelines. Dry Eye Syndrome. San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2013. Available at: www.aao.org/ppp.
  • Amminger GP, Schafer MR, Papageorgiou K, et al. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids for indicated prevention of psychotic disorders: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010;67:146-54. View abstract.
  • Anderson TJ, Grégoire J, Pearson GJ, et al. 2016 Canadian Cardiovascular Society Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidemia for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in the Adult. Can J Cardiol. 2016;32(11):1263-1282. View abstract.
  • Andreassen AK, Hartmann A, Offstad J, et al. Hypertension prophylaxis with omega-3 fatty acids in heart transplant recipients. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:1324-31. View abstract.
  • Andrioli G, Carletto A, Guarini P, et al. Differential effects of dietary supplementation with fish oil or soy lecithin on human platelet adhesion. Thromb Haemost 1999;82:1522-7. View abstract.
  • Angerer P, Kothny W, Stork S, von Schacky C. Effect of dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids on progression of atherosclerosis in carotid arteries. Cardiovasc Res 2002;54:183-90. View abstract.
  • Anon. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Soprawivenza nell'Infarto miocardico. Lancet 1999;354:447-55. View abstract.
  • Armaganijan L, Lopes RD, Healey JS, et al. Do omega-3 fatty acids prevent atrial fibrillation after open heart surgery? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011;66:1923-8. View abstract.
  • Aronson WJ, Glaspy JA, Reddy ST, et al. Modulation of omega-3/omega-6 polyunsaturated ratios with dietary fish oils in men with prostate cancer. Urology 2001;58:283-8. View abstract.
  • ASCEND Study Collaborative Group, Bowman L, Mafham M, et al. Effects of n-3 Fatty Acid Supplements in Diabetes Mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2018 Oct 18;379(16):1540-1550. View abstract.
  • Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, et al. Dietary intake of marine n-3 fatty acids, fish intake, and the risk of coronary disease among men. N Engl J Med 1995;332:977-82. View abstract.
  • Astorga G, Cubillos A, Masson L, Silva JJ. Active rheumatoid arthritis: effect of dietary supplementation with omega-3 oils. A controlled double-blind trial. Rev Med Chil 1991;119:267-72. View abstract.
  • Augustsson K, Michaud DS, Rimm EB, et al. A prospective study of intake of fish and marine fatty acids and prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003;12:64-7.. View abstract.
  • Aung T, Halsey J, Kromhout D, et al; Omega-3 Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Associations of omega-3 fatty acid supplement use with cardiovascular disease risks: Meta-analysis of 10 trials involving 77?917 individuals. JAMA Cardiol. 2018;3(3):225-234. View abstract.
  • Backes J, Anzalone D, Hilleman D, Catini J. The clinical relevance of omega-3 fatty acids in the management of hypertriglyceridemia. Lipids Health Dis 2016;15:118. doi: 10.1186/s12944-016-0286-4. View abstract.
  • Badalamenti S, Salerno F, Lorenzano E, et al. Renal effects of dietary supplementation with fish oil in cyclosporine- treated liver transplant recipients. Hepatol 1995;22:1695-71. View abstract.
  • Badalamenti S, Salerno F, Salmeron JM, et al. Lack of renal effects of fish oil administration in patients with advanced cirrhosis and impaired glomerular filtration. Hepatol 1997;25:313-6. View abstract.
  • Aarsetoy, H., Ponitz, V., Nilsen, O. B., Grundt, H., Harris, W. S., and Nilsen, D. W. Low levels of cellular omega-3 increase the risk of ventricular fibrillation during the acute ischaemic phase of a myocardial infarction. Resuscitation 2008;78(3):258-264. View abstract.
  • Abbey, M., Clifton, P., Kestin, M., Belling, B., and Nestel, P. Effect of fish oil on lipoproteins, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, and lipid transfer protein activity in humans. Arteriosclerosis 1990;10(1):85-94. View abstract.
  • Adam, O., Beringer, C., Kless, T., Lemmen, C., Adam, A., Wiseman, M., Adam, P., Klimmek, R., and Forth, W. Anti-inflammatory effects of a low arachidonic acid diet and fish oil in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol.Int. 2003;23(1):27-36. View abstract.
  • Adam, O., Schubert, A., Adam, A., Antretter, N., and Forth, W. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on renal function and electrolyte excretion in aged persons. Eur J Med Res 2-21-1998;3(1-2):111-118. View abstract.
  • Adams, P. B., Lawson, S., Sanigorski, A., and Sinclair, A. J. Arachidonic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid ratio in blood correlates positively with clinical symptoms of depression. Lipids 1996;31 Suppl:S157-S161. View abstract.
  • Agostoni, C., Harvie, A., McCulloch, D. L., Demellweek, C., Cockburn, F., Giovannini, M., Murray, G., Harkness, R. A., and Riva, E. A randomized trial of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infants with phenylketonuria. Dev.Med Child Neurol. 2006;48(3):207-212. View abstract.
  • Agostoni, C., Massetto, N., Biasucci, G., Rottoli, A., Bonvissuto, M., Bruzzese, M. G., Giovannini, M., and Riva, E. Effects of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on fatty acid status and visual function in treated children with hyperphenylalaninemia. J Pediatr 2000;137(4):504-509. View abstract.
  • Agostoni, C., Verduci, E., Massetto, N., Fiori, L., Radaelli, G., Riva, E., and Giovannini, M. Long term effects of long chain polyunsaturated fats in hyperphenylalaninemic children. Arch Dis Child 2003;88(7):582-583. View abstract.
  • Agostoni, C., Zuccotti, G. V., Radaelli, G., Besana, R., Podesta, A., Sterpa, A., Rottoli, A., Riva, E., and Giovannini, M. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation and time at achievement of gross motor milestones in healthy infants: a randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(1):64-70. View abstract.
  • Albert, C. M., Hennekens, C. H., O'Donnell, C. J., Ajani, U. A., Carey, V. J., Willett, W. C., Ruskin, J. N., and Manson, J. E. Fish consumption and risk of sudden cardiac death. JAMA 1-7-1998;279(1):23-28. View abstract.
  • Alekseeva, R. I., Sharafetdinov, KhKh, Plotnikova, O. A., Meshcheriakova, V. A., Mal'tsev, G. I., and Kulakova, S. N. [Effects of a diet including linseed oil on clinical and metabolic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus]. Vopr.Pitan. 2000;69(6):32-35. View abstract.
  • Alexopoulos, E., Stangou, M., Pantzaki, A., Kirmizis, D., and Memmos, D. Treatment of severe IgA nephropathy with omega-3 fatty acids: the effect of a "very low dose" regimen. Ren Fail. 2004;26(4):453-459. View abstract.
  • Almallah, Y. Z., Richardson, S., O'Hanrahan, T., Mowat, N. A., Brunt, P. W., Sinclair, T. S., Ewen, S., Heys, S. D., and Eremin, O. Distal procto-colitis, natural cytotoxicity, and essential fatty acids. Am.J.Gastroenterol. 1998;93(5):804-809. View abstract.
  • Alpigiani, M. G., Ravera, G., Buzzanca, C., Devescovi, R., Fiore, P., and Iester, A. [The use of n-3 fatty acids in chronic juvenile arthritis]. Pediatr.Med.Chir 1996;18(4):387-390. View abstract.
  • Amin, A. A., Menon, R. A., Reid, K. J., Harris, W. S., and Spertus, J. A. Acute coronary syndrome patients with depression have low blood cell membrane omega-3 fatty acid levels. Psychosom Med 2008;70(8):856-862. View abstract.
  • Amminger, G. P., Berger, G. E., Schafer, M. R., Klier, C., Friedrich, M. H., and Feucht, M. Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in children with autism: a double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. Biol.Psychiatry 2-15-2007;61(4):551-553. View abstract.
  • Anandan, C., Nurmatov, U., and Sheikh, A. Omega 3 and 6 oils for primary prevention of allergic disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy 2009;64(6):840-848. View abstract.
  • Anonymous. Fish oil and plasma fibrinogen. BMJ. 1988;297(6648):615-616.
  • Anonymous. Health effects of omega-3 fatty acids on asthma. Evid.Rep.Technol.Assess.(Summ.) 2004;(91):1-7. View abstract.
  • Anti, M., Armelao, F., Marra, G., Percesepe, A., Bartoli, G. M., Palozza, P., Parrella, P., Canetta, C., Gentiloni, N., De, Vitis, I, and . Effects of different doses of fish oil on rectal cell proliferation in patients with sporadic colonic adenomas. Gastroenterology 1994;107(6):1709-1718. View abstract.
  • Anti, M., Marra, G., Armelao, F., Bartoli, G. M., Ficarelli, R., Percesepe, A., De, Vitis, I, Maria, G., Sofo, L., Rapaccini, G. L., and . Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on rectal mucosal cell proliferation in subjects at risk for colon cancer. Gastroenterology 1992;103(3):883-891.
  • Antypa, N., Van der Does, A. J., Smelt, A. H., and Rogers, R. D. Omega-3 fatty acids (fish-oil) and depression-related cognition in healthy volunteers. J.Psychopharmacol. 2009;23(7):831-840. View abstract.
  • Appel, L. J., Miller, E. R., III, Seidler, A. J., and Whelton, P. K. Does supplementation of diet with 'fish oil' reduce blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Arch Intern Med 6-28-1993;153(12):1429-1438. View abstract.
  • Arab, K., Rossary, A., Flourie, F., Tourneur, Y., and Steghens, J. P. Docosahexaenoic acid enhances the antioxidant response of human fibroblasts by upregulating gamma-glutamyl-cysteinyl ligase and glutathione reductase. Br J Nutr 2006;95(1):18-26. View abstract.
  • Archer, S. L., Green, D., Chamberlain, M., Dyer, A. R., and Liu, K. Association of dietary fish and n-3 fatty acid intake with hemostatic factors in the coronary artery risk development in young adults (CARDIA) study. Arterioscler Thromb.Vasc.Biol 1998;18(7):1119-1123.
  • Arm, J. P., Horton, C. E., Mencia-Huerta, J. M., House, F., Eiser, N. M., Clark, T. J., Spur, B. W., and Lee, T. H. Effect of dietary supplementation with fish oil lipids on mild asthma. Thorax 1988;43(2):84-92. View abstract.
  • Arm, J. P., Horton, C. E., Spur, B. W., Mencia-Huerta, J. M., and Lee, T. H. The effects of dietary supplementation with fish oil lipids on the airways response to inhaled allergen in bronchial asthma. Am Rev Respir.Dis 1989;139(6):1395-1400. View abstract.
  • Arsenault, L. N., Matthan, N., Scott, T. M., Dallal, G., Lichtenstein, A. H., Folstein, M. F., Rosenberg, I., and Tucker, K. L. Validity of estimated dietary eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid intakes determined by interviewer-administered food frequency questionnaire among older adults with mild-to-moderate cognitive impairment or dementia. Am J Epidemiol 7-1-2009;170(1):95-103. View abstract.
  • Arteaga, A., Villanueva, C. L., Skorin, C., Guasch, V., Solis, de Ovando, Velasco, N., Acosta, A. M., and Leighton, F. [Dyslipidemic patients with coronary cardiopathy. Effect of different doses of OMEGA-3 fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins]. Rev Med Chil. 1993;121(6):618-625. View abstract.
  • Arterburn, L. M., Hall, E. B., and Oken, H. Distribution, interconversion, and dose response of n-3 fatty acids in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83(6 Suppl):1467S-1476S. View abstract.
  • Aslan, A. and Triadafilopoulos, G. Fish oil fatty acid supplementation in active ulcerative colitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Am J Gastroenterol 1992;87(4):432-437. View abstract.
  • Asserhoj, M., Nehammer, S., Matthiessen, J., Michaelsen, K. F., and Lauritzen, L. Maternal fish oil supplementation during lactation may adversely affect long-term blood pressure, energy intake, and physical activity of 7-year-old boys. J.Nutr. 2009;139(2):298-304. View abstract.
  • Aucamp, A. K., Schoeman, H. S., and Coetzee, J. H. Pilot trial to determine the efficacy of a low dose of fish oil in the treatment of angina pectoris in the geriatric patient. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1993;49(3):687-689. View abstract.
  • Augood, C., Chakravarthy, U., Young, I., Vioque, J., de Jong, P. T., Bentham, G., Rahu, M., Seland, J., Soubrane, G., Tomazzoli, L., Topouzis, F., Vingerling, J. R., and Fletcher, A. E. Oily fish consumption, dietary docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid intakes, and associations with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88(2):398-406. View abstract.
  • Badia-Tahull, M. B., Llop-Talaveron, J. M., Leiva-Badosa, E., Biondo, S., Farran-Teixido, L., Ramon-Torrell, J. M., and Jodar-Masanes, R. A randomised study on the clinical progress of high-risk elective major gastrointestinal surgery patients treated with olive oil-based parenteral nutrition with or without a fish oil supplement. Br.J.Nutr. 2010;104(5):737-741. View abstract.
  • Badimon, L., Vilahur, G., and Padro, T. Nutraceuticals and atherosclerosis: human trials. Cardiovasc.Ther. 2010;28(4):202-215. View abstract.
  • Bahadori, B., Uitz, E., Thonhofer, R., Trummer, M., Pestemer-Lach, I., McCarty, M., and Krejs, G. J. omega-3 Fatty acids infusions as adjuvant therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr 2010;34(2):151-155. View abstract.
  • Bairati, I., Roy, L., and Meyer, F. Double-blind, randomized, controlled trial of fish oil supplements in prevention of recurrence of stenosis after coronary angioplasty. Circulation 1992;85(3):950-956. View abstract.
  • Bairati, I., Roy, L., and Meyer, F. Effects of a fish oil supplement on blood pressure and serum lipids in patients treated for coronary artery disease. Can J Cardiol 1992;8(1):41-46. View abstract.
  • Balestrieri, G. P., Maffi, V., Sleiman, I., Spandrio, S., Di Stefano, O., Salvi, A., and Scalvini, T. Fish oil supplementation in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Recenti Prog Med 1996;87(3):102-105. View abstract.
  • Balk, E., Chung, M., Lichtenstein, A., Chew, P., Kupelnick, B., Lawrence, A., DeVine, D., and Lau, J. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular risk factors and intermediate markers of cardiovascular disease. Evid.Rep.Technol.Assess.(Summ.) 2004;(93):1-6. View abstract.
  • Barberger-Gateau, P., Raffaitin, C., Letenneur, L., Berr, C., Tzourio, C., Dartigues, J. F., and Alperovitch, A. Dietary patterns and risk of dementia: the Three-City cohort study. Neurology 11-13-2007;69(20):1921-1930. View abstract.
  • Barbosa, V. M., Miles, E. A., Calhau, C., Lafuente, E., and Calder, P. C. Effects of a fish oil containing lipid emulsion on plasma phospholipid fatty acids, inflammatory markers, and clinical outcomes in septic patients: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Crit Care 2010;14(1):R5. View abstract.
  • Barcelli, U., Glas-Greenwalt, P., and Pollak, V. E. Enhancing effect of dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids on plasma fibrinolysis in normal subjects. Thromb.Res 8-1-1985;39(3):307-312. View abstract.
  • Baril, J. G., Kovacs, C. M., Trottier, S., Roederer, G., Martel, A. Y., Ackad, N., Koulis, T., and Sampalis, J. S. Effectiveness and tolerability of oral administration of low-dose salmon oil to HIV patients with HAART-associated dyslipidemia. HIV.Clin.Trials 2007;8(6):400-411. View abstract.
  • Baro, L., Fonolla, J., Pena, J. L., Martinez-Ferez, A., Lucena, A., Jimenez, J., Boza, J. J., and Lopez-Huertas, E. n-3 Fatty acids plus oleic acid and vitamin supplemented milk consumption reduces total and LDL cholesterol, homocysteine and levels of endothelial adhesion molecules in healthy humans. Clin.Nutr. 2003;22(2):175-182. View abstract.
  • Bartelt, S., Timm, M., Damsgaard, C. T., Hansen, E. W., Hansen, H. S., and Lauritzen, L. The effect of dietary fish oil-supplementation to healthy young men on oxidative burst measured by whole blood chemiluminescence. Br J Nutr 2008;99(6):1230-1238. View abstract.
  • Bartram, H. P., Gostner, A., Scheppach, W., Reddy, B. S., Rao, C. V., Dusel, G., Richter, F., Richter, A., and Kasper, H. Effects of fish oil on rectal cell proliferation, mucosal fatty acids, and prostaglandin E2 release in healthy subjects. Gastroenterology 1993;105(5):1317-1322. View abstract.
  • Batchelor, J. M., Grindlay, D. J., and Williams, H. C. What's new in atopic eczema? An analysis of systematic reviews published in 2008 and 2009. Clin.Exp.Dermatol. 2010;35(8):823-827. View abstract.
  • Bates, D., Cartlidge, N. E., French, J. M., Jackson, M. J., Nightingale, S., Shaw, D. A., Smith, S., Woo, E., Hawkins, S. A., Millar, J. H., and . A double-blind controlled trial of long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989;52(1):18-22. View abstract.
  • Bath-Hextall, F. J., Jenkinson, C., Humphreys, R., and Williams, H. C. Dietary supplements for established atopic eczema. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;2:CD005205. View abstract.
  • Bays, H. E., McKenney, J., Maki, K. C., Doyle, R. T., Carter, R. N., and Stein, E. Effects of prescription omega-3-acid ethyl esters on non--high-density lipoprotein cholesterol when coadministered with escalating doses of atorvastatin. Mayo Clin Proc 2010;85(2):122-128. View abstract.
  • Beavers, K. M., Beavers, D. P., Bowden, R. G., Wilson, R. L., and Gentile, M. Effect of over-the-counter fish-oil administration on plasma Lp(a) levels in an end-stage renal disease population. J Ren Nutr 2009;19(6):443-449. View abstract.
  • Beavers, K. M., Beavers, D. P., Bowden, R. G., Wilson, R. L., and Gentile, M. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and total homocysteine levels in end-stage renal disease patients. Nephrology.(Carlton.) 2008;13(4):284-288. View abstract.
  • Beblo, S., Reinhardt, H., Demmelmair, H., Muntau, A. C., and Koletzko, B. Effect of fish oil supplementation on fatty acid status, coordination, and fine motor skills in children with phenylketonuria. J.Pediatr. 2007;150(5):479-484. View abstract.
  • Beckles WN, Elliott TM, and Everard ML. Omega-3 fatty acids for cystic fibrosis (Protocol for a Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library 2001;(3)
  • Beckles, W. I., Elliott, T. M., and Everard, M. L. Omega-3 fatty acids (from fish oils) for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database.Syst Rev 2002;(3.):CD002201. View abstract.
  • Belanger, S. A., Vanasse, M., Spahis, S., Sylvestre, M. P., Lippe, S., L'heureux, F., Ghadirian, P., Vanasse, C. M., and Levy, E. Omega-3 fatty acid treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Paediatr.Child Health 2009;14(2):89-98. View abstract.
  • Bell, J. G., MacKinlay, E. E., Dick, J. R., MacDonald, D. J., Boyle, R. M., and Glen, A. C. Essential fatty acids and phospholipase A2 in autistic spectrum disorders. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2004;71(4):201-204. View abstract.
  • Bell, J. G., Miller, D., MacDonald, D. J., MacKinlay, E. E., Dick, J. R., Cheseldine, S., Boyle, R. M., Graham, C., and O'Hare, A. E. The fatty acid compositions of erythrocyte and plasma polar lipids in children with autism, developmental delay or typically developing controls and the effect of fish oil intake. Br J Nutr 2010;103(8):1160-1167. View abstract.
  • Bell, S. J., Chavali, S., Bistrian, B. R., Connolly, C. A., Utsunomiya, T., and Forse, R. A. Dietary fish oil and cytokine and eicosanoid production during human immunodeficiency virus infection. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr. 1996;20(1):43-49. View abstract.
  • Bellino, S., Rinaldi, C., Bozzatello, P., and Bogetto, F. Pharmacotherapy of borderline personality disorder: a systematic review for publication purpose. Curr.Med.Chem. 2011;18(22):3322-3329. View abstract.
  • Belluzzi A, Campieri M, Belloli C, and et al. A new enteric coated preparation of omega-3 fatty acids for prevention of post-surgical recurrence in Crohn's disease [abstract]. Gastroenterology 1997;112(Suppl):A930.
  • Bemelmans, W. J., Broer, J., de Vries, J. H., Hulshof, K. F., May, J. F., and Meyboom-de, Jong B. Impact of Mediterranean diet education versus posted leaflet on dietary habits and serum cholesterol in a high risk population for cardiovascular disease. Public Health Nutr 2000;3(3):273-283. View abstract.
  • Bemelmans, W. J., Broer, J., Feskens, E. J., Smit, A. J., Muskiet, F. A., Lefrandt, J. D., Bom, V. J., May, J. F., and Meyboom-de Jong, B. Effect of an increased intake of alpha-linolenic acid and group nutritional education on cardiovascular risk factors: the Mediterranean Alpha-linolenic Enriched Groningen Dietary Intervention (MARGARIN) study. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75(2):221-227. View abstract.
  • Benito, P., Caballero, J., Moreno, J., Gutierrez-Alcantara, C., Munoz, C., Rojo, G., Garcia, S., and Soriguer, F. C. Effects of milk enriched with omega-3 fatty acid, oleic acid and folic acid in patients with metabolic syndrome. Clin.Nutr. 2006;25(4):581-587. View abstract.
  • Bennett, W. M., Walker, R. G., and Kincaid-Smith, P. Treatment of IgA nephropathy with eicosapentanoic acid (EPA): a two- year prospective trial. Clin Nephrol 1989;31(3):128-131. View abstract.
  • Bent, S., Bertoglio, K., and Hendren, R. L. Omega-3 fatty acids for autistic spectrum disorder: a systematic review. J Autism Dev.Disord 2009;39(8):1145-1154. View abstract.
  • Bent, S., Bertoglio, K., Ashwood, P., Bostrom, A., and Hendren, R. L. A pilot randomized controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acids for autism spectrum disorder. J.Autism Dev.Disord. 2011;41(5):545-554. View abstract.
  • Berbert, A. A., Kondo, C. R., Almendra, C. L., Matsuo, T., and Dichi, I. Supplementation of fish oil and olive oil in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Nutrition 2005;21(2):131-136. View abstract.
  • Berger, M. M., Tappy, L., Revelly, J. P., Koletzko, B. V., Gepert, J., Corpataux, J. M., Cayeux, M. C., and Chiolero, R. L. Fish oil after abdominal aorta aneurysm surgery. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 2008;62(9):1116-1122. View abstract.
  • Bergmann, R. L., Haschke-Becher, E., Klassen-Wigger, P., Bergmann, K. E., Richter, R., Dudenhausen, J. W., Grathwohl, D., and Haschke, F. Supplementation with 200 mg/day docosahexaenoic acid from mid-pregnancy through lactation improves the docosahexaenoic acid status of mothers with a habitually low fish intake and of their infants. Ann Nutr Metab 2008;52(2):157-166. View abstract.
  • Berry, J. D., Prineas, R. J., van, Horn L., Passman, R., Larson, J., Goldberger, J., Snetselaar, L., Tinker, L., Liu, K., and Lloyd-Jones, D. M. Dietary fish intake and incident atrial fibrillation (from the Women's Health Initiative). Am.J.Cardiol. 3-15-2010;105(6):844-848. View abstract.
  • Bethune, C., Seierstad, S. L., Seljeflot, I., Johansen, O., Arnesen, H., Meltzer, H. M., Rosenlund, G., Froyland, L., and Lundebye, A. K. Dietary intake of differently fed salmon: a preliminary study on contaminants. Eur J Clin Invest 2006;36(3):193-201. View abstract.
  • Bianconi, L Calo L Mennuni M Santini L Morosetti P Azzolini P Barbato G Biscione F Romano P Santini M. N-3 PUFAs for the prevention of arrhythmia recurrence after electrical cardioversion of chronic persistent atrial fibrillation: a randomized, double-blind, multicentre study. Europace 2011;13:174-181.
  • Bianconi, L., Calo, L., Mennuni, M., Santini, L., Morosetti, P., Azzolini, P., Barbato, G., Biscione, F., Romano, P., and Santini, M. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for the prevention of arrhythmia recurrence after electrical cardioversion of chronic persistent atrial fibrillation: a randomized, double-blind, multicentre study. Europace. 2011;13(2):174-181. View abstract.
  • Biltagi, M. A., Baset, A. A., Bassiouny, M., Kasrawi, M. A., and Attia, M. Omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin C and Zn supplementation in asthmatic children: a randomized self-controlled study. Acta Paediatr. 2009;98(4):737-742. View abstract.
  • Birch, E. E., Carlson, S. E., Hoffman, D. R., Fitzgerald-Gustafson, K. M., Fu, V. L., Drover, J. R., Castaneda, Y. S., Minns, L., Wheaton, D. K., Mundy, D., Marunycz, J., and Diersen-Schade, D. A. The DIAMOND (DHA Intake And Measurement Of Neural Development) Study: a double-masked, randomized controlled clinical trial of the maturation of infant visual acuity as a function of the dietary level of docosahexaenoic acid. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91(4):848-859. View abstract.
  • Bjorkkjaer, T., Brunborg, L. A., Arslan, G., Lind, R. A., Brun, J. G., Valen, M., Klementsen, B., Berstad, A., and Froyland, L. Reduced joint pain after short-term duodenal administration of seal oil in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: comparison with soy oil. Scand.J.Gastroenterol. 2004;39(11):1088-1094. View abstract.
  • Bjorneboe, A., Smith, A. K., Bjorneboe, G. E., Thune, P. O., and Drevon, C. A. Effect of dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acids on clinical manifestations of psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1988;118(1):77-83. View abstract.
  • Bjorneboe, A., Soyland, E., Bjorneboe, G. E., Rajka, G., and Drevon, C. A. Effect of dietary supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Br.J Dermatol 1987;117(4):463-469. View abstract.
  • Bjorneboe, A., Soyland, E., Bjorneboe, G. E., Rajka, G., and Drevon, C. A. Effect of n-3 fatty acid supplement to patients with atopic dermatitis. J Intern.Med.Suppl 1989;225(731):233-236. View abstract.
  • Bjornsson, S., Hardardottir, I., Gunnarsson, E., and Haraldsson, A. Dietary fish oil supplementation increases survival in mice following Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Scand J Infect Dis 1997;29(5):491-493. View abstract.
  • Bloch, M. H. and Qawasmi, A. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for the treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptomatology: systematic review and meta-analysis. J.Am.Acad.Child Adolesc.Psychiatry 2011;50(10):991-1000. View abstract.
  • Block, R. C., Harris, W. S., Reid, K. J., Sands, S. A., and Spertus, J. A. EPA and DHA in blood cell membranes from acute coronary syndrome patients and controls. Atherosclerosis 2008;197(2):821-828. View abstract.
  • Blok, W. L., Deslypere, J. P., Demacker, P. N., van, der, V, Hectors, M. P., van der Meer, J. W., and Katan, M. B. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in healthy volunteers fed various doses of fish oil for 1 year. Eur J Clin Invest 1997;27(12):1003-1008. View abstract.
  • Boberg, M., Pollare, T., Siegbahn, A., and Vessby, B. Supplementation with n-3 fatty acids reduces triglycerides but increases PAI-1 in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Invest 1992;22(10):645-650. View abstract.
  • Boberg, M., Vessby, B., and Selinus, I. Effects of dietary supplementation with n-6 and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on serum lipoproteins and platelet function in hypertriglyceridaemic patients. Acta Med Scand 1986;220(2):153-160. View abstract.
  • Bonaa, K. H., Bjerve, K. S., Straume, B., Gram, I. T., and Thelle, D. Effect of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on blood pressure in hypertension. A population-based intervention trial from the Tromso study. N Engl J Med 3-22-1990;322(12):795-801. View abstract.
  • Borchgrevink, C. F., Skaga, E., Berg, K. J., and Skjaeggestad, O. Absence of prophylactic effect of linolenic acid in patients with coronary heart-disease. Lancet 7-23-1966;2(7456):187-189. View abstract.
  • Borgeson, C. E., Pardini, L., Pardini, R. S., and Reitz, R. C. Effects of dietary fish oil on human mammary carcinoma and on lipid- metabolizing enzymes. Lipids 1989;24(4):290-295. View abstract.
  • Bortolotti, M., Tappy, L., and Schneiter, P. Fish oil supplementation does not alter energy efficiency in healthy males. Clin Nutr 2007;26(2):225-230. View abstract.
  • Bosch, J., Gerstein, H. C., Dagenais, G. R., Diaz, R., Dyal, L., Jung, H., Maggiono, A. P., Probstfield, J., Ramachandran, A., Riddle, M. C., Ryden, L. E., and Yusuf, S. n-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with dysglycemia. N.Engl.J.Med. 7-26-2012;367(4):309-318. View abstract.
  • Bot, M., Pouwer, F., Assies, J., Jansen, E. H., Diamant, M., Snoek, F. J., Beekman, A. T., and de, Jonge P. Eicosapentaenoic acid as an add-on to antidepressant medication for co-morbid major depression in patients with diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. J.Affect.Disord. 2010;126(1-2):282-286. View abstract.
  • Bougle, D., Denise, P., Vimard, F., Nouvelot, A., Penneillo, M. J., and Guillois, B. Early neurological and neuropsychological development of the preterm infant and polyunsaturated fatty acids supply. Clin.Neurophysiol. 1999;110(8):1363-1370. View abstract.
  • Bouwens, M., van de Rest, O., Dellschaft, N., Bromhaar, M. G., de Groot, L. C., Geleijnse, J. M., Muller, M., and Afman, L. A. Fish-oil supplementation induces antiinflammatory gene expression profiles in human blood mononuclear cells. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2009;90(2):415-424. View abstract.
  • Bowden, R. G., Jitomir, J., Wilson, R. L., and Gentile, M. Effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on lipid levels in endstage renal disease patients. J.Ren Nutr. 2009;19(4):259-266. View abstract.
  • Bowden, R. G., Wilson, R. L., Deike, E., and Gentile, M. Fish oil supplementation lowers C-reactive protein levels independent of triglyceride reduction in patients with end-stage renal disease. Nutr.Clin.Pract. 2009;24(4):508-512. View abstract.
  • Bowden, R. G., Wilson, R. L., Gentile, M., Ounpraseuth, S., Moore, P., and Leutholtz, B. C. Effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on vascular access thrombosis in polytetrafluorethylene grafts. J Ren Nutr 2007;17(2):126-131. View abstract.
  • Braden, G. A., Knapp, H. R., Fitzgerald, D. J., and FitzGerald, G. A. Dietary fish oil accelerates the response to coronary thrombolysis with tissue-type plasminogen activator. Evidence for a modest platelet inhibitory effect in vivo. Circulation 1990;82(1):178-187. View abstract.
  • Braga, M., Gianotti, L., Nespoli, L., Radaelli, G., and Di, Carlo, V. Nutritional approach in malnourished surgical patients: a prospective randomized study. Arch.Surg. 2002;137(2):174-180. View abstract.
  • Braga, M., Gianotti, L., Radaelli, G., Vignali, A., Mari, G., Gentilini, O., and Di, Carlo, V. Perioperative immunonutrition in patients undergoing cancer surgery: results of a randomized double-blind phase 3 trial. Arch.Surg. 1999;134(4):428-433. View abstract.
  • Braga, M., Gianotti, L., Vignali, A., and Carlo, V. D. Preoperative oral arginine and n-3 fatty acid supplementation improves the immunometabolic host response and outcome after colorectal resection for cancer. Surgery 2002;132(5):805-814. View abstract.
  • Braga, M., Vignali, A., Gianotti, L., Cestari, A., Profili, M., and Di, Carlo, V. Benefits of early postoperative enteral feeding in cancer patients. Infusionsther.Transfusionsmed. 1995;22(5):280-284. View abstract.
  • Brouwer, I. A., Heeringa, J., Geleijnse, J. M., Zock, P. L., and Witteman, J. C. Intake of very long-chain n-3 fatty acids from fish and incidence of atrial fibrillation. The Rotterdam Study. Am.Heart J. 2006;151(4):857-862. View abstract.
  • Brouwer, I. A., Katan, M. B., and Zock, P. L. Effects of n-3 fatty acids on arrhythmic events and mortality in the SOFA implantable cardioverter defibrillator trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84(6):1554-1555. View abstract.
  • Brown, A. J. and Roberts, D. C. Fish and fish oil intake: effect on haematological variables related to cardiovascular disease. Thromb.Res 10-15-1991;64(2):169-178. View abstract.
  • Browne, J. C., Scott, K. M., and Silvers, K. M. Fish consumption in pregnancy and omega-3 status after birth are not associated with postnatal depression. J.Affect.Disord. 2006;90(2-3):131-139. View abstract.
  • Brude, I. R., Finstad, H. S., Seljeflot, I., Drevon, C. A., Solvoll, K., Sandstad, B., Hjermann, I., Arnesen, H., and Nenseter, M. S. Plasma homocysteine concentration related to diet, endothelial function and mononuclear cell gene expression among male hyperlipidaemic smokers. Eur.J.Clin.Invest 1999;29(2):100-108. View abstract.
  • Buckley, J. D., Burgess, S., Murphy, K. J., and Howe, P. R. DHA-rich fish oil lowers heart rate during submaximal exercise in elite Australian Rules footballers. J Sci Med Sport 2009;12(4):503-507. View abstract.
  • Bureyko, T., Hurdle, H., Metcalfe, J. B., Clandinin, M. T., and Mazurak, V. C. Reduced growth and integrin expression of prostate cells cultured with lycopene, vitamin E and fish oil in vitro. Br J Nutr 2009;101(7):990-997. View abstract.
  • Burr, M. L. Fish and the cardiovascular system. Prog.Food Nutr Sci 1989;13(3-4):291-316. View abstract.
  • Burr, M. L., Sweetham, P. M., and Fehily, A. M. Diet and reinfarction. Eur Heart J 1994;15(8):1152-1153. View abstract.
  • Buydens-Branch, Branchey, M., and Hibbeln, J. R. Low plasma levels of docosahexaenoic acid are associated with an increased relapse vulnerability in substance abusers. Am J Addict. 2009;18(1):73-80. View abstract.
  • Cabre, E., Manosa, M., and Gassull, M. A. Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory bowel diseases - a systematic review. Br.J.Nutr. 2012;107 Suppl 2:S240-S252. View abstract.
  • Calabrese, J. R., Rapport, D. J., and Shelton, M. D. Fish oils and bipolar disorder: a promising but untested treatment. Arch.Gen.Psychiatry 1999;56(5):413-414. View abstract.
  • Caniato, R. N., Alvarenga, M. E., and Garcia-Alcaraz, M. A. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on the lipid profile of patients taking clozapine. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2006;40(8):691-697. View abstract.
  • Carlson, S. E., Cooke, R. J., Werkman, S. H., and Tolley, E. A. First year growth of preterm infants fed standard compared to marine oil n-3 supplemented formula. Lipids 1992;27(11):901-907. View abstract.
  • Carlson, S. E., Rhodes, P. G., Rao, V. S., and Goldgar, D. E. Effect of fish oil supplementation on the n-3 fatty acid content of red blood cell membranes in preterm infants. Pediatr.Res 1987;21(5):507-510. View abstract.
  • Carlson, S. E., Werkman, S. H., and Tolley, E. A. Effect of long-chain n-3 fatty acid supplementation on visual acuity and growth of preterm infants with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am.J Clin Nutr. 1996;63(5):687-697. View abstract.
  • Carrero JJ, Lopez-Huertas E Salmeron LM Ramos VE Baro L Ros E. Simvastatin and supplementation with n-3 PUFAs and vitamins improves claudication distance in a randomized PILOT study in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Nutr Res 2006;26:637-643.
  • Carrero, J. J., Fonolla, J., Marti, J. L., Jimenez, J., Boza, J. J., and Lopez-Huertas, E. Intake of fish oil, oleic acid, folic acid, and vitamins B-6 and E for 1 year decreases plasma C-reactive protein and reduces coronary heart disease risk factors in male patients in a cardiac rehabilitation program. J.Nutr. 2007;137(2):384-390. View abstract.
  • Carrero, J. J., Lopez-Huertas, E., Salmeron, L. M., Baro, L., and Ros, E. Daily supplementation with (n-3) PUFAs, oleic acid, folic acid, and vitamins B-6 and E increases pain-free walking distance and improves risk factors in men with peripheral vascular disease. J.Nutr. 2005;135(6):1393-1399. View abstract.
  • Carroll, K. K. Biological effects of fish oils in relation to chronic diseases. Lipids 1986;21(12):731-732. View abstract.
  • Carter, V. M., Woolley, I., Jolley, D., Nyulasi, I., Mijch, A., and Dart, A. A randomised controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia in HIV-infected males on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Sex Health 2006;3(4):287-290. View abstract.
  • Castro, R., Queiros, J., Fonseca, I., Pimentel, J. P., Henriques, A. C., Sarmento, A. M., Guimaraes, S., and Pereira, M. C. Therapy of post-renal transplantation hyperlipidaemia: comparative study with simvastatin and fish oil. Nephrol Dial.Transplant. 1997;12(10):2140-2143. View abstract.
  • Caughey, G. E., James, M. J., Proudman, S. M., and Cleland, L. G. Fish oil supplementation increases the cyclooxygenase inhibitory activity of paracetamol in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Complement Ther.Med. 2010;18(3-4):171-174. View abstract.
  • Caygill, C. P. and Hill, M. J. Fish, n-3 fatty acids and human colorectal and breast cancer mortality. Eur J Cancer Prev 1995;4(4):329-332. View abstract.
  • Cederholm, T. and Palmblad, J. Are omega-3 fatty acids options for prevention and treatment of cognitive decline and dementia? Curr Opin.Clin Nutr Metab Care 2010;13(2):150-155. View abstract.
  • Cerchietti, L. C., Navigante, A. H., and Castro, M. A. Effects of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic n-3 fatty acids from fish oil and preferential Cox-2 inhibition on systemic syndromes in patients with advanced lung cancer. Nutr.Cancer 2007;59(1):14-20. View abstract.
  • Chalon, S. Omega-3 fatty acids and monoamine neurotransmission. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2006;75(4-5):259-269. View abstract.
  • Chan, D. C., Watts, G. F., Barrett, P. H., Beilin, L. J., and Mori, T. A. Effect of atorvastatin and fish oil on plasma high-sensitivity C- reactive protein concentrations in individuals with visceral obesity. Clin Chem 2002;48(6 Pt 1):877-883. View abstract.
  • Chan, D. C., Watts, G. F., Mori, T. A., Barrett, P. H., Beilin, L. J., and Redgrave, T. G. Factorial study of the effects of atorvastatin and fish oil on dyslipidaemia in visceral obesity. Eur.J.Clin.Invest 2002;32(6):429-436. View abstract.
  • Chen, Q., Cheng, L. Q., Xiao, T. H., Zhang, Y. X., Zhu, M., Zhang, R., Li, K., Wang, Y., and Li, Y. Effects of omega-3 fatty acid for sudden cardiac death prevention in patients with cardiovascular disease: a contemporary meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Cardiovasc.Drugs Ther. 2011;25(3):259-265. View abstract.
  • Cheng, J. W. and Santoni, F. Omega-3 fatty acid: a role in the management of cardiac arrhythmias? J Altern Complement Med 2008;14(8):965-974. View abstract.
  • Chiu, C. C., Huang, S. Y., Chen, C. C., and Su, K. P. Omega-3 fatty acids are more beneficial in the depressive phase than in the manic phase in patients with bipolar I disorder. J.Clin.Psychiatry 2005;66(12):1613-1614. View abstract.
  • Chiu, C. C., Huang, S. Y., Shen, W. W., and Su, K. P. Omega-3 fatty acids for depression in pregnancy. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160(2):385. View abstract.
  • Chong, M. F., Lockyer, S., Saunders, C. J., and Lovegrove, J. A. Long chain n-3 PUFA-rich meal reduced postprandial measures of arterial stiffness. Clin.Nutr. 2010;29(5):678-681. View abstract.
  • Christensen JH, Gustenhoff P, Ejlersen E, and et al. n-3 fatty acids and ventricular extrasystoles in patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Nutr Res 1995;15(1):1-8.
  • Christensen, J. H., Gustenhoff, P., Korup, E., Aaroe, J., Toft, E., Moller, J., Rasmussen, K., Dyerberg, J., and Schmidt, E. B. Effect of fish oil on heart rate variability in survivors of myocardial infarction: a double blind randomised controlled trial. BMJ 3-16-1996;312(7032):677-678. View abstract.
  • Chua, B., Flood, V., Rochtchina, E., Wang, J. J., Smith, W., and Mitchell, P. Dietary fatty acids and the 5-year incidence of age-related maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 2006;124(7):981-986. View abstract.
  • Clandinin, M. T., Van Aerde, J. E., Merkel, K. L., Harris, C. L., Springer, M. A., Hansen, J. W., and Diersen-Schade, D. A. Growth and development of preterm infants fed infant formulas containing docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid. J Pediatr 2005;146(4):461-468. View abstract.
  • Clayton, E. H., Hanstock, T. L., Hirneth, S. J., Kable, C. J., Garg, M. L., and Hazell, P. L. Reduced mania and depression in juvenile bipolar disorder associated with long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 2009;63(8):1037-1040. View abstract.
  • Cleland, L. G., Caughey, G. E., James, M. J., and Proudman, S. M. Reduction of cardiovascular risk factors with longterm fish oil treatment in early rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2006;33(10):1973-1979. View abstract.
  • Cleland, L. G., French, J. K., Betts, W. H., Murphy, G. A., and Elliott, M. J. Clinical and biochemical effects of dietary fish oil supplements in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1988;15(10):1471-1475. View abstract.
  • Cobiac, L., Clifton, P. M., Abbey, M., Belling, G. B., and Nestel, P. J. Lipid, lipoprotein, and hemostatic effects of fish vs fish-oil n-3 fatty acids in mildly hyperlipidemic males. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53(5):1210-1216. View abstract.
  • Cobiac, L., Nestel, P. J., Wing, L. M., and Howe, P. R. A low-sodium diet supplemented with fish oil lowers blood pressure in the elderly. J Hypertens. 1992;10(1):87-92. View abstract.
  • Cobiac, L., Nestel, P. J., Wing, L. M., and Howe, P. R. Effects of dietary sodium restriction and fish oil supplements on blood pressure in the elderly. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1991;18(5):265-268. View abstract.
  • Colangelo, L. A., He, K., Whooley, M. A., Daviglus, M. L., and Liu, K. Higher dietary intake of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is inversely associated with depressive symptoms in women. Nutrition 2009;25(10):1011-1019. View abstract.
  • Colter, A. L., Cutler, C., and Meckling, K. A. Fatty acid status and behavioural symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adolescents: a case-control study. Nutr J 2008;7:8. View abstract.
  • Conklin, S. M., Harris, J. I., Manuck, S. B., Yao, J. K., Hibbeln, J. R., and Muldoon, M. F. Serum omega-3 fatty acids are associated with variation in mood, personality and behavior in hypercholesterolemic community volunteers. Psychiatry Res 7-30-2007;152(1):1-10. View abstract.
  • Conklin, S. M., Manuck, S. B., Yao, J. K., Flory, J. D., Hibbeln, J. R., and Muldoon, M. F. High omega-6 and low omega-3 fatty acids are associated with depressive symptoms and neuroticism. Psychosom.Med. 2007;69(9):932-934. View abstract.
  • Connor, W. E., Prince, M. J., Ullmann, D., Riddle, M., Hatcher, L., Smith, F. E., and Wilson, D. The hypotriglyceridemic effect of fish oil in adult-onset diabetes without adverse glucose control. Ann N Y Acad Sci 6-14-1993;683:337-340. View abstract.
  • Conquer, J. A., Cheryk, L. A., Chan, E., Gentry, P. A., and Holub, B. J. Effect of supplementation with dietary seal oil on selected cardiovascular risk factors and hemostatic variables in healthy male subjects. Thromb.Res 11-1-1999;96(3):239-250. View abstract.
  • Contacos, C., Barter, P. J., and Sullivan, D. R. Effect of pravastatin and omega-3 fatty acids on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in patients with combined hyperlipidemia. Arterioscler.Thromb. 1993;13(12):1755-1762. View abstract.
  • Culp, B. R., Lands, W. E., Lucches, B. R., Pitt, B., and Romson, J. The effect of dietary supplementation of fish oil on experimental myocardial infarction. Prostaglandins 1980;20(6):1021-1031. View abstract.
  • da Silva, T. M., Munhoz, R. P., Alvarez, C., Naliwaiko, K., Kiss, A., Andreatini, R., and Ferraz, A. C. Depression in Parkinson's disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study of omega-3 fatty-acid supplementation. J.Affect.Disord. 2008;111(2-3):351-359. View abstract.
  • Daly, J. M., Weintraub, F. N., Shou, J., Rosato, E. F., and Lucia, M. Enteral nutrition during multimodality therapy in upper gastrointestinal cancer patients. Ann.Surg. 1995;221(4):327-338. View abstract.
  • Damsgaard, C. T., Frokiaer, H., Andersen, A. D., and Lauritzen, L. Fish oil in combination with high or low intakes of linoleic acid lowers plasma triacylglycerols but does not affect other cardiovascular risk markers in healthy men. J.Nutr. 2008;138(6):1061-1066. View abstract.
  • Damsgaard, C. T., Lauritzen, L., Calder, P. C., Kjaer, T. R., and Frokiaer, H. Reduced ex vivo interleukin-6 production by dietary fish oil is not modified by linoleic acid intake in healthy men. J Nutr 2009;139(7):1410-1414. View abstract.
  • Damsgaard, C. T., Schack-Nielsen, L., Michaelsen, K. F., Fruekilde, M. B., Hels, O., and Lauritzen, L. Fish oil affects blood pressure and the plasma lipid profile in healthy Danish infants. J Nutr 2006;136(1):94-99. View abstract.
  • Dangour, A. D., Allen, E., Elbourne, D., Fasey, N., Fletcher, A. E., Hardy, P., Holder, G. E., Knight, R., Letley, L., Richards, M., and Uauy, R. Effect of 2-y n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on cognitive function in older people: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2010;91(6):1725-1732. View abstract.
  • Darlington LG, Sanders TAB Ramsey NW Hinds A. Rheumatoid arthritis-olive and fish oil? Personal communication by the authors. 9999;1.
  • Das Gupta, A. B., Hossain, A. K., Islam, M. H., Dey, S. R., and Khan, A. L. Role of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation with indomethacin in suppression of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. Bangladesh Med.Res.Counc.Bull. 2009;35(2):63-68. View abstract.
  • Davidson, M. H., Stein, E. A., Bays, H. E., Maki, K. C., Doyle, R. T., Shalwitz, R. A., Ballantyne, C. M., and Ginsberg, H. N. Efficacy and tolerability of adding prescription omega-3 fatty acids 4 g/d to simvastatin 40 mg/d in hypertriglyceridemic patients: an 8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin Ther 2007;29(7):1354-1367. View abstract.
  • Davis, W., Rockway, S., and Kwasny, M. Effect of a combined therapeutic approach of intensive lipid management, omega-3 fatty acid supplementation, and increased serum 25 (OH) vitamin D on coronary calcium scores in asymptomatic adults. Am J Ther 2009;16(4):326-332. View abstract.
  • Dawczynski, C., Martin, L., Wagner, A., and Jahreis, G. n-3 LC-PUFA-enriched dairy products are able to reduce cardiovascular risk factors: a double-blind, cross-over study. Clin.Nutr. 2010;29(5):592-599. View abstract.
  • Dawczynski, C., Schubert, R., Hein, G., Muller, A., Eidner, T., Vogelsang, H., Basu, S., and Jahreis, G. Long-term moderate intervention with n-3 long-chain PUFA-supplemented dairy products: effects on pathophysiological biomarkers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Br.J.Nutr. 2009;101(10):1517-1526. View abstract.
  • De Caterina, R., Giannessi, D., Mazzone, A., Bernini, W., Lazzerini, G., Maffei, S., Cerri, M., Salvatore, L., and Weksler, B. Vascular prostacyclin is increased in patients ingesting omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids before coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Circulation 1990;82(2):428-438. View abstract.
  • de Deckere, E. A. Possible beneficial effect of fish and fish n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in breast and colorectal cancer. Eur.J Cancer Prev. 1999;8(3):213-221. View abstract.
  • De Groote, G., De, Laporte A., Dhondt, G., and Christophe, A. Improvement in the plasma omega-3 index by the use of a fish oil-enriched spread. Ann Nutr Metab 2008;53(1):23-28. View abstract.
  • de Lorgeril, M., Salen, P., Martin, J. L., Monjaud, I., Delaye, J., and Mamelle, N. Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction: final report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study. Circulation 2-16-1999;99(6):779-785.
  • de Luis, D. A., Izaola, O., Aller, R., Cuellar, L., Terroba, M. C., and Martin, T. A randomized clinical trial with two omega 3 fatty acid enhanced oral supplements in head and neck cancer ambulatory patients. Eur.Rev.Med.Pharmacol.Sci. 2008;12(3):177-181. View abstract.
  • De Truchis, P., Kirstetter, M., Perier, A., Meunier, C., Zucman, D., Force, G., Doll, J., Katlama, C., Rozenbaum, W., Masson, H., Gardette, J., and Melchior, J. C. Reduction in triglyceride level with N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in HIV-infected patients taking potent antiretroviral therapy: a randomized prospective study. J.Acquir.Immune.Defic.Syndr. 3-1-2007;44(3):278-285. View abstract.
  • De Vizia, B., Raia, V., Spano, C., Pavlidis, C., Coruzzo, A., and Alessio, M. Effect of an 8-month treatment with omega-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic) in patients with cystic fibrosis. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr 2003;27(1):52-57. View abstract.
  • Deck, C. and Radack, K. Effects of modest doses of omega-3 fatty acids on lipids and lipoproteins in hypertriglyceridemic subjects. A randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 1989;149(8):1857-1862. View abstract.
  • DeFilippis, A. P., Harper, C. R., Cotsonis, G. A., and Jacobson, T. A. Effect of baseline plasma fatty acids on eicosapentaenoic acid levels in individuals supplemented with alpha-linolenic acid. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2009;60 Suppl 5:28-37. View abstract.
  • DeFina, L. F., Marcoux, L. G., Devers, S. M., Cleaver, J. P., and Willis, B. L. Effects of omega-3 supplementation in combination with diet and exercise on weight loss and body composition. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2011;93(2):455-462. View abstract.
  • DeGiorgio, C. M., Miller, P., Meymandi, S., and Gornbein, J. A. n-3 fatty acids (fish oil) for epilepsy, cardiac risk factors, and risk of SUDEP: clues from a pilot, double-blind, exploratory study. Epilepsy Behav. 2008;13(4):681-684. View abstract.
  • Dehmer, G. J., Popma, J. J., van den Berg, E. K., Eichhorn, E. J., Prewitt, J. B., Campbell, W. B., Jennings, L., Willerson, J. T., and Schmitz, J. M. Reduction in the rate of early restenosis after coronary angioplasty by a diet supplemented with n-3 fatty acids. N.Engl.J Med 9-22-1988;319(12):733-740. View abstract.
  • Delarue, J., Guillodo, M. P., Guillerm, S., Elbaz, A., Marty, Y., and Cledes, J. Fish oil attenuates adrenergic overactivity without altering glucose metabolism during an oral glucose load in haemodialysis patients. Br J Nutr 2008;99(5):1041-1047. View abstract.
  • Delgado-Lista, J., Perez-Martinez, P., Lopez-Miranda, J., and Perez-Jimenez, F. Long chain omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Br.J.Nutr. 2012;107 Suppl 2:S201-S213. View abstract.
  • Demke, D. M., Peters, G. R., Linet, O. I., Metzler, C. M., and Klott, K. A. Effects of a fish oil concentrate in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 1988;70(1-2):73-80. View abstract.
  • Demonty, I., Chan, Y. M., Pelled, D., and Jones, P. J. Fish-oil esters of plant sterols improve the lipid profile of dyslipidemic subjects more than do fish-oil or sunflower oil esters of plant sterols. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84(6):1534-1542. View abstract.
  • Denburg, J. A., Hatfield, H. M., Cyr, M. M., Hayes, L., Holt, P. G., Sehmi, R., Dunstan, J. A., and Prescott, S. L. Fish oil supplementation in pregnancy modifies neonatal progenitors at birth in infants at risk of atopy. Pediatr.Res. 2005;57(2):276-281. View abstract.
  • Deschner, E. E., Lytle, J. S., Wong, G., Ruperto, J. F., and Newmark, H. L. The effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil) on azoxymethanol- induced focal areas of dysplasia and colon tumor incidence. Cancer 12-1-1990;66(11):2350-2356. View abstract.
  • Deutch B, Jorgensen EB, and Hansen JC. Menstrual discomfort in Danish women reduced by dietary supplements of omega-3 PUFA and B12 (fish oil or seal oil capsules). Nutr Res 2000;20(5):621-631.
  • Deutch, B. [Painful menstruation and low intake of n-3 fatty acids]. Ugeskr.Laeger 7-15-1996;158(29):4195-4198. View abstract.
  • Deutch, B. Menstrual pain in Danish women correlated with low n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake. Eur J Clin Nutr 1995;49(7):508-516. View abstract.
  • Devore, E. E., Grodstein, F., van Rooij, F. J., Hofman, A., Rosner, B., Stampfer, M. J., Witteman, J. C., and Breteler, M. M. Dietary intake of fish and omega-3 fatty acids in relation to long-term dementia risk. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;90(1):170-176. View abstract.
  • Di, Carlo, V, Gianotti, L., Balzano, G., Zerbi, A., and Braga, M. Complications of pancreatic surgery and the role of perioperative nutrition. Dig.Surg. 1999;16(4):320-326. View abstract.
  • Diaz-Marsa, M., Gonzalez, Bardanca S., Tajima, K., Garcia-Albea, J., Navas, M., and Carrasco, J. L. Psychopharmacological treatment in borderline personality disorder. Actas Esp Psiquiatr. 2008;36(1):39-49. View abstract.
  • Dichi, I., Frenhane, P., Dichi, J. B., Correa, C. R., Angeleli, A. Y., Bicudo, M. H., Rodrigues, M. A., Victoria, C. R., and Burini, R. C. Comparison of omega-3 fatty acids and sulfasalazine in ulcerative colitis. Nutrition 2000;16(2):87-94. View abstract.
  • Dillon, J. J. Fish oil therapy for IgA nephropathy: efficacy and interstudy variability. J Am Soc Nephrol 1997;8(11):1739-1744. View abstract.
  • Dodin, S., Cunnane, S. C., Masse, B., Lemay, A., Jacques, H., Asselin, G., Tremblay-Mercier, J., Marc, I., Lamarche, B., Legare, F., and Forest, J. C. Flaxseed on cardiovascular disease markers in healthy menopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrition 2008;24(1):23-30. View abstract.
  • Dolecek, T. A. Epidemiological evidence of relationships between dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and mortality in the multiple risk factor intervention trial. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1992;200(2):177-182. View abstract.
  • Donadio, J. V. The emerging role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the management of patients with IgA nephropathy. J Ren Nutr 2001;11(3):122-128. View abstract.
  • Donadio, J. V., Jr. Use of fish oil to treat patients with immunoglobulin a nephropathy. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71(1 Suppl):373S-375S. View abstract.
  • Donadio, J. V., Jr., Bergstralh, E. J., Offord, K. P., Spencer, D. C., and Holley, K. E. A controlled trial of fish oil in IgA nephropathy. Mayo Nephrology Collaborative Group. N.Engl.J Med 11-3-1994;331(18):1194-1199. View abstract.
  • Donnelly, S. M., Ali, M. A., and Churchill, D. N. Effect of n-3 fatty acids from fish oil on hemostasis, blood pressure, and lipid profile of dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 1992;2(11):1634-1639. View abstract.
  • Doornbos, B., van Goor, S. A., Dijck-Brouwer, D. A., Schaafsma, A., Korf, J., and Muskiet, F. A. Supplementation of a low dose of DHA or DHA+AA does not prevent peripartum depressive symptoms in a small population based sample. Prog.Neuropsychopharmacol.Biol Psychiatry 2-1-2009;33(1):49-52. View abstract.
  • Dry, J. and Vincent, D. Effect of a fish oil diet on asthma: results of a 1-year double-blind study. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1991;95(2-3):156-157. View abstract.
  • Dunstan JA, Mori TA Barden A Beilin LJ Taylor AL Holt PG et al. Fish oil supplementation in pregnancy modifies neonatal allergenspecific immune responses and clinical outcomes in infants at high risk of atopy: a randomized, controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;112:1178-1184.
  • Dunstan, D. W., Mori, T. A., Puddey, I. B., Beilin, L. J., Burke, V., Morton, A. R., and Stanton, K. G. The independent and combined effects of aerobic exercise and dietary fish intake on serum lipids and glycemic control in NIDDM. A randomized controlled study. Diabetes Care 1997;20(6):913-921. View abstract.
  • Dunstan, J. A., Mori, T. A., Barden, A., Beilin, L. J., Taylor, A. L., Holt, P. G., and Prescott, S. L. Maternal fish oil supplementation in pregnancy reduces interleukin-13 levels in cord blood of infants at high risk of atopy. Clin.Exp.Allergy 2003;33(4):442-448. View abstract.
  • Durrington, P. N., Bhatnagar, D., Mackness, M. I., Morgan, J., Julier, K., Khan, M. A., and France, M. An omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrate administered for one year decreased triglycerides in simvastatin treated patients with coronary heart disease and persisting hypertriglyceridaemia. Heart 2001;85(5):544-548. View abstract.
  • Dusing, R., Struck, A., Gobel, B. O., Weisser, B., and Vetter, H. Effects of n-3 fatty acids on renal function and renal prostaglandin E metabolism. Kidney Int 1990;38(2):315-319. View abstract.
  • Dyerberg, J., Eskesen, D. C., Andersen, P. W., Astrup, A., Buemann, B., Christensen, J. H., Clausen, P., Rasmussen, B. F., Schmidt, E. B., Tholstrup, T., Toft, E., Toubro, S., and Stender, S. Effects of trans- and n-3 unsaturated fatty acids on cardiovascular risk markers in healthy males. An 8 weeks dietary intervention study. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 2004;58(7):1062-1070. View abstract.
  • Dziechciarz, P., Horvath, A., and Szajewska, H. Effects of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation during pregnancy and/or lactation on neurodevelopment and visual function in children: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 2010;29(5):443-454. View abstract.
  • Egert, S., Somoza, V., Kannenberg, F., Fobker, M., Krome, K., Erbersdobler, H. F., and Wahrburg, U. Influence of three rapeseed oil-rich diets, fortified with alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid or docosahexaenoic acid on the composition and oxidizability of low-density lipoproteins: results of a controlled study in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007;61(3):314-325. View abstract.
  • Einvik, G., Klemsdal, T. O., Sandvik, L., and Hjerkinn, E. M. A randomized clinical trial on n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation and all-cause mortality in elderly men at high cardiovascular risk. Eur.J.Cardiovasc.Prev.Rehabil. 2010;17(5):588-592. View abstract.
  • Elmadfa, I., Stroh, S., Brandt, K., and Schlotzer, E. Influence of a single parenteral application of a 10% fish oil emulsion on plasma fatty acid pattern and the function of thrombocytes in young adult men. Ann Nutr Metab 1993;37(1):8-13. View abstract.
  • Emeis, J. J., van Houwelingen, A. C., van den Hoogen, C. M., and Hornstra, G. A moderate fish intake increases plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 in human volunteers. Blood 1989;74(1):233-237. View abstract.
  • Endres, S., Ghorbani, R., Kelley, V. E., Georgilis, K., Lonnemann, G., van der Meer, J. W., Cannon, J. G., Rogers, T. S., Klempner, M. S., Weber, P. C., and . The effect of dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the synthesis of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor by mononuclear cells. N.Engl.J Med 2-2-1989;320(5):265-271. View abstract.
  • Engler, M. M., Engler, M. B., Malloy, M. J., Paul, S. M., Kulkarni, K. R., and Mietus-Snyder, M. L. Effect of docosahexaenoic acid on lipoprotein subclasses in hyperlipidemic children (the EARLY study). Am J Cardiol 4-1-2005;95(7):869-871. View abstract.
  • Engler, M. M., Engler, M. B., Malloy, M., Chiu, E., Besio, D., Paul, S., Stuehlinger, M., Morrow, J., Ridker, P., Rifai, N., and Mietus-Snyder, M. Docosahexaenoic acid restores endothelial function in children with hyperlipidemia: results from the EARLY study. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004;42(12):672-679. View abstract.
  • Erdogan A, Bayer M Kollath D Greiss H Voss R Neumann T Franzen W Most A Mayer K Tillmanns H. Omega AF study: Polyunsatuated fatty acids (PUFA) for prevention of atrial fibrillation relapse after successful external cardioversion (editorial). Heart Rhythm 2007;4:S185-S186.
  • Eritsland, J., Arnesen, H., Berg, K., Seljeflot, I., and Abdelnoor, M. Serum Lp(a) lipoprotein levels in patients with coronary artery disease and the influence of long-term n-3 fatty acid supplementation. Scand.J.Clin.Lab Invest 1995;55(4):295-300. View abstract.
  • Escobar, S. O., Achenbach, R., Iannantuono, R., and Torem, V. Topical fish oil in psoriasis--a controlled and blind study. Clin Exp Dermatol 1992;17(3):159-162. View abstract.
  • Espersen, G. T., Grunnet, N., Lervang, H. H., Nielsen, G. L., Thomsen, B. S., Faarvang, K. L., Dyerberg, J., and Ernst, E. Decreased interleukin-1 beta levels in plasma from rheumatoid arthritis patients after dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Clin Rheumatol 1992;11(3):393-395. View abstract.
  • Faarvang, K. L., Nielsen, G. L., Thomsen, B. S., Teglbjaerg, K. L., Hansen, T. M., Lervang, H. H., Schmidt, E. B., Dyerberg, J., and Ernst, E. [Fish oils and rheumatoid arthritis. A randomized and double-blind study]. Ugeskr Laeger 6-6-1994;156(23):3495-3498. View abstract.
  • Faeh, D., Minehira, K., Schwarz, J. M., Periasamy, R., Park, S., and Tappy, L. Effect of fructose overfeeding and fish oil administration on hepatic de novo lipogenesis and insulin sensitivity in healthy men. Diabetes 2005;54(7):1907-1913. View abstract.
  • Fahs, C. A., Yan, H., Ranadive, S., Rossow, L. M., Agiovlasitis, S., Wilund, K. R., and Fernhall, B. The effect of acute fish-oil supplementation on endothelial function and arterial stiffness following a high-fat meal. Appl.Physiol Nutr.Metab 2010;35(3):294-302. View abstract.
  • Faldella, G., Govoni, M., Alessandroni, R., Marchiani, E., Salvioli, G. P., Biagi, P. L., and Spano, C. Visual evoked potentials and dietary long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in preterm infants. Arch.Dis.Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1996;75(2):F108-F112. View abstract.
  • Fasching, P., Rohac, M., Liener, K., Schneider, B., Nowotny, P., and Waldhausl, W. Fish oil supplementation versus gemfibrozil treatment in hyperlipidemic NIDDM. A randomized crossover study. Horm.Metab Res 1996;28(5):230-236. View abstract.
  • Fassett, R. G., Gobe, G. C., Peake, J. M., and Coombes, J. S. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of kidney disease. Am.J.Kidney Dis. 2010;56(4):728-742. View abstract.
  • Fayad, A., Robaina, Sindin J., Calvo, Abeucci M., Trimarchi, H., and Vazquez, V. [Immunoglobulin A nephropaty: clinical practice guidelines]. Medicina (B Aires) 2011;71 Suppl 2:1-26. View abstract.
  • Fearon, K. C., Barber, M. D., Moses, A. G., Ahmedzai, S. H., Taylor, G. S., Tisdale, M. J., and Murray, G. D. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study of eicosapentaenoic acid diester in patients with cancer cachexia. J.Clin.Oncol. 7-20-2006;24(21):3401-3407. View abstract.
  • Fearon, K. C., Von Meyenfeldt, M. F., Moses, A. G., Van Geenen, R., Roy, A., Gouma, D. J., Giacosa, A., Van Gossum, A., Bauer, J., Barber, M. D., Aaronson, N. K., Voss, A. C., and Tisdale, M. J. Effect of a protein and energy dense n-3 fatty acid enriched oral supplement on loss of weight and lean tissue in cancer cachexia: a randomised double blind trial. Gut 2003;52(10):1479-1486. View abstract.
  • Feart, C., Peuchant, E., Letenneur, L., Samieri, C., Montagnier, D., Fourrier-Reglat, A., and Barberger-Gateau, P. Plasma eicosapentaenoic acid is inversely associated with severity of depressive symptomatology in the elderly: data from the Bordeaux sample of the Three-City Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87(5):1156-1162. View abstract.
  • Feher, J., Kovacs, B., Kovacs, I., Schveoller, M., Papale, A., and Balacco, Gabrieli C. Improvement of visual functions and fundus alterations in early age-related macular degeneration treated with a combination of acetyl-L-carnitine, n-3 fatty acids, and coenzyme Q10. Ophthalmologica 2005;219(3):154-166. View abstract.
  • Ferraro, P. M., Ferraccioli, G. F., Gambaro, G., Fulignati, P., and Costanzi, S. Combined treatment with renin-angiotensin system blockers and polyunsaturated fatty acids in proteinuric IgA nephropathy: a randomized controlled trial. Nephrol.Dial.Transplant. 2009;24(1):156-160. View abstract.
  • Fewtrell, M. S., Morley, R., Abbott, R. A., Singhal, A., Isaacs, E. B., Stephenson, T., MacFadyen, U., and Lucas, A. Double-blind, randomized trial of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in formula fed to preterm infants. Pediatrics 2002;110(1 Pt 1):73-82. View abstract.
  • Fiedler, R., Mall, M., Wand, C., and Osten, B. Short-term administration of omega-3 fatty acids in hemodialysis patients with balanced lipid metabolism. J Ren Nutr 2005;15(2):253-256. View abstract.
  • Fischer, S. and Weber, P. C. Prostaglandin I3 is formed in vivo in man after dietary eicosapentaenoic acid. Nature 1-12-1984;307(5947):165-168. View abstract.
  • Fischer, S. and Weber, P. C. Thromboxane A3 (TXA3) is formed in human platelets after dietary eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 omega 3). Biochem Biophys.Res Commun 11-15-1983;116(3):1091-1099. View abstract.
  • Flaten, H., Hostmark, A. T., Kierulf, P., Lystad, E., Trygg, K., Bjerkedal, T., and Osland, A. Fish-oil concentrate: effects on variables related to cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;52(2):300-306. View abstract.
  • Fleischhauer, F. J., Yan, W. D., and Fischell, T. A. Fish oil improves endothelium-dependent coronary vasodilation in heart transplant recipients. J Am Coll Cardiol 3-15-1993;21(4):982-989. View abstract.
  • Fontani, G., Lodi, L., Migliorini, S., and Corradeschi, F. Effect of omega-3 and policosanol supplementation on attention and reactivity in athletes. J Am Coll Nutr 2009;28 Suppl:473S-481S. View abstract.
  • Fortier, M., Tremblay-Mercier, J., Plourde, M., Chouinard-Watkins, R., Vandal, M., Pifferi, F., Freemantle, E., and Cunnane, S. C. Higher plasma n-3 fatty acid status in the moderately healthy elderly in southern Quebec: higher fish intake or aging-related change in n-3 fatty acid metabolism? Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2010;82(4-6):277-280. View abstract.
  • Fortin PR, Liang MH, Beckett LA, and et al. A meta-analysis of the efficacy of fish oil in rheumatoid arthritis [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum 1992;35:S201.
  • Frangou, S., Lewis, M., and McCrone, P. Efficacy of ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid in bipolar depression: randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study. Br.J.Psychiatry 2006;188:46-50. View abstract.
  • Frangou, S., Lewis, M., Wollard, J., and Simmons, A. Preliminary in vivo evidence of increased N-acetyl-aspartate following eicosapentanoic acid treatment in patients with bipolar disorder. J.Psychopharmacol. 2007;21(4):435-439. View abstract.
  • Franke, C., Demmelmair, H., Decsi, T., Campoy, C., Cruz, M., Molina-Font, J. A., Mueller, K., and Koletzko, B. Influence of fish oil or folate supplementation on the time course of plasma redox markers during pregnancy. Br.J.Nutr. 2010;103(11):1648-1656. View abstract.
  • Franzen, D., Schannwell, M., Oette, K., and Hopp, H. W. A prospective, randomized, and double-blind trial on the effect of fish oil on the incidence of restenosis following PTCA. Cathet.Cardiovasc.Diagn. 1993;28(4):301-310. View abstract.
  • Frasure-Smith, N., Lesperance, F., and Julien, P. Major depression is associated with lower omega-3 fatty acid levels in patients with recent acute coronary syndromes. Biol.Psychiatry 5-1-2004;55(9):891-896. View abstract.
  • Freeman, M. P., Davis, M., Sinha, P., Wisner, K. L., Hibbeln, J. R., and Gelenberg, A. J. Omega-3 fatty acids and supportive psychotherapy for perinatal depression: a randomized placebo-controlled study. J.Affect.Disord. 2008;110(1-2):142-148. View abstract.
  • Freeman, M. P., Hibbeln, J. R., Wisner, K. L., Brumbach, B. H., Watchman, M., and Gelenberg, A. J. Randomized dose-ranging pilot trial of omega-3 fatty acids for postpartum depression. Acta Psychiatr.Scand. 2006;113(1):31-35. View abstract.
  • Freund-Levi, Y., Basun, H., Cederholm, T., Faxen-Irving, G., Garlind, A., Grut, M., Vedin, I., Palmblad, J., Wahlund, L. O., and Eriksdotter-Jonhagen, M. Omega-3 supplementation in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: effects on neuropsychiatric symptoms. Int.J.Geriatr.Psychiatry 2008;23(2):161-169. View abstract.
  • Freund-Levi, Y., Hjorth, E., Lindberg, C., Cederholm, T., Faxen-Irving, G., Vedin, I., Palmblad, J., Wahlund, L. O., Schultzberg, M., Basun, H., and Eriksdotter, Jonhagen M. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on inflammatory markers in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma in Alzheimer's disease: the OmegAD study. Dement.Geriatr Cogn Disord 2009;27(5):481-490. View abstract.
  • Friday, K. E., Childs, M. T., Tsunehara, C. H., Fujimoto, W. Y., Bierman, E. L., and Ensinck, J. W. Elevated plasma glucose and lowered triglyceride levels from omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in type II diabetes. Diabetes Care 1989;12(4):276-281. View abstract.
  • Friedman, A. N., Moe, S. M., Perkins, S. M., Li, Y., and Watkins, B. A. Fish consumption and omega-3 fatty acid status and determinants in long-term hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2006;47(6):1064-1071. View abstract.
  • Friedman, A. N., Saha, C., and Watkins, B. A. Feasibility study of erythrocyte long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content and mortality risk in hemodialysis patients. J Ren Nutr 2008;18(6):509-512. View abstract.
  • Friesecke, S., Lotze, C., Kohler, J., Heinrich, A., Felix, S. B., and Abel, P. Fish oil supplementation in the parenteral nutrition of critically ill medical patients: a randomised controlled trial. Intensive Care Med. 2008;34(8):1411-1420. View abstract.
  • Furuhjelm, C., Warstedt, K., Larsson, J., Fredriksson, M., Bottcher, M. F., Falth-Magnusson, K., and Duchen, K. Fish oil supplementation in pregnancy and lactation may decrease the risk of infant allergy. Acta Paediatr. 2009;98(9):1461-1467. View abstract.
  • Galarraga, B., Ho, M., Youssef, H. M., Hill, A., McMahon, H., Hall, C., Ogston, S., Nuki, G., and Belch, J. J. Cod liver oil (n-3 fatty acids) as an non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug sparing agent in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology.(Oxford) 2008;47(5):665-669. View abstract.
  • Gallai, V., Sarchielli, P., Trequattrini, A., Franceschini, M., Floridi, A., Firenze, C., Alberti, A., Di Benedetto, D., and Stragliotto, E. Cytokine secretion and eicosanoid production in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of MS patients undergoing dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Neuroimmunol 1995;56:143-153.
  • Gapinski, J. P., VanRuiswyk, J. V., Heudebert, G. R., and Schectman, G. S. Preventing restenosis with fish oils following coronary angioplasty. A meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 7-12-1993;153(13):1595-1601. View abstract.
  • Garbagnati, F., Cairella, G., De, Martino A., Multari, M., Scognamiglio, U., Venturiero, V., and Paolucci, S. Is antioxidant and n-3 supplementation able to improve functional status in poststroke patients? Results from the Nutristroke Trial. Cerebrovasc.Dis. 2009;27(4):375-383. View abstract.
  • Geleijnse, J. M., Giltay, E. J., and Kromhout, D. Effects of n-3 fatty acids on cognitive decline: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in stable myocardial infarction patients. Alzheimers.Dement. 2012;8(4):278-287. View abstract.
  • Geppert, J., Kraft, V., Demmelmair, H., and Koletzko, B. Microalgal docosahexaenoic acid decreases plasma triacylglycerol in normolipidaemic vegetarians: a randomised trial. Br J Nutr 2006;95(4):779-786. View abstract.
  • Gerber, J. G., Kitch, D. W., Fichtenbaum, C. J., Zackin, R. A., Charles, S., Hogg, E., Acosta, E. P., Connick, E., Wohl, D., Kojic, E. M., Benson, C. A., and Aberg, J. A. Fish oil and fenofibrate for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia in HIV-infected subjects on antiretroviral therapy: results of ACTG A5186. J.Acquir.Immune.Defic.Syndr. 4-1-2008;47(4):459-466. View abstract.
  • Gerber, M. Omega-3 fatty acids and cancers: a systematic update review of epidemiological studies. Br.J.Nutr. 2012;107 Suppl 2:S228-S239. View abstract.
  • Geusens, P., Wouters, C., Nijs, J., Jiang, Y., and Dequeker, J. Long-term effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in active rheumatoid arthritis. A 12-month, double-blind, controlled study. Arthritis Rheum. 1994;37(6):824-829. View abstract.
  • Ghebremeskel, K., Burns, L., Costeloe, K., Burden, T. J., Harbige, L., Thomas, B., and Temple, E. Plasma vitamin A and E in preterm babies fed on breast milk or formula milk with or without long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Int.J.Vitam.Nutr.Res. 1999;69(2):83-91. View abstract.
  • Giacco, R., Cuomo, V., Vessby, B., Uusitupa, M., Hermansen, K., Meyer, B. J., Riccardi, G., and Rivellese, A. A. Fish oil, insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion and glucose tolerance in healthy people: is there any effect of fish oil supplementation in relation to the type of background diet and habitual dietary intake of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids? Nutr.Metab Cardiovasc.Dis. 2007;17(8):572-580. View abstract.
  • Gianotti, L., Braga, M., Vignali, A., Balzano, G., Zerbi, A., Bisagni, P., and Di, Carlo, V. Effect of route of delivery and formulation of postoperative nutritional support in patients undergoing major operations for malignant neoplasms. Arch.Surg. 1997;132(11):1222-1229. View abstract.
  • Gil-Campos, M. and Sanjurjo, Crespo P. Omega 3 fatty acids and inborn errors of metabolism. Br.J.Nutr. 2012;107 Suppl 2:S129-S136. View abstract.
  • Gimenez-Arnau, A., Barranco, C., Alberola, M., Wale, C., Serrano, S., Buchanan, M. R., and Camarasa, J. G. Effects of linoleic acid supplements on atopic dermatitis. Adv.Exp.Med.Biol. 1997;433:285-289. View abstract.
  • Ginsberg, G. L. and Toal, B. F. Quantitative approach for incorporating methylmercury risks and omega-3 fatty acid benefits in developing species-specific fish consumption advice. Environ Health Perspect. 2009;117(2):267-275. View abstract.
  • Glaum, M., Metzelthin, E., Junker, S., Luley, C., and Klor, H. U. [Comparative effect of oral fat loads with saturated, omega-6 and omega- 3 fatty acids before and after fish oil capsule therapy in healthy probands]. Klin.Wochenschr 1990;68 Suppl 22:103-105. View abstract.
  • Gogos, C. A., Ginopoulos, P., Salsa, B., Apostolidou, E., Zoumbos, N. C., and Kalfarentzos, F. Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids plus vitamin E restore immunodeficiency and prolong survival for severely ill patients with generalized malignancy: a randomized control trial. Cancer 1-15-1998;82(2):395-402. View abstract.
  • Goh, Y. K., Jumpsen, J. A., Ryan, E. A., and Clandinin, M. T. Effect of omega 3 fatty acid on plasma lipids, cholesterol and lipoprotein fatty acid content in NIDDM patients. Diabetologia 1997;40(1):45-52. View abstract.
  • Golding, J., Steer, C., Emmett, P., Davis, J. M., and Hibbeln, J. R. High levels of depressive symptoms in pregnancy with low omega-3 fatty acid intake from fish. Epidemiology 2009;20(4):598-603. View abstract.
  • Gonzalez, M. J., Schemmel, R. A., Dugan, L., Jr., Gray, J. I., and Welsch, C. W. Dietary fish oil inhibits human breast carcinoma growth: a function of increased lipid peroxidation. Lipids 1993;28(9):827-832. View abstract.
  • Gorjao, R., Verlengia, R., Lima, T. M., Soriano, F. G., Boaventura, M. F., Kanunfre, C. C., Peres, C. M., Sampaio, S. C., Otton, R., Folador, A., Martins, E. F., Curi, T. C., Portiolli, E. P., Newsholme, P., and Curi, R. Effect of docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oil supplementation on human leukocyte function. Clin Nutr 2006;25(6):923-938. View abstract.
  • Gracious, B. L., Chirieac, M. C., Costescu, S., Finucane, T. L., Youngstrom, E. A., and Hibbeln, J. R. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of flax oil in pediatric bipolar disorder. Bipolar.Disord. 2010;12(2):142-154. View abstract.
  • Gray, D. R., Gozzip, C. G., Eastham, J. H., and Kashyap, M. L. Fish oil as an adjuvant in the treatment of hypertension. Pharmacotherapy 1996;16(2):295-300. View abstract.
  • Green, P., Fuchs, J., Schoenfeld, N., Leibovici, L., Lurie, Y., Beigel, Y., Rotenberg, Z., Mamet, R., and Budowski, P. Effects of fish-oil ingestion on cardiovascular risk factors in hyperlipidemic subjects in Israel: a randomized, double-blind crossover study. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;52(6):1118-1124. View abstract.
  • Grenyer, B. F., Crowe, T., Meyer, B., Owen, A. J., Grigonis-Deane, E. M., Caputi, P., and Howe, P. R. Fish oil supplementation in the treatment of major depression: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Prog.Neuropsychopharmacol.Biol Psychiatry 10-1-2007;31(7):1393-1396. View abstract.
  • Grigg, L. E., Kay, T. W., Valentine, P. A., Larkins, R., Flower, D. J., Manolas, E. G., O'Dea, K., Sinclair, A. J., Hopper, J. L., and Hunt, D. Determinants of restenosis and lack of effect of dietary supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid on the incidence of coronary artery restenosis after angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol. 3-1-1989;13(3):665-672. View abstract.
  • Grimm, H., Mertes, N., Goeters, C., Schlotzer, E., Mayer, K., Grimminger, F., and Furst, P. Improved fatty acid and leukotriene pattern with a novel lipid emulsion in surgical patients. Eur.J.Nutr. 2006;45(1):55-60. View abstract.
  • Grimminger, F., Grimm, H., Fuhrer, D., Papavassilis, C., Lindemann, G., Blecher, C., Mayer, K., Tabesch, F., Kramer, H. J., Stevens, J., and Seeger, W. Omega-3 lipid infusion in a heart allotransplant model. Shift in fatty acid and lipid mediator profiles and prolongation of transplant survival. Circulation 1-15-1996;93(2):365-371. View abstract.
  • Grossman, E., Peleg, E., Shiff, E., and Rosenthal, T. Hemodynamic and neurohumoral effects of fish oil in hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens. 1993;6(12):1040-1045. View abstract.
  • Gruenwald, J., Petzold, E., Busch, R., Petzold, H. P., and Graubaum, H. J. Effect of glucosamine sulfate with or without omega-3 fatty acids in patients with osteoarthritis. Adv.Ther 2009;26(9):858-871. View abstract.
  • Grundt, H., Nilsen, D. W., Hetland, O., Aarsland, T., Baksaas, I., Grande, T., and Woie, L. Improvement of serum lipids and blood pressure during intervention with n-3 fatty acids was not associated with changes in insulin levels in subjects with combined hyperlipidaemia. J Intern Med 1995;237(3):249-259. View abstract.
  • Grundt, H., Nilsen, D. W., Hetland, O., Mansoor, M. A., Aarsland, T., and Woie, L. Atherothrombogenic risk modulation by n-3 fatty acids was not associated with changes in homocysteine in subjects with combined hyperlipidaemia. Thromb.Haemost. 1999;81(4):561-565. View abstract.
  • Grundt, H., Nilsen, D. W., Mansoor, M. A., Hetland, O., and Nordoy, A. Reduction in homocysteine by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after 1 year in a randomised double-blind study following an acute myocardial infarction: no effect on endothelial adhesion properties. Pathophysiol.Haemost.Thromb. 2003;33(2):88-95. View abstract.
  • Guallar, E., Aro, A., Jimenez, F. J., Martin-Moreno, J. M., Salminen, I., van't Veer, P., Kardinaal, A. F., Gomez-Aracena, J., Martin, B. C., Kohlmeier, L., Kark, J. D., Mazaev, V. P., Ringstad, J., Guillen, J., Riemersma, R. A., Huttunen, J. K., Thamm, M., and Kok, F. J. Omega-3 fatty acids in adipose tissue and risk of myocardial infarction: the EURAMIC study. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc.Biol 1999;19(4):1111-1118. View abstract.
  • Guallar, E., Hennekens, C. H., Sacks, F. M., Willett, W. C., and Stampfer, M. J. A prospective study of plasma fish oil levels and incidence of myocardial infarction in U.S. male physicians. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25(2):387-394. View abstract.
  • Guarcello M, Riso S Buosi R D'Andrea F. EPA-enriched oral nutritional suport in patients with lung cancer: effects on nutritional status and quality of life. Nutritional Therapy & Metabolism 2007;25:25-30.
  • Gunnarsdottir, I., Tomasson, H., Kiely, M., Martinez, J. A., Bandarra, N. M., Morais, M. G., and Thorsdottir, I. Inclusion of fish or fish oil in weight-loss diets for young adults: effects on blood lipids. Int.J.Obes.(Lond) 2008;32(7):1105-1112. View abstract.
  • Gupta, A. K., Ellis, C. N., Goldfarb, M. T., Hamilton, T. A., and Voorhees, J. J. The role of fish oil in psoriasis. A randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled study to evaluate the effect of fish oil and topical corticosteroid therapy in psoriasis. Int J Dermatol 1990;29(8):591-595. View abstract.
  • Gupta, A. K., Ellis, C. N., Tellner, D. C., Anderson, T. F., and Voorhees, J. J. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy of fish oil and low-dose UVB in the treatment of psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1989;120(6):801-807. View abstract.
  • Gura, K. M., Duggan, C. P., Collier, S. B., Jennings, R. W., Folkman, J., Bistrian, B. R., and Puder, M. Reversal of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease in two infants with short bowel syndrome using parenteral fish oil: implications for future management. Pediatrics 2006;118(1):e197-e201. View abstract.
  • Gustafsson, P. A., Birberg-Thornberg, U., Duchen, K., Landgren, M., Malmberg, K., Pelling, H., Strandvik, B., and Karlsson, T. EPA supplementation improves teacher-rated behaviour and oppositional symptoms in children with ADHD. Acta Paediatr. 2010;99(10):1540-1549. View abstract.
  • Haberka, M., Mizia-Stec, K., Mizia, M., Janowska, J., Gieszczyk, K., Chmiel, A., Zahorska-Markiewicz, B., and Gasior, Z. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids early supplementation improves ultrasound indices of endothelial function, but not through NO inhibitors in patients with acute myocardial infarction: N-3 PUFA supplementation in acute myocardial infarction. Clin.Nutr. 2011;30(1):79-85. View abstract.
  • Haglund, O., Luostarinen, R., Wallin, R., Wibell, L., and Saldeen, T. The effects of fish oil on triglycerides, cholesterol, fibrinogen and malondialdehyde in humans supplemented with vitamin E. J Nutr 1991;121(2):165-169. View abstract.
  • Haglund, O., Wallin, R., Luostarinen, R., and Saldeen, T. Effects of a new fluid fish oil concentrate, ESKIMO-3, on triglycerides, cholesterol, fibrinogen and blood pressure. J Intern Med 1990;227(5):347-353. View abstract.
  • Hallahan, B., Hibbeln, J. R., Davis, J. M., and Garland, M. R. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in patients with recurrent self-harm. Single-centre double-blind randomised controlled trial. Br.J.Psychiatry 2007;190:118-122. View abstract.
  • Hamazaki, K., Itomura, M., Huan, M., Nishizawa, H., Sawazaki, S., Tanouchi, M., Watanabe, S., Hamazaki, T., Terasawa, K., and Yazawa, K. Effect of omega-3 fatty acid-containing phospholipids on blood catecholamine concentrations in healthy volunteers: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Nutrition 2005;21(6):705-710. View abstract.
  • Hamazaki, K., Syafruddin, D., Tunru, I. S., Azwir, M. F., Asih, P. B., Sawazaki, S., and Hamazaki, T. The effects of docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oil on behavior, school attendance rate and malaria infection in school children--a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in Lampung, Indonesia. Asia Pac.J Clin Nutr 2008;17(2):258-263. View abstract.
  • Hamazaki, T., Thienprasert, A., Kheovichai, K., Samuhaseneetoo, S., Nagasawa, T., and Watanabe, S. The effect of docosahexaenoic acid on aggression in elderly Thai subjects--a placebo-controlled double-blind study. Nutr Neurosci 2002;5(1):37-41. View abstract.
  • Hansen, G. V., Nielsen, L., Kluger, E., Thysen, M., Emmertsen, H., Stengaard-Pedersen, K., Hansen, E. L., Unger, B., and Andersen, P. W. Nutritional status of Danish rheumatoid arthritis patients and effects of a diet adjusted in energy intake, fish-meal, and antioxidants. Scand.J.Rheumatol. 1996;25(5):325-330. View abstract.
  • Hansen, J. B., Olsen, J. O., Wilsgard, L., Lyngmo, V., and Svensson, B. Comparative effects of prolonged intake of highly purified fish oils as ethyl ester or triglyceride on lipids, haemostasis and platelet function in normolipaemic men. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1993;47(7):497-507. View abstract.
  • Hanwell, H. E., Kay, C. D., Lampe, J. W., Holub, B. J., and Duncan, A. M. Acute fish oil and soy isoflavone supplementation increase postprandial serum (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids and isoflavones but do not affect triacylglycerols or biomarkers of oxidative stress in overweight and obese hypertriglyceridemic men. J Nutr 2009;139(6):1128-1134. View abstract.
  • Harper, C. R. and Jacobson, T. A. Usefulness of omega-3 fatty acids and the prevention of coronary heart disease. Am.J.Cardiol. 12-1-2005;96(11):1521-1529. View abstract.
  • Harper, M., Thom, E., Klebanoff, M. A., Thorp, J., Jr., Sorokin, Y., Varner, M. W., Wapner, R. J., Caritis, S. N., Iams, J. D., Carpenter, M. W., Peaceman, A. M., Mercer, B. M., Sciscione, A., Rouse, D. J., Ramin, S. M., and Anderson, G. D. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation to prevent recurrent preterm birth: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2010;115(2 Pt 1):234-242. View abstract.
  • Harris, W. S. and Connor, W. E. The effects of salmon oil upon plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and triglyceride clearance. Trans.Assoc Am Physicians 1980;93:148-155. View abstract.
  • Harris, W. S. Fish oils and plasma lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in humans: a critical review. J Lipid Res 1989;30(6):785-807. View abstract.
  • Harris, W. S., Connor, W. E., Illingworth, D. R., Rothrock, D. W., and Foster, D. M. Effects of fish oil on VLDL triglyceride kinetics in humans. J Lipid Res 1990;31(9):1549-1558. View abstract.
  • Harris, W. S., Dujovne, C. A., Zucker, M., and Johnson, B. Effects of a low saturated fat, low cholesterol fish oil supplement in hypertriglyceridemic patients. A placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 9-15-1988;109(6):465-470. View abstract.
  • Harris, W. S., Gonzales, M., Laney, N., Sastre, A., and Borkon, A. M. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on heart rate in cardiac transplant recipients. Am J Cardiol 11-15-2006;98(10):1393-1395. View abstract.
  • Harris, W. S., Pottala, J. V., Sands, S. A., and Jones, P. G. Comparison of the effects of fish and fish-oil capsules on the n 3 fatty acid content of blood cells and plasma phospholipids. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2007;86(6):1621-1625. View abstract.
  • Harris, W. S., Reid, K. J., Sands, S. A., and Spertus, J. A. Blood omega-3 and trans fatty acids in middle-aged acute coronary syndrome patients. Am J Cardiol 1-15-2007;99(2):154-158. View abstract.
  • Harris, W. S., Zucker, M. L., and Dujovne, C. A. Omega-3 fatty acids in hypertriglyceridemic patients: triglycerides vs methyl esters. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;48(4):992-997. View abstract.
  • Harrison, R. A., Sagara, M., Rajpura, A., Armitage, L., Birt, N., Birt, C. A., and Yamori, Y. Can foods with added soya-protein or fish-oil reduce risk factors for coronary disease? A factorial randomised controlled trial. Nutr.Metab Cardiovasc.Dis. 2004;14(6):344-350. View abstract.
  • Hartweg, J., Perera, R., Montori, V., Dinneen, S., Neil, H. A., and Farmer, A. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;(1):CD003205. View abstract.
  • Hau, M. F., Smelt, A. H., Bindels, A. J., Sijbrands, E. J., Van der, Laarse A., Onkenhout, W., van Duyvenvoorde, W., and Princen, H. M. Effects of fish oil on oxidation resistance of VLDL in hypertriglyceridemic patients. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc Biol 1996;16(9):1197-1202. View abstract.
  • Hauenschild, A., Bretzel, R. G., Schnell-Kretschmer, H., Kloer, H. U., Hardt, P. D., and Ewald, N. Successful treatment of severe hypertriglyceridemia with a formula diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids and medium-chain triglycerides. Ann Nutr Metab 2010;56(3):170-175. View abstract.
  • Hawthorne AB, Daneshmend TK, Hawkey CJ, and et al. Fish oil in ulcerative colitis: final results of a controlled clinical trial [abstract]. Gastroenterology 1990;98(5 pt 2):A174.
  • Hawthorne, K. M., Abrams, S. A., and Heird, W. C. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation of orange juice increases plasma phospholipid DHA content of children. J Am Diet Assoc 2009;109(4):708-712. View abstract.
  • Heidarsdottir R, Arnar DO Skuladottir GV Torfason B Edvardsson V Gottskalksson G Palsson R Indridason OS. Does treatment with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids prevent atrial fibrillation after open heart surgery? Europace. 2010;12(3):356-363.
  • Heidt, M. C., Vician, M., Stracke, S. K., Stadlbauer, T., Grebe, M. T., Boening, A., Vogt, P. R., and Erdogan, A. Beneficial effects of intravenously administered N-3 fatty acids for the prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: a prospective randomized study. Thorac.Cardiovasc.Surg. 2009;57(5):276-280. View abstract.
  • Helland, I. B., Saugstad, O. D., Smith, L., Saarem, K., Solvoll, K., Ganes, T., and Drevon, C. A. Similar effects on infants of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids supplementation to pregnant and lactating women. Pediatrics 2001;108(5):E82. View abstract.
  • Helland, I. B., Smith, L., Blomen, B., Saarem, K., Saugstad, O. D., and Drevon, C. A. Effect of supplementing pregnant and lactating mothers with n-3 very-long-chain fatty acids on children's IQ and body mass index at 7 years of age. Pediatrics 2008;122(2):e472-e479. View abstract.
  • Helland, I. B., Smith, L., Saarem, K., Saugstad, O. D., and Drevon, C. A. Maternal supplementation with very-long-chain n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation augments children's IQ at 4 years of age. Pediatrics 2003;111(1):e39-e44. View abstract.
  • Heller, A. R., Rossel, T., Gottschlich, B., Tiebel, O., Menschikowski, M., Litz, R. J., Zimmermann, T., and Koch, T. Omega-3 fatty acids improve liver and pancreas function in postoperative cancer patients. Int.J Cancer 9-10-2004;111(4):611-616. View abstract.
  • Heller, A. R., Rossler, S., Litz, R. J., Stehr, S. N., Heller, S. C., Koch, R., and Koch, T. Omega-3 fatty acids improve the diagnosis-related clinical outcome. Crit Care Med 2006;34(4):972-979. View abstract.
  • Henderson WR. Omega-3 supplementation in CF [abstract]. 6th North American Cystic Fibrosis Conference 1992;s21-s22.
  • Henderson, W. R., Jr., Astley, S. J., and Ramsey, B. W. Liver function in patients with cystic fibrosis ingesting fish oil. J Pediatr 1994;125(3):504-505. View abstract.
  • Henderson, W. R., Jr., Astley, S. J., McCready, M. M., Kushmerick, P., Casey, S., Becker, J. W., and Ramsey, B. W. Oral absorption of omega-3 fatty acids in patients with cystic fibrosis who have pancreatic insufficiency and in healthy control subjects. J Pediatr 1994;124(3):400-408. View abstract.
  • Henriksen, C., Haugholt, K., Lindgren, M., Aurvag, A. K., Ronnestad, A., Gronn, M., Solberg, R., Moen, A., Nakstad, B., Berge, R. K., Smith, L., Iversen, P. O., and Drevon, C. A. Improved cognitive development among preterm infants attributable to early supplementation of human milk with docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid. Pediatrics 2008;121(6):1137-1145. View abstract.
  • Himmelfarb, J., Phinney, S., Ikizler, T. A., Kane, J., McMonagle, E., and Miller, G. Gamma-tocopherol and docosahexaenoic acid decrease inflammation in dialysis patients. J Ren Nutr 2007;17(5):296-304. View abstract.
  • Hirashima, F., Parow, A. M., Stoll, A. L., Demopulos, C. M., Damico, K. E., Rohan, M. L., Eskesen, J. G., Zuo, C. S., Cohen, B. M., and Renshaw, P. F. Omega-3 fatty acid treatment and T(2) whole brain relaxation times in bipolar disorder. Am.J Psychiatry 2004;161(10):1922-1924. View abstract.
  • Hodge L. Effect of fish oil supplements on severity of asthma in children. Annu Sci Meet Thorac Soc 1997;1.
  • Hodge, L., Salome, C. M., Hughes, J. M., Liu-Brennan, D., Rimmer, J., Allman, M., Pang, D., Armour, C., and Woolcock, A. J. Effect of dietary intake of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids on severity of asthma in children. Eur Respir.J 1998;11(2):361-365. View abstract.
  • Hodge, L., Salome, C. M., Peat, J. K., Haby, M. M., Xuan, W., and Woolcock, A. J. Consumption of oily fish and childhood asthma risk. Med J Aust. 2-5-1996;164(3):137-140. View abstract.
  • Hodge, W., Barnes, D., Schachter, H. M., Pan, Y., Lowcock, E. C., Zhang, L., Sampson, M., Morrison, A., Tran, K., Miguelez, M., and Lewin, G. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on eye health. Evid.Rep.Technol.Assess.(Summ.) 2005;(117):1-6. View abstract.
  • Hogg, R. J., Fitzgibbons, L., Atkins, C., Nardelli, N., and Bay, R. C. Efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids in children and adults with IgA nephropathy is dosage- and size-dependent. Clin.J.Am.Soc.Nephrol. 2006;1(6):1167-1172. View abstract.
  • Holguin, F., Tellez-Rojo, M. M., Hernandez, M., Cortez, M., Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Mannino, D., and Romieu, I. Air pollution and heart rate variability among the elderly in Mexico City. Epidemiology 2003;14(5):521-527. View abstract.
  • Holguin, F., Tellez-Rojo, M. M., Lazo, M., Mannino, D., Schwartz, J., Hernandez, M., and Romieu, I. Cardiac autonomic changes associated with fish oil vs soy oil supplementation in the elderly. Chest 2005;127(4):1102-1107. View abstract.
  • Homan van der Heide JJ, Bilo, H. J., Donker, A. J., Wilmink, J. M., Sluiter, W. J., and Tegzess, A. M. The effects of dietary supplementation with fish oil on renal function and the course of early postoperative rejection episodes in cyclosporine-treated renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 1992;54(2):257-263. View abstract.
  • Homan van der Heide JJ, Bilo, H. J., Tegzess, A. M., and Donker, A. J. The effects of dietary supplementation with fish oil on renal function in cyclosporine-treated renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 1990;49(3):523-527. View abstract.
  • Hong, H., Xu, Z. M., Pang, B. S., Cui, L., Wei, Y., Guo, W. J., Mao, Y. L., and Yang, X. C. Effects of simvastatin combined with omega-3 fatty acids on high sensitive C-reactive protein, lipidemia, and fibrinolysis in patients with mixed dyslipidemia. Chin Med Sci.J 2004;19(2):145-149. View abstract.
  • Hooper, L., Thompson, R. L., Harrison, R. A., Summerbell, C. D., Ness, A. R., Moore, H. J., Worthington, H. V., Durrington, P. N., Higgins, J. P., Capps, N. E., Riemersma, R. A., Ebrahim, S. B., and Davey, Smith G. Risks and benefits of omega 3 fats for mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review. BMJ 4-1-2006;332(7544):752-760. View abstract.
  • Howe, P. R. Dietary fats and hypertension. Focus on fish oil. Ann N Y Acad Sci 9-20-1997;827:339-352. View abstract.
  • Howe, P. R., Lungershausen, Y. K., Cobiac, L., Dandy, G., and Nestel, P. J. Effect of sodium restriction and fish oil supplementation on BP and thrombotic risk factors in patients treated with ACE inhibitors. J Hum Hypertens. 1994;8(1):43-49. View abstract.
  • Hoy, S. M. and Keating, G. M. Omega-3 ethylester concentrate: a review of its use in secondary prevention post-myocardial infarction and the treatment of hypertriglyceridaemia. Drugs 5-29-2009;69(8):1077-1105. View abstract.
  • Huang, T., Zheng, J., Chen, Y., Yang, B., Wahlqvist, M. L., and Li, D. High consumption of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease plasma homocysteine: a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Nutrition 2011;27(9):863-867. View abstract.
  • Hughes, G. S., Ringer, T. V., Watts, K. C., DeLoof, M. J., Francom, S. F., and Spillers, C. R. Fish oil produces an atherogenic lipid profile in hypertensive men. Atherosclerosis 1990;84(2-3):229-237. View abstract.
  • Hui, R., St Louis, J., and Falardeau, P. Antihypertensive properties of linoleic acid and fish oil omega-3 fatty acids independent of the prostaglandin system. Am J Hypertens 1989;2(8):610-617. View abstract.
  • Innis, S. M. and Friesen, R. W. Essential n-3 fatty acids in pregnant women and early visual acuity maturation in term infants. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87(3):548-557. View abstract.
  • Irving, G. F., Freund-Levi, Y., Eriksdotter-Jonhagen, M., Basun, H., Brismar, K., Hjorth, E., Palmblad, J., Vessby, B., Vedin, I., Wahlund, L. O., and Cederholm, T. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation effects on weight and appetite in patients with Alzheimer's disease: the omega-3 Alzheimer's disease study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009;57(1):11-17. View abstract.
  • Iso, H., Kobayashi, M., Ishihara, J., Sasaki, S., Okada, K., Kita, Y., Kokubo, Y., and Tsugane, S. Intake of fish and n3 fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease among Japanese: the Japan Public Health Center-Based (JPHC) Study Cohort I. Circulation 1-17-2006;113(2):195-202. View abstract.
  • Issa, A. M., Mojica, W. A., Morton, S. C., Traina, S., Newberry, S. J., Hilton, L. G., Garland, R. H., and Maclean, C. H. The efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids on cognitive function in aging and dementia: a systematic review. Dement.Geriatr Cogn Disord 2006;21(2):88-96. View abstract.
  • Jacka, E. N., Pasco, J. A., Henry, M. J., Kotowicz, M. A., Nicholson, G. C., and Berk, M. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids and depression in a community sample. Nutr.Neurosci. 2004;7(2):101-106. View abstract.
  • James, S., Montgomery, P., and Williams, K. Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2011;(11):CD007992. View abstract.
  • Jarvinen, R., Knekt, P., Rissanen, H., and Reunanen, A. Intake of fish and long-chain n-3 fatty acids and the risk of coronary heart mortality in men and women. Br.J.Nutr. 2006;95(4):824-829. View abstract.
  • Jazayeri, S., Tehrani-Doost, M., Keshavarz, S. A., Hosseini, M., Djazayery, A., Amini, H., Jalali, M., and Peet, M. Comparison of therapeutic effects of omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid and fluoxetine, separately and in combination, in major depressive disorder. Aust.N.Z.J.Psychiatry 2008;42(3):192-198. View abstract.
  • Jeng, K. C. and Fernandes, G. Effect of fish oil diet on immune response and proteinuria in mice. Proc Natl Sci Counc.Repub.China B 1991;15(2):105-110.
  • Jensen, C. L., Voigt, R. G., Prager, T. C., Zou, Y. L., Fraley, J. K., Rozelle, J. C., Turcich, M. R., Llorente, A. M., Anderson, R. E., and Heird, W. C. Effects of maternal docosahexaenoic acid intake on visual function and neurodevelopment in breastfed term infants. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82(1):125-132. View abstract.
  • Jiang, Z. M., Wilmore, D. W., Wang, X. R., Wei, J. M., Zhang, Z. T., Gu, Z. Y., Wang, S., Han, S. M., Jiang, H., and Yu, K. Randomized clinical trial of intravenous soybean oil alone versus soybean oil plus fish oil emulsion after gastrointestinal cancer surgery. Br.J.Surg. 2010;97(6):804-809. View abstract.
  • Joensen, A. M., Schmidt, E. B., Dethlefsen, C., Johnsen, S. P., Tjonneland, A., Rasmussen, L. H., and Overvad, K. Dietary intake of total marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid and the risk of acute coronary syndrome - a cohort study. Br J Nutr 2010;103(4):602-607. View abstract.
  • Johansen, O., Brekke, M., Seljeflot, I., Abdelnoor, M., and Arnesen, H. N-3 fatty acids do not prevent restenosis after coronary angioplasty: results from the CART study. Coronary Angioplasty Restenosis Trial. J Am.Coll.Cardiol. 1999;33(6):1619-1626. View abstract.
  • Johansen, O., Seljeflot, I., Hostmark, A. T., and Arnesen, H. The effect of supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids on soluble markers of endothelial function in patients with coronary heart disease. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc Biol 1999;19(7):1681-1686. View abstract.
  • Johnson, E. J., Chung, H. Y., Caldarella, S. M., and Snodderly, D. M. The influence of supplemental lutein and docosahexaenoic acid on serum, lipoproteins, and macular pigmentation. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87(5):1521-1529. View abstract.
  • Johnson, M., Ostlund, S., Fransson, G., Kadesjo, B., and Gillberg, C. Omega-3/omega-6 fatty acids for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomized placebo-controlled trial in children and adolescents. J.Atten.Disord. 2009;12(5):394-401. View abstract.
  • Johnson, S. M. and Hollander, E. Evidence that eicosapentaenoic acid is effective in treating autism. J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64(7):848-849. View abstract.
  • Joos, S. Review on efficacy and health services research studies of complementary and alternative medicine in inflammatory bowel disease. Chin J.Integr.Med. 2011;17(6):403-409. View abstract.
  • Judge, M. P., Harel, O., and Lammi-Keefe, C. J. A docosahexaenoic acid-functional food during pregnancy benefits infant visual acuity at four but not six months of age. Lipids 2007;42(2):117-122. View abstract.
  • Judge, M. P., Harel, O., and Lammi-Keefe, C. J. Maternal consumption of a docosahexaenoic acid-containing functional food during pregnancy: benefit for infant performance on problem-solving but not on recognition memory tasks at age 9 mo. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85(6):1572-1577. View abstract.
  • Kabir, M., Skurnik, G., Naour, N., Pechtner, V., Meugnier, E., Rome, S., Quignard-Boulange, A., Vidal, H., Slama, G., Clement, K., Guerre-Millo, M., and Rizkalla, S. W. Treatment for 2 mo with n 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduces adiposity and some atherogenic factors but does not improve insulin sensitivity in women with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled study. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2007;86(6):1670-1679. View abstract.
  • Kairaluoma, L., Narhi, V., Ahonen, T., Westerholm, J., and Aro, M. Do fatty acids help in overcoming reading difficulties? A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and carnosine supplementation on children with dyslexia. Child Care Health Dev. 2009;35(1):112-119. View abstract.
  • Kalmijn, S., Feskens, E. J., Launer, L. J., and Kromhout, D. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants, and cognitive function in very old men. Am J Epidemiol 1-1-1997;145(1):33-41. View abstract.
  • Kalmijn, S., Launer, L. J., Ott, A., Witteman, J. C., Hofman, A., and Breteler, M. M. Dietary fat intake and the risk of incident dementia in the Rotterdam Study. Ann Neurol. 1997;42(5):776-782. View abstract.
  • Kamphuis, M. H., Geerlings, M. I., Tijhuis, M. A., Kalmijn, S., Grobbee, D. E., and Kromhout, D. Depression and cardiovascular mortality: a role for n-3 fatty acids? Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2006;84(6):1513-1517. View abstract.
  • Kang, J. X. and Leaf, A. Antiarrhythmic effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Recent studies. Circulation 10-1-1996;94(7):1774-1780. View abstract.
  • Kang, J. X. and Leaf, A. The cardiac antiarrhythmic effects of polyunsaturated fatty acid. Lipids 1996;31 Suppl:S41-S44. View abstract.
  • Kasim-Karakas, S. E., Herrmann, R., and Almario, R. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on intravascular lipolysis of very-low- density lipoproteins in humans. Metabolism 1995;44(9):1223-1230. View abstract.
  • Katan, M. B., Deslypere, J. P., van Birgelen, A. P., Penders, M., and Zegwaard, M. Kinetics of the incorporation of dietary fatty acids into serum cholesteryl esters, erythrocyte membranes, and adipose tissue: an 18-month controlled study. J Lipid Res 1997;38(10):2012-2022. View abstract.
  • Katz, D. P., Manner, T., Furst, P., and Askanazi, J. The use of an intravenous fish oil emulsion enriched with omega-3 fatty acids in patients with cystic fibrosis. Nutrition 1996;12(5):334-339. View abstract.
  • Kaul, U., Sanghvi, S., Bahl, V. K., Dev, V., and Wasir, H. S. Fish oil supplements for prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty. Int.J.Cardiol. 1992;35(1):87-93. View abstract.
  • Kaushik, S., Wang, J. J., Flood, V., Liew, G., Smith, W., and Mitchell, P. Frequency of fish consumption, retinal microvascular signs and vascular mortality. Microcirculation. 2008;15(1):27-36. View abstract.
  • Keck, P. E., Jr., Mintz, J., McElroy, S. L., Freeman, M. P., Suppes, T., Frye, M. A., Altshuler, L. L., Kupka, R., Nolen, W. A., Leverich, G. S., Denicoff, K. D., Grunze, H., Duan, N., and Post, R. M. Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials of ethyl-eicosapentanoate in the treatment of bipolar depression and rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Biol.Psychiatry 11-1-2006;60(9):1020-1022. View abstract.
  • Keen, C., Olin, A. C., Eriksson, S., Ekman, A., Lindblad, A., Basu, S., Beermann, C., and Strandvik, B. Supplementation with fatty acids influences the airway nitric oxide and inflammatory markers in patients with cystic fibrosis. J.Pediatr.Gastroenterol.Nutr. 2010;50(5):537-544. View abstract.
  • Kelley, D. S., Siegel, D., Vemuri, M., and Mackey, B. E. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation improves fasting and postprandial lipid profiles in hypertriglyceridemic men. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86(2):324-333. View abstract.
  • Kelley, D. S., Siegel, D., Vemuri, M., Chung, G. H., and Mackey, B. E. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation decreases remnant-like particle-cholesterol and increases the (n-3) index in hypertriglyceridemic men. J Nutr 2008;138(1):30-35. View abstract.
  • Kelley, V. E., Ferretti, A., Izui, S., and Strom, T. B. A fish oil diet rich in eicosapentaenoic acid reduces cyclooxygenase metabolites, and suppresses lupus in MRL-lpr mice. J Immunol 1985;134(3):1914-1919. View abstract.
  • Kenler, A. S., Swails, W. S., Driscoll, D. F., DeMichele, S. J., Daley, B., Babineau, T. J., Peterson, M. B., and Bistrian, B. R. Early enteral feeding in postsurgical cancer patients. Fish oil structured lipid-based polymeric formula versus a standard polymeric formula. Ann.Surg. 1996;223(3):316-333. View abstract.
  • Keogh, J. B., Grieger, J. A., Noakes, M., and Clifton, P. M. Flow-mediated dilatation is impaired by a high-saturated fat diet but not by a high-carbohydrate diet. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc.Biol. 2005;25(6):1274-1279. View abstract.

Vitamins Survey

Have you ever purchased FISH OIL?

Did you or will you purchase this product in-store or online?

Where did you or where do you plan to purchase this product?

Where did you or where do you plan to purchase this product?

What factors influenced or will influence your purchase? (check all that apply)

Vitamins Survey

Where did you or where do you plan to purchase this product?

Do you buy vitamins online or instore?

What factors are most important to you? (check all that apply)

This survey is being conducted by the WebMD marketing sciences department.Read More

Thanks for taking our survey!

Recommended For You

Vitamins and Minerals A-Z

More Resources for FISH OIL

Search for another Vitamin

Show More Show Less

You Might Also Like

Find More Vitamins Used to Treat these Conditions

Show MoreShow Less

CONDITIONS OF USE AND IMPORTANT INFORMATION: This information is meant to supplement, not replace advice from your doctor or healthcare provider and is not meant to cover all possible uses, precautions, interactions or adverse effects. This information may not fit your specific health circumstances. Never delay or disregard seeking professional medical advice from your doctor or other qualified health care provider because of something you have read on WebMD. You should always speak with your doctor or health care professional before you start, stop, or change any prescribed part of your health care plan or treatment and to determine what course of therapy is right for you.

This copyrighted material is provided by Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Consumer Version. Information from this source is evidence-based and objective, and without commercial influence. For professional medical information on natural medicines, see Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Professional Version.
© Therapeutic Research Faculty .