FISH OIL: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews

Overview

Fish oil comes from many types of fish. It is rich in two important omega-3 fatty acids called eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).

The benefits of fish oil seem to come from its omega-3 fatty acid content. Fish that are especially rich in these oils include mackerel, herring, tuna, and salmon. The body doesn't produce many of its own omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-3 fatty acids reduce pain and swelling, and also prevent the blood from clotting easily.

Some fish oil products are approved by the FDA as prescription medications to lower triglycerides levels. Fish oil is also available as a supplement. Fish oil supplements do not contain the same amount of fish oil as prescription products, so they cannot be used in place of prescription products. Fish oil supplements are sometimes used for heart health and mental health, but there is no strong evidence to support most of these uses.

Do not confuse fish oil with EPA, DHA, cod liver oil, flaxseed oil, krill oil, or shark liver oil. See the separate listings for these topics.

Uses & Effectiveness ?

Effective for

High levels of fats called triglycerides in the blood (hypertriglyceridemia). Taking certain fish oil prescription drugs by mouth, including Lovaza, Omtryg, and Epanova, reduces very high triglyceride levels. These products are most often taken at a dose of 4 grams daily. While some non-prescription fish oil supplements might also help, these products contain less omega-3 fatty acids than the prescription fish oil products. People would need to take as many as 12 capsules of fish oil supplements daily to get the same effect as prescription fish oil.

Possibly Effective for

A procedure to open a blocked or narrowed blood vessel (angioplasty). Taking fish oil by mouth decreases the rate of blood vessel re-blockage by up to 45% when taken for at least 3 weeks before an angioplasty and continued for one month after.
Involuntary weight loss in people who are very ill (cachexia or wasting syndrome). Taking a high dose of fish oil by mouth seems to slow weight loss in some cancer patients. Low doses of fish oil don't seem to have this effect.
Kidney damage caused by the drug cyclosporine. Taking fish oil seems to prevent kidney damage in people taking cyclosporine. Fish oil also seems to improve kidney function in people who recently rejected a transplanted kidney and are taking cyclosporine.
Menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea). Taking fish oil, alone or with vitamin B12 or vitamin E, can improve painful periods and reduce the need for pain medications for menstrual cramps.
Nausea and vomiting caused by an infection of the intestines. Taking fish oil during pregnancy seems to reduce the risk of the child having nausea and vomiting from an infection of the intestines.
Heart failure. Consuming higher amounts of fish oil from foods has been linked with a lower risk of heart failure. Eating 1-2 servings of non-fried fish per week is recommended. It's too soon to know if taking fish oil supplements helps prevent heart failure. But taking fish oil supplements by mouth might reduce the risk of death or hospitalization in people that already have heart failure.
Abnormal levels of blood fats in people with HIV/AIDS. Taking fish oil supplements by mouth reduces triglyceride levels in people with abnormal cholesterol levels caused by HIV/AIDS treatment.
High blood pressure. Taking fish oil by mouth seems to slightly lower blood pressure in people with moderate to very high blood pressure. It's not clear if it helps people with slightly high blood pressure or those who are already on blood pressure-lowering medications.
A condition that slowly leads to kidney disease (IgA nephropathy). Taking fish oil by mouth for 2-4 years can slow the loss of kidney function in high-risk patients with IgA nephropathy. It's not clear if it helps when taken short-term, or in low-risk patients.
Build up of fat in the liver in people who drink little or no alcohol (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or NAFLD). Taking fish oil by mouth might reduce liver fat and improve liver health in people with NAFLD.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Taking fish oil by mouth, alone or together with the drug naproxen, seems to help improve symptoms of RA. However, taking fish oil does not seem to prevent RA.

Possibly Ineffective for

An eye disease that leads to vision loss in older adults (age-related macular degeneration or AMD). People who eat fish more than once weekly have a reduced risk of developing age-related vision loss. But taking fish oil by mouth for up to 6 years does not prevent vision loss or slow down its progression.
Chest pain (angina). Taking fish oil supplements by mouth does not reduce the risk of death or improve heart health in people with chest pain.
Hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis). Taking fish oil by mouth doesn't slow the progression or improve symptoms of atherosclerosis.
Eczema (atopic dermatitis). Taking fish oil supplements doesn't help treat or prevent eczema. But children who eat fish at least once weekly from the age of 1-2 years seem to have a lower risk of developing eczema.
Irregular heartbeat (atrial fibrillation). Eating fatty fish or taking fish oil supplements by mouth does not reduce the risk of irregular heartbeat. In fact, the risk of irregular heartbeat might be increased in some people taking fish oil supplements.
A lung disease that affects newborns (bronchopulmonary dysplasia). Giving fish oil by mouth to premature infants doesn't seem to reduce the infant's risk of developing this lung disease.
Long-term blood flow problems in the brain (cerebrovascular diseases). Eating fish might reduce the risk of cerebrovascular disease. But taking fish oil supplements by mouth doesn't have this effect.
Memory and thinking skills (cognitive function). Taking fish oil supplements by mouth does not improve most memory or thinking skills in older people, young adults, or children.
A digestive tract infection that can lead to ulcers (Helicobacter pylori or H. pylori). Taking fish oil supplements by mouth does not seem to improve H. pylori infections when compared to standard medications.
Kidney transplant. Taking fish oil by mouth doesn't help people live longer after a kidney transplant. It also doesn't seem to prevent the body from rejecting the transplant.
Breast pain (mastalgia). Taking fish oil by mouth doesn't seem to reduce long-term breast pain.
Multiple sclerosis (MS). Taking fish oil by mouth doesn't seem to improve symptoms in people with MS.
Osteoarthritis. Taking fish oil by mouth doesn't improve pain or function in people with osteoarthritis. But it might help overweight people with osteoarthritis-like pain.
High blood pressure during pregnancy. Taking fish oil by mouth does not seem to prevent high blood pressure during pregnancy.
A pregnancy complication marked by high blood pressure and protein in the urine (pre-eclampsia). Taking fish oil by mouth does not seem to prevent pre-eclampsia.
A mental disorder marked by hallucinations and delusion (psychosis). Taking fish oil by mouth does not seem to prevent or reduce symptoms of psychosis.
Sudden chest pain that may occur while resting (unstable angina). Taking fish oil by mouth does not seem to prevent this condition.
Abnormal rapid heart rhythms (ventricular arrhythmias). Taking fish oil by mouth does not affect the risk for abnormal heart rhythms or reduce the risk of death in people with abnormal rapid heart rhythms.

Likely InEffective for

Diabetes. Taking fish oil by mouth doesn't lower blood sugar in people with type 2 diabetes. It also doesn't reduce the risk of certain complications of diabetes, such as heart attack and stroke. But taking fish oil by mouth might lower blood fats called triglycerides in people with diabetes.

There is interest in using fish oil for a number of other purposes, but there isn't enough reliable information to say whether it might be helpful.

Side Effects

When taken by mouth: Fish oil is likely safe for most people in doses of 3 grams or less daily. Taking more than 3 grams daily might increase the chance of bleeding. Fish oil side effects include heartburn, loose stools, and nosebleeds. Taking fish oil supplements with meals or freezing them can reduce these issues.

Consuming high amounts of fish oil from DIETARY sources is possibly unsafe. Some fish are contaminated with mercury and other chemicals. Fish oil supplements typically do not contain these chemicals.

When applied to the skin: There isn't enough reliable information to know if fish oil is safe or what the side effects might be.

Special Precautions and Warnings

Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Fish oil supplements are likely safe when taken by mouth. Taking fish oil does not seem to affect the fetus during pregnancy or the baby while breast-feeding. But swordfish, king mackerel, and tilefish should be avoided during pregnancy, by those who may become pregnant, and while breast-feeding. These fish might contain high levels of mercury and may contain other toxins. Limit consumption of other fish to 12 ounces/week (about 3 to 4 servings/week). Consuming fatty fish in high amounts is possibly unsafe.

Children: Fish oil supplements are possibly safe when taken by mouth. In adolescents, fish oil has been used safely in doses of up to about 2.2 grams daily for 12 weeks. But young children should not eat more than two ounces of fish per week. Consuming fish oil from DIETARY sources in large amounts is possibly unsafe. Fatty fish contain toxins such as mercury. Eating contaminated fish frequently can cause serious adverse effects in children.

Bipolar disorder: Taking fish oil might increase some of the symptoms of this condition.

Liver disease: Fish oil might increase the risk of bleeding in people with liver scarring due to liver disease.

Diabetes: Taking high doses of fish oil might make it more difficult to control blood sugar levels.

Familial adenomatous polyposis: There is some concern that fish oil might further increase the risk of getting cancer in people with this condition.

Conditions in which the immune system response is lowered (including HIV/AIDS): Higher doses of fish oil can lower the body's immune system response. This could be a problem for people whose immune system is already weak.

An implanted device to prevent irregular heartbeat: Fish oil might increase the risk of irregular heartbeat in patients with an implanted defibrillator. Stay on the safe side and avoid fish oil supplements.

Fish or seafood allergy: Some people who are allergic to seafood such as fish might also be allergic to fish oil supplements. There is no reliable information showing how likely people with seafood allergy are to have an allergic reaction to fish oil. Until more is known, advise patients allergic to seafood to avoid or use fish oil supplements cautiously.

Interactions ?

Moderate Interaction

Be cautious with this combination

Medications for high blood pressure (Antihypertensive drugs) interacts with FISH OIL
Fish oil might lower blood pressure. Taking fish oil along with medications that lower blood pressure might cause blood pressure to go too low. Monitor your blood pressure closely.
Birth control pills (Contraceptive drugs) interacts with FISH OIL
Fish oil is sometimes used to lower triglyceride levels. Birth control pills might reduce this effect if taken with fish oil.
Orlistat (Xenical, Alli) interacts with FISH OIL
Orlistat might keep the beneficial fatty acids in fish oil from being absorbed by the body. Taking fish oil and orlistat at least 2 hours apart may keep this from happening.
Cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune) interacts with FISH OIL
Fish oil might increase how much cyclosporine is in the body. Taking fish oil with cyclosporine might increase the effects and side effects of cyclosporine.
Sirolimus (Rapamune) interacts with FISH OIL
Fish oil might increase how much sirolimus is in the body. This might increase the effects and side effects of sirolimus.
Tacrolimus (Prograf) interacts with FISH OIL
Fish oil might increase how much tacrolimus is in the body. This might increase the effects and side effects of tacrolimus.

Minor Interaction

Be watchful with this combination

Medications that slow blood clotting (Anticoagulant / Antiplatelet drugs) interacts with FISH OIL
Fish oil might slow blood clotting. Taking fish oil along with medications that also slow blood clotting might increase the risk of bruising and bleeding.
Warfarin (Coumadin) interacts with FISH OIL
Warfarin is used to slow blood clotting. Fish oil might also slow blood clotting. Taking fish oil with warfarin might slow blood clotting too much and increase the risk of bleeding. Until more is known, use cautiously in combination with warfarin. Have your blood checked regularly, as your dose of warfarin might need to be changed.
Medications for cancer (Platinum agents) interacts with FISH OIL
Some fish oil products contain a fatty acid that might reduce the effects of some chemotherapy drugs, called platinum agents. But the amount of this fatty acid in most fish oil products is probably too low to be a concern. There is no need to stop taking fish oil if you are also taking platinum agents.

Dosing

Fish oil supplements have most often been used by adults in doses of up to 6 grams daily by mouth for up to 12 weeks. Fish oil products typically provide 180-465 mg of EPA and 120-375 mg of DHA per capsule. Fish oil is also available in prescription drugs, including Lovaza, Omtryg, and Epanova. Fish oil supplements cannot be used in place of fish oil prescription drugs. Speak with a healthcare provider to find out what product and dose might be best for a specific condition.

View References

REFERENCES:

Aarsetoy, H., Ponitz, V., Nilsen, O. B., Grundt, H., Harris, W. S., and Nilsen, D. W. Low levels of cellular omega-3 increase the risk of ventricular fibrillation during the acute ischaemic phase of a myocardial infarction. Resuscitation 2008;78(3):258-264. View abstract.

Abbey, M., Clifton, P., Kestin, M., Belling, B., and Nestel, P. Effect of fish oil on lipoproteins, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, and lipid transfer protein activity in humans. Arteriosclerosis 1990;10(1):85-94. View abstract.

Adam, O., Schubert, A., Adam, A., Antretter, N., and Forth, W. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on renal function and electrolyte excretion in aged persons. Eur J Med Res 2-21-1998;3(1-2):111-118. View abstract.

Adams, P. B., Lawson, S., Sanigorski, A., and Sinclair, A. J. Arachidonic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid ratio in blood correlates positively with clinical symptoms of depression. Lipids 1996;31 Suppl:S157-S161. View abstract.

Albert, C. M., Hennekens, C. H., O'Donnell, C. J., Ajani, U. A., Carey, V. J., Willett, W. C., Ruskin, J. N., and Manson, J. E. Fish consumption and risk of sudden cardiac death. JAMA 1-7-1998;279(1):23-28. View abstract.

Alexopoulos, E., Stangou, M., Pantzaki, A., Kirmizis, D., and Memmos, D. Treatment of severe IgA nephropathy with omega-3 fatty acids: the effect of a "very low dose" regimen. Ren Fail. 2004;26(4):453-459. View abstract.

Almallah, Y. Z., Richardson, S., O'Hanrahan, T., Mowat, N. A., Brunt, P. W., Sinclair, T. S., Ewen, S., Heys, S. D., and Eremin, O. Distal procto-colitis, natural cytotoxicity, and essential fatty acids. Am.J.Gastroenterol. 1998;93(5):804-809. View abstract.

Amin, A. A., Menon, R. A., Reid, K. J., Harris, W. S., and Spertus, J. A. Acute coronary syndrome patients with depression have low blood cell membrane omega-3 fatty acid levels. Psychosom Med 2008;70(8):856-862. View abstract.

Amminger, G. P., Berger, G. E., Schafer, M. R., Klier, C., Friedrich, M. H., and Feucht, M. Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in children with autism: a double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. Biol.Psychiatry 2-15-2007;61(4):551-553. View abstract.

Antypa, N., Van der Does, A. J., Smelt, A. H., and Rogers, R. D. Omega-3 fatty acids (fish-oil) and depression-related cognition in healthy volunteers. J.Psychopharmacol. 2009;23(7):831-840. View abstract.

Appel, L. J., Miller, E. R., III, Seidler, A. J., and Whelton, P. K. Does supplementation of diet with 'fish oil' reduce blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Arch Intern Med 6-28-1993;153(12):1429-1438. View abstract.

Arab, K., Rossary, A., Flourie, F., Tourneur, Y., and Steghens, J. P. Docosahexaenoic acid enhances the antioxidant response of human fibroblasts by upregulating gamma-glutamyl-cysteinyl ligase and glutathione reductase. Br J Nutr 2006;95(1):18-26. View abstract.

Archer, S. L., Green, D., Chamberlain, M., Dyer, A. R., and Liu, K. Association of dietary fish and n-3 fatty acid intake with hemostatic factors in the coronary artery risk development in young adults (CARDIA) study. Arterioscler Thromb.Vasc.Biol 1998;18(7):1119-1123.

Arm, J. P., Horton, C. E., Mencia-Huerta, J. M., House, F., Eiser, N. M., Clark, T. J., Spur, B. W., and Lee, T. H. Effect of dietary supplementation with fish oil lipids on mild asthma. Thorax 1988;43(2):84-92. View abstract.

Arm, J. P., Horton, C. E., Spur, B. W., Mencia-Huerta, J. M., and Lee, T. H. The effects of dietary supplementation with fish oil lipids on the airways response to inhaled allergen in bronchial asthma. Am Rev Respir.Dis 1989;139(6):1395-1400. View abstract.

Arteaga, A., Villanueva, C. L., Skorin, C., Guasch, V., Solis, de Ovando, Velasco, N., Acosta, A. M., and Leighton, F. [Dyslipidemic patients with coronary cardiopathy. Effect of different doses of OMEGA-3 fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins]. Rev Med Chil. 1993;121(6):618-625. View abstract.

Arterburn, L. M., Hall, E. B., and Oken, H. Distribution, interconversion, and dose response of n-3 fatty acids in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83(6 Suppl):1467S-1476S. View abstract.

Aslan, A. and Triadafilopoulos, G. Fish oil fatty acid supplementation in active ulcerative colitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Am J Gastroenterol 1992;87(4):432-437. View abstract.

Augood, C., Chakravarthy, U., Young, I., Vioque, J., de Jong, P. T., Bentham, G., Rahu, M., Seland, J., Soubrane, G., Tomazzoli, L., Topouzis, F., Vingerling, J. R., and Fletcher, A. E. Oily fish consumption, dietary docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid intakes, and associations with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88(2):398-406. View abstract.

Bahadori, B., Uitz, E., Thonhofer, R., Trummer, M., Pestemer-Lach, I., McCarty, M., and Krejs, G. J. omega-3 Fatty acids infusions as adjuvant therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr 2010;34(2):151-155. View abstract.

Bairati, I., Roy, L., and Meyer, F. Double-blind, randomized, controlled trial of fish oil supplements in prevention of recurrence of stenosis after coronary angioplasty. Circulation 1992;85(3):950-956. View abstract.

Bairati, I., Roy, L., and Meyer, F. Effects of a fish oil supplement on blood pressure and serum lipids in patients treated for coronary artery disease. Can J Cardiol 1992;8(1):41-46. View abstract.

Balk, E., Chung, M., Lichtenstein, A., Chew, P., Kupelnick, B., Lawrence, A., DeVine, D., and Lau, J. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular risk factors and intermediate markers of cardiovascular disease. Evid.Rep.Technol.Assess.(Summ.) 2004;(93):1-6. View abstract.

Barberger-Gateau, P., Raffaitin, C., Letenneur, L., Berr, C., Tzourio, C., Dartigues, J. F., and Alperovitch, A. Dietary patterns and risk of dementia: the Three-City cohort study. Neurology 11-13-2007;69(20):1921-1930. View abstract.

Barcelli, U., Glas-Greenwalt, P., and Pollak, V. E. Enhancing effect of dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids on plasma fibrinolysis in normal subjects. Thromb.Res 8-1-1985;39(3):307-312. View abstract.

Baril, J. G., Kovacs, C. M., Trottier, S., Roederer, G., Martel, A. Y., Ackad, N., Koulis, T., and Sampalis, J. S. Effectiveness and tolerability of oral administration of low-dose salmon oil to HIV patients with HAART-associated dyslipidemia. HIV.Clin.Trials 2007;8(6):400-411. View abstract.

Baro, L., Fonolla, J., Pena, J. L., Martinez-Ferez, A., Lucena, A., Jimenez, J., Boza, J. J., and Lopez-Huertas, E. n-3 Fatty acids plus oleic acid and vitamin supplemented milk consumption reduces total and LDL cholesterol, homocysteine and levels of endothelial adhesion molecules in healthy humans. Clin.Nutr. 2003;22(2):175-182. View abstract.

Bartelt, S., Timm, M., Damsgaard, C. T., Hansen, E. W., Hansen, H. S., and Lauritzen, L. The effect of dietary fish oil-supplementation to healthy young men on oxidative burst measured by whole blood chemiluminescence. Br J Nutr 2008;99(6):1230-1238. View abstract.

Bartram, H. P., Gostner, A., Scheppach, W., Reddy, B. S., Rao, C. V., Dusel, G., Richter, F., Richter, A., and Kasper, H. Effects of fish oil on rectal cell proliferation, mucosal fatty acids, and prostaglandin E2 release in healthy subjects. Gastroenterology 1993;105(5):1317-1322. View abstract.

Bates, D., Cartlidge, N. E., French, J. M., Jackson, M. J., Nightingale, S., Shaw, D. A., Smith, S., Woo, E., Hawkins, S. A., Millar, J. H., and . A double-blind controlled trial of long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989;52(1):18-22. View abstract.

Bath-Hextall, F. J., Jenkinson, C., Humphreys, R., and Williams, H. C. Dietary supplements for established atopic eczema. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;2:CD005205. View abstract.

Bays, H. E., Maki, K. C., Doyle, R. T., and Stein, E. The effect of prescription omega-3 fatty acids on body weight after 8 to 16 weeks of treatment for very high triglyceride levels. Postgrad.Med 2009;121(5):145-150. View abstract.

Beavers, K. M., Beavers, D. P., Bowden, R. G., Wilson, R. L., and Gentile, M. Effect of over-the-counter fish-oil administration on plasma Lp(a) levels in an end-stage renal disease population. J Ren Nutr 2009;19(6):443-449. View abstract.

Beblo, S., Reinhardt, H., Demmelmair, H., Muntau, A. C., and Koletzko, B. Effect of fish oil supplementation on fatty acid status, coordination, and fine motor skills in children with phenylketonuria. J.Pediatr. 2007;150(5):479-484. View abstract.

Bell, S. J., Chavali, S., Bistrian, B. R., Connolly, C. A., Utsunomiya, T., and Forse, R. A. Dietary fish oil and cytokine and eicosanoid production during human immunodeficiency virus infection. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr. 1996;20(1):43-49. View abstract.

Bemelmans, W. J., Broer, J., Feskens, E. J., Smit, A. J., Muskiet, F. A., Lefrandt, J. D., Bom, V. J., May, J. F., and Meyboom-de Jong, B. Effect of an increased intake of alpha-linolenic acid and group nutritional education on cardiovascular risk factors: the Mediterranean Alpha-linolenic Enriched Groningen Dietary Intervention (MARGARIN) study. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75(2):221-227. View abstract.

Benito, P., Caballero, J., Moreno, J., Gutierrez-Alcantara, C., Munoz, C., Rojo, G., Garcia, S., and Soriguer, F. C. Effects of milk enriched with omega-3 fatty acid, oleic acid and folic acid in patients with metabolic syndrome. Clin.Nutr. 2006;25(4):581-587. View abstract.

Bent, S., Bertoglio, K., Ashwood, P., Bostrom, A., and Hendren, R. L. A pilot randomized controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acids for autism spectrum disorder. J.Autism Dev.Disord. 2011;41(5):545-554. View abstract.

Berbert, A. A., Kondo, C. R., Almendra, C. L., Matsuo, T., and Dichi, I. Supplementation of fish oil and olive oil in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Nutrition 2005;21(2):131-136. View abstract.

Bergmann, R. L., Haschke-Becher, E., Klassen-Wigger, P., Bergmann, K. E., Richter, R., Dudenhausen, J. W., Grathwohl, D., and Haschke, F. Supplementation with 200 mg/day docosahexaenoic acid from mid-pregnancy through lactation improves the docosahexaenoic acid status of mothers with a habitually low fish intake and of their infants. Ann Nutr Metab 2008;52(2):157-166. View abstract.

Bethune, C., Seierstad, S. L., Seljeflot, I., Johansen, O., Arnesen, H., Meltzer, H. M., Rosenlund, G., Froyland, L., and Lundebye, A. K. Dietary intake of differently fed salmon: a preliminary study on contaminants. Eur J Clin Invest 2006;36(3):193-201. View abstract.

Bjorneboe, A., Smith, A. K., Bjorneboe, G. E., Thune, P. O., and Drevon, C. A. Effect of dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acids on clinical manifestations of psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1988;118(1):77-83. View abstract.

Bjornsson, S., Hardardottir, I., Gunnarsson, E., and Haraldsson, A. Dietary fish oil supplementation increases survival in mice following Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Scand J Infect Dis 1997;29(5):491-493. View abstract.

Block, R. C., Harris, W. S., Reid, K. J., Sands, S. A., and Spertus, J. A. EPA and DHA in blood cell membranes from acute coronary syndrome patients and controls. Atherosclerosis 2008;197(2):821-828. View abstract.

Blok, W. L., Deslypere, J. P., Demacker, P. N., van, der, V, Hectors, M. P., van der Meer, J. W., and Katan, M. B. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in healthy volunteers fed various doses of fish oil for 1 year. Eur J Clin Invest 1997;27(12):1003-1008. View abstract.

Boberg, M., Pollare, T., Siegbahn, A., and Vessby, B. Supplementation with n-3 fatty acids reduces triglycerides but increases PAI-1 in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Invest 1992;22(10):645-650. View abstract.

Bonaa, K. H., Bjerve, K. S., Straume, B., Gram, I. T., and Thelle, D. Effect of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on blood pressure in hypertension. A population-based intervention trial from the Tromso study. N Engl J Med 3-22-1990;322(12):795-801. View abstract.

Borchgrevink, C. F., Skaga, E., Berg, K. J., and Skjaeggestad, O. Absence of prophylactic effect of linolenic acid in patients with coronary heart-disease. Lancet 7-23-1966;2(7456):187-189. View abstract.

Borgeson, C. E., Pardini, L., Pardini, R. S., and Reitz, R. C. Effects of dietary fish oil on human mammary carcinoma and on lipid- metabolizing enzymes. Lipids 1989;24(4):290-295. View abstract.

Bosch, J., Gerstein, H. C., Dagenais, G. R., Diaz, R., Dyal, L., Jung, H., Maggiono, A. P., Probstfield, J., Ramachandran, A., Riddle, M. C., Ryden, L. E., and Yusuf, S. n-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with dysglycemia. N.Engl.J.Med. 7-26-2012;367(4):309-318. View abstract.

Bouwens, M., van de Rest, O., Dellschaft, N., Bromhaar, M. G., de Groot, L. C., Geleijnse, J. M., Muller, M., and Afman, L. A. Fish-oil supplementation induces antiinflammatory gene expression profiles in human blood mononuclear cells. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2009;90(2):415-424. View abstract.

Bowden, R. G., Jitomir, J., Wilson, R. L., and Gentile, M. Effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on lipid levels in endstage renal disease patients. J.Ren Nutr. 2009;19(4):259-266. View abstract.

Bowden, R. G., Wilson, R. L., Deike, E., and Gentile, M. Fish oil supplementation lowers C-reactive protein levels independent of triglyceride reduction in patients with end-stage renal disease. Nutr.Clin.Pract. 2009;24(4):508-512. View abstract.

Bowden, R. G., Wilson, R. L., Gentile, M., Ounpraseuth, S., Moore, P., and Leutholtz, B. C. Effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on vascular access thrombosis in polytetrafluorethylene grafts. J Ren Nutr 2007;17(2):126-131. View abstract.

Braden, G. A., Knapp, H. R., Fitzgerald, D. J., and FitzGerald, G. A. Dietary fish oil accelerates the response to coronary thrombolysis with tissue-type plasminogen activator. Evidence for a modest platelet inhibitory effect in vivo. Circulation 1990;82(1):178-187. View abstract.

Brown, A. J. and Roberts, D. C. Fish and fish oil intake: effect on haematological variables related to cardiovascular disease. Thromb.Res 10-15-1991;64(2):169-178. View abstract.

Buckley, J. D., Burgess, S., Murphy, K. J., and Howe, P. R. DHA-rich fish oil lowers heart rate during submaximal exercise in elite Australian Rules footballers. J Sci Med Sport 2009;12(4):503-507. View abstract.

Bureyko, T., Hurdle, H., Metcalfe, J. B., Clandinin, M. T., and Mazurak, V. C. Reduced growth and integrin expression of prostate cells cultured with lycopene, vitamin E and fish oil in vitro. Br J Nutr 2009;101(7):990-997. View abstract.

Busnach, G., Stragliotto, E., Minetti, E., Perego, A., Brando, B., Broggi, M. L., and Civati, G. Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on cyclosporine pharmacokinetics in kidney graft recipients: a randomized placebo- controlled study. J Nephrol. 1998;11(2):87-93. View abstract.

Buydens-Branch, Branchey, M., and Hibbeln, J. R. Low plasma levels of docosahexaenoic acid are associated with an increased relapse vulnerability in substance abusers. Am J Addict. 2009;18(1):73-80. View abstract.

Cabre, E., Manosa, M., and Gassull, M. A. Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory bowel diseases - a systematic review. Br.J.Nutr. 2012;107 Suppl 2:S240-S252. View abstract.

Caniato, R. N., Alvarenga, M. E., and Garcia-Alcaraz, M. A. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on the lipid profile of patients taking clozapine. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2006;40(8):691-697. View abstract.

Carlson, S. E., Werkman, S. H., and Tolley, E. A. Effect of long-chain n-3 fatty acid supplementation on visual acuity and growth of preterm infants with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am.J Clin Nutr. 1996;63(5):687-697. View abstract.

Carroll, K. K. Biological effects of fish oils in relation to chronic diseases. Lipids 1986;21(12):731-732. View abstract.

Carter, V. M., Woolley, I., Jolley, D., Nyulasi, I., Mijch, A., and Dart, A. A randomised controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia in HIV-infected males on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Sex Health 2006;3(4):287-290. View abstract.

Castro, R., Queiros, J., Fonseca, I., Pimentel, J. P., Henriques, A. C., Sarmento, A. M., Guimaraes, S., and Pereira, M. C. Therapy of post-renal transplantation hyperlipidaemia: comparative study with simvastatin and fish oil. Nephrol Dial.Transplant. 1997;12(10):2140-2143. View abstract.

Caughey, G. E., James, M. J., Proudman, S. M., and Cleland, L. G. Fish oil supplementation increases the cyclooxygenase inhibitory activity of paracetamol in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Complement Ther.Med. 2010;18(3-4):171-174. View abstract.

Cerchietti, L. C., Navigante, A. H., and Castro, M. A. Effects of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic n-3 fatty acids from fish oil and preferential Cox-2 inhibition on systemic syndromes in patients with advanced lung cancer. Nutr.Cancer 2007;59(1):14-20. View abstract.

Chan, D. C., Watts, G. F., Barrett, P. H., Beilin, L. J., and Mori, T. A. Effect of atorvastatin and fish oil on plasma high-sensitivity C- reactive protein concentrations in individuals with visceral obesity. Clin Chem 2002;48(6 Pt 1):877-883. View abstract.

Chong, M. F., Lockyer, S., Saunders, C. J., and Lovegrove, J. A. Long chain n-3 PUFA-rich meal reduced postprandial measures of arterial stiffness. Clin.Nutr. 2010;29(5):678-681. View abstract.

Christensen JH, Gustenhoff P, Ejlersen E, and et al. n-3 fatty acids and ventricular extrasystoles in patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Nutr Res 1995;15(1):1-8.

Christensen, J. H., Gustenhoff, P., Korup, E., Aaroe, J., Toft, E., Moller, J., Rasmussen, K., Dyerberg, J., and Schmidt, E. B. Effect of fish oil on heart rate variability in survivors of myocardial infarction: a double blind randomised controlled trial. BMJ 3-16-1996;312(7032):677-678. View abstract.

Chua, B., Flood, V., Rochtchina, E., Wang, J. J., Smith, W., and Mitchell, P. Dietary fatty acids and the 5-year incidence of age-related maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 2006;124(7):981-986. View abstract.

Cobiac, L., Clifton, P. M., Abbey, M., Belling, G. B., and Nestel, P. J. Lipid, lipoprotein, and hemostatic effects of fish vs fish-oil n-3 fatty acids in mildly hyperlipidemic males. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53(5):1210-1216. View abstract.

Cobiac, L., Nestel, P. J., Wing, L. M., and Howe, P. R. A low-sodium diet supplemented with fish oil lowers blood pressure in the elderly. J Hypertens. 1992;10(1):87-92. View abstract.

Cobiac, L., Nestel, P. J., Wing, L. M., and Howe, P. R. Effects of dietary sodium restriction and fish oil supplements on blood pressure in the elderly. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1991;18(5):265-268. View abstract.

Colangelo, L. A., He, K., Whooley, M. A., Daviglus, M. L., and Liu, K. Higher dietary intake of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is inversely associated with depressive symptoms in women. Nutrition 2009;25(10):1011-1019. View abstract.

Conklin, S. M., Manuck, S. B., Yao, J. K., Flory, J. D., Hibbeln, J. R., and Muldoon, M. F. High omega-6 and low omega-3 fatty acids are associated with depressive symptoms and neuroticism. Psychosom.Med. 2007;69(9):932-934. View abstract.

Connor, W. E., Prince, M. J., Ullmann, D., Riddle, M., Hatcher, L., Smith, F. E., and Wilson, D. The hypotriglyceridemic effect of fish oil in adult-onset diabetes without adverse glucose control. Ann N Y Acad Sci 6-14-1993;683:337-340. View abstract.

Conquer, J. A., Cheryk, L. A., Chan, E., Gentry, P. A., and Holub, B. J. Effect of supplementation with dietary seal oil on selected cardiovascular risk factors and hemostatic variables in healthy male subjects. Thromb.Res 11-1-1999;96(3):239-250. View abstract.

Contacos, C., Barter, P. J., and Sullivan, D. R. Effect of pravastatin and omega-3 fatty acids on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in patients with combined hyperlipidemia. Arterioscler.Thromb. 1993;13(12):1755-1762. View abstract.

Culp, B. R., Lands, W. E., Lucches, B. R., Pitt, B., and Romson, J. The effect of dietary supplementation of fish oil on experimental myocardial infarction. Prostaglandins 1980;20(6):1021-1031. View abstract.

da Silva, T. M., Munhoz, R. P., Alvarez, C., Naliwaiko, K., Kiss, A., Andreatini, R., and Ferraz, A. C. Depression in Parkinson's disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study of omega-3 fatty-acid supplementation. J.Affect.Disord. 2008;111(2-3):351-359. View abstract.

Damsgaard, C. T., Lauritzen, L., Calder, P. C., Kjaer, T. R., and Frokiaer, H. Reduced ex vivo interleukin-6 production by dietary fish oil is not modified by linoleic acid intake in healthy men. J Nutr 2009;139(7):1410-1414. View abstract.

Davidson, M. H., Stein, E. A., Bays, H. E., Maki, K. C., Doyle, R. T., Shalwitz, R. A., Ballantyne, C. M., and Ginsberg, H. N. Efficacy and tolerability of adding prescription omega-3 fatty acids 4 g/d to simvastatin 40 mg/d in hypertriglyceridemic patients: an 8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin Ther 2007;29(7):1354-1367. View abstract.

Dawczynski, C., Martin, L., Wagner, A., and Jahreis, G. n-3 LC-PUFA-enriched dairy products are able to reduce cardiovascular risk factors: a double-blind, cross-over study. Clin.Nutr. 2010;29(5):592-599. View abstract.

De Caterina, R., Giannessi, D., Mazzone, A., Bernini, W., Lazzerini, G., Maffei, S., Cerri, M., Salvatore, L., and Weksler, B. Vascular prostacyclin is increased in patients ingesting omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids before coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Circulation 1990;82(2):428-438. View abstract.

De Groote, G., De, Laporte A., Dhondt, G., and Christophe, A. Improvement in the plasma omega-3 index by the use of a fish oil-enriched spread. Ann Nutr Metab 2008;53(1):23-28. View abstract.

De Truchis, P., Kirstetter, M., Perier, A., Meunier, C., Zucman, D., Force, G., Doll, J., Katlama, C., Rozenbaum, W., Masson, H., Gardette, J., and Melchior, J. C. Reduction in triglyceride level with N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in HIV-infected patients taking potent antiretroviral therapy: a randomized prospective study. J.Acquir.Immune.Defic.Syndr. 3-1-2007;44(3):278-285. View abstract.

De Vizia, B., Raia, V., Spano, C., Pavlidis, C., Coruzzo, A., and Alessio, M. Effect of an 8-month treatment with omega-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic) in patients with cystic fibrosis. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr 2003;27(1):52-57. View abstract.

Deck, C. and Radack, K. Effects of modest doses of omega-3 fatty acids on lipids and lipoproteins in hypertriglyceridemic subjects. A randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 1989;149(8):1857-1862. View abstract.

DeFilippis, A. P., Harper, C. R., Cotsonis, G. A., and Jacobson, T. A. Effect of baseline plasma fatty acids on eicosapentaenoic acid levels in individuals supplemented with alpha-linolenic acid. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2009;60 Suppl 5:28-37. View abstract.

DeGiorgio, C. M., Miller, P., Meymandi, S., and Gornbein, J. A. n-3 fatty acids (fish oil) for epilepsy, cardiac risk factors, and risk of SUDEP: clues from a pilot, double-blind, exploratory study. Epilepsy Behav. 2008;13(4):681-684. View abstract.

Dehmer, G. J., Popma, J. J., van den Berg, E. K., Eichhorn, E. J., Prewitt, J. B., Campbell, W. B., Jennings, L., Willerson, J. T., and Schmitz, J. M. Reduction in the rate of early restenosis after coronary angioplasty by a diet supplemented with n-3 fatty acids. N.Engl.J Med 9-22-1988;319(12):733-740. View abstract.

Delarue, J., Guillodo, M. P., Guillerm, S., Elbaz, A., Marty, Y., and Cledes, J. Fish oil attenuates adrenergic overactivity without altering glucose metabolism during an oral glucose load in haemodialysis patients. Br J Nutr 2008;99(5):1041-1047. View abstract.

Delgado-Lista, J., Perez-Martinez, P., Lopez-Miranda, J., and Perez-Jimenez, F. Long chain omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Br.J.Nutr. 2012;107 Suppl 2:S201-S213. View abstract.

Demke, D. M., Peters, G. R., Linet, O. I., Metzler, C. M., and Klott, K. A. Effects of a fish oil concentrate in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 1988;70(1-2):73-80. View abstract.

Deschner, E. E., Lytle, J. S., Wong, G., Ruperto, J. F., and Newmark, H. L. The effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil) on azoxymethanol- induced focal areas of dysplasia and colon tumor incidence. Cancer 12-1-1990;66(11):2350-2356. View abstract.

Deutch B, Jorgensen EB, and Hansen JC. Menstrual discomfort in Danish women reduced by dietary supplements of omega-3 PUFA and B12 (fish oil or seal oil capsules). Nutr Res 2000;20(5):621-631.

Devore, E. E., Grodstein, F., van Rooij, F. J., Hofman, A., Rosner, B., Stampfer, M. J., Witteman, J. C., and Breteler, M. M. Dietary intake of fish and omega-3 fatty acids in relation to long-term dementia risk. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;90(1):170-176. View abstract.

Dillon, J. J. Fish oil therapy for IgA nephropathy: efficacy and interstudy variability. J Am Soc Nephrol 1997;8(11):1739-1744. View abstract.

Dodin, S., Cunnane, S. C., Masse, B., Lemay, A., Jacques, H., Asselin, G., Tremblay-Mercier, J., Marc, I., Lamarche, B., Legare, F., and Forest, J. C. Flaxseed on cardiovascular disease markers in healthy menopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrition 2008;24(1):23-30. View abstract.

Dolecek, T. A. Epidemiological evidence of relationships between dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and mortality in the multiple risk factor intervention trial. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1992;200(2):177-182. View abstract.

Donadio, J. V., Jr., Bergstralh, E. J., Offord, K. P., Spencer, D. C., and Holley, K. E. A controlled trial of fish oil in IgA nephropathy. Mayo Nephrology Collaborative Group. N.Engl.J Med 11-3-1994;331(18):1194-1199. View abstract.

Dry, J. and Vincent, D. Effect of a fish oil diet on asthma: results of a 1-year double-blind study. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1991;95(2-3):156-157. View abstract.

Dunstan, D. W., Mori, T. A., Puddey, I. B., Beilin, L. J., Burke, V., Morton, A. R., and Stanton, K. G. The independent and combined effects of aerobic exercise and dietary fish intake on serum lipids and glycemic control in NIDDM. A randomized controlled study. Diabetes Care 1997;20(6):913-921. View abstract.

Durrington, P. N., Bhatnagar, D., Mackness, M. I., Morgan, J., Julier, K., Khan, M. A., and France, M. An omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrate administered for one year decreased triglycerides in simvastatin treated patients with coronary heart disease and persisting hypertriglyceridaemia. Heart 2001;85(5):544-548. View abstract.

Dusing, R., Struck, A., Gobel, B. O., Weisser, B., and Vetter, H. Effects of n-3 fatty acids on renal function and renal prostaglandin E metabolism. Kidney Int 1990;38(2):315-319. View abstract.

Harris, W. S., Pottala, J. V., Sands, S. A., and Jones, P. G. Comparison of the effects of fish and fish-oil capsules on the n 3 fatty acid content of blood cells and plasma phospholipids. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2007;86(6):1621-1625. View abstract.

Harris, W. S., Reid, K. J., Sands, S. A., and Spertus, J. A. Blood omega-3 and trans fatty acids in middle-aged acute coronary syndrome patients. Am J Cardiol 1-15-2007;99(2):154-158. View abstract.

Harrison, R. A., Sagara, M., Rajpura, A., Armitage, L., Birt, N., Birt, C. A., and Yamori, Y. Can foods with added soya-protein or fish-oil reduce risk factors for coronary disease? A factorial randomised controlled trial. Nutr.Metab Cardiovasc.Dis. 2004;14(6):344-350. View abstract.

Hartweg, J., Perera, R., Montori, V., Dinneen, S., Neil, H. A., and Farmer, A. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;(1):CD003205. View abstract.

Hawthorne, K. M., Abrams, S. A., and Heird, W. C. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation of orange juice increases plasma phospholipid DHA content of children. J Am Diet Assoc 2009;109(4):708-712. View abstract.

Henderson WR. Omega-3 supplementation in CF [abstract]. 6th North American Cystic Fibrosis Conference 1992;s21-s22.

Henderson, W. R., Jr., Astley, S. J., and Ramsey, B. W. Liver function in patients with cystic fibrosis ingesting fish oil. J Pediatr 1994;125(3):504-505. View abstract.

Henderson, W. R., Jr., Astley, S. J., McCready, M. M., Kushmerick, P., Casey, S., Becker, J. W., and Ramsey, B. W. Oral absorption of omega-3 fatty acids in patients with cystic fibrosis who have pancreatic insufficiency and in healthy control subjects. J Pediatr 1994;124(3):400-408. View abstract.

Hogg, R. J., Fitzgibbons, L., Atkins, C., Nardelli, N., and Bay, R. C. Efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids in children and adults with IgA nephropathy is dosage- and size-dependent. Clin.J.Am.Soc.Nephrol. 2006;1(6):1167-1172. View abstract.

Homan van der Heide JJ, Bilo, H. J., Donker, A. J., Wilmink, J. M., Sluiter, W. J., and Tegzess, A. M. The effects of dietary supplementation with fish oil on renal function and the course of early postoperative rejection episodes in cyclosporine-treated renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 1992;54(2):257-263. View abstract.

Homan van der Heide JJ, Bilo, H. J., Tegzess, A. M., and Donker, A. J. The effects of dietary supplementation with fish oil on renal function in cyclosporine-treated renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 1990;49(3):523-527. View abstract.

Hong, H., Xu, Z. M., Pang, B. S., Cui, L., Wei, Y., Guo, W. J., Mao, Y. L., and Yang, X. C. Effects of simvastatin combined with omega-3 fatty acids on high sensitive C-reactive protein, lipidemia, and fibrinolysis in patients with mixed dyslipidemia. Chin Med Sci.J 2004;19(2):145-149. View abstract.

Hooper, L., Thompson, R. L., Harrison, R. A., Summerbell, C. D., Ness, A. R., Moore, H. J., Worthington, H. V., Durrington, P. N., Higgins, J. P., Capps, N. E., Riemersma, R. A., Ebrahim, S. B., and Davey, Smith G. Risks and benefits of omega 3 fats for mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review. BMJ 4-1-2006;332(7544):752-760. View abstract.

Howe, P. R., Lungershausen, Y. K., Cobiac, L., Dandy, G., and Nestel, P. J. Effect of sodium restriction and fish oil supplementation on BP and thrombotic risk factors in patients treated with ACE inhibitors. J Hum Hypertens. 1994;8(1):43-49. View abstract.

Hoy, S. M. and Keating, G. M. Omega-3 ethylester concentrate: a review of its use in secondary prevention post-myocardial infarction and the treatment of hypertriglyceridaemia. Drugs 5-29-2009;69(8):1077-1105. View abstract.

Hughes, G. S., Ringer, T. V., Watts, K. C., DeLoof, M. J., Francom, S. F., and Spillers, C. R. Fish oil produces an atherogenic lipid profile in hypertensive men. Atherosclerosis 1990;84(2-3):229-237. View abstract.

Hui, R., St Louis, J., and Falardeau, P. Antihypertensive properties of linoleic acid and fish oil omega-3 fatty acids independent of the prostaglandin system. Am J Hypertens 1989;2(8):610-617. View abstract.

Iso, H., Kobayashi, M., Ishihara, J., Sasaki, S., Okada, K., Kita, Y., Kokubo, Y., and Tsugane, S. Intake of fish and n3 fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease among Japanese: the Japan Public Health Center-Based (JPHC) Study Cohort I. Circulation 1-17-2006;113(2):195-202. View abstract.

Jacquet, A., Girodet, P. O., Pariente, A., Forest, K., Mallet, L., and Moore, N. Phytalgic, a food supplement, vs placebo in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee or hip: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Arthritis Res.Ther. 2009;11(6):R192. View abstract.

Jarvinen, R., Knekt, P., Rissanen, H., and Reunanen, A. Intake of fish and long-chain n-3 fatty acids and the risk of coronary heart mortality in men and women. Br.J.Nutr. 2006;95(4):824-829. View abstract.

Jeng, K. C. and Fernandes, G. Effect of fish oil diet on immune response and proteinuria in mice. Proc Natl Sci Counc.Repub.China B 1991;15(2):105-110.

Joensen, A. M., Schmidt, E. B., Dethlefsen, C., Johnsen, S. P., Tjonneland, A., Rasmussen, L. H., and Overvad, K. Dietary intake of total marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid and the risk of acute coronary syndrome - a cohort study. Br J Nutr 2010;103(4):602-607. View abstract.

Johansen, O., Brekke, M., Seljeflot, I., Abdelnoor, M., and Arnesen, H. N-3 fatty acids do not prevent restenosis after coronary angioplasty: results from the CART study. Coronary Angioplasty Restenosis Trial. J Am.Coll.Cardiol. 1999;33(6):1619-1626. View abstract.

Johansen, O., Seljeflot, I., Hostmark, A. T., and Arnesen, H. The effect of supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids on soluble markers of endothelial function in patients with coronary heart disease. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc Biol 1999;19(7):1681-1686. View abstract.

Kamphuis, M. H., Geerlings, M. I., Tijhuis, M. A., Kalmijn, S., Grobbee, D. E., and Kromhout, D. Depression and cardiovascular mortality: a role for n-3 fatty acids? Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2006;84(6):1513-1517. View abstract.

Kang, J. X. and Leaf, A. Antiarrhythmic effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Recent studies. Circulation 10-1-1996;94(7):1774-1780. View abstract.

Kang, J. X. and Leaf, A. The cardiac antiarrhythmic effects of polyunsaturated fatty acid. Lipids 1996;31 Suppl:S41-S44. View abstract.

Katan, M. B., Deslypere, J. P., van Birgelen, A. P., Penders, M., and Zegwaard, M. Kinetics of the incorporation of dietary fatty acids into serum cholesteryl esters, erythrocyte membranes, and adipose tissue: an 18-month controlled study. J Lipid Res 1997;38(10):2012-2022. View abstract.

Katz, D. P., Manner, T., Furst, P., and Askanazi, J. The use of an intravenous fish oil emulsion enriched with omega-3 fatty acids in patients with cystic fibrosis. Nutrition 1996;12(5):334-339. View abstract.

Kaul, U., Sanghvi, S., Bahl, V. K., Dev, V., and Wasir, H. S. Fish oil supplements for prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty. Int.J.Cardiol. 1992;35(1):87-93. View abstract.

Kaushik, S., Wang, J. J., Flood, V., Liew, G., Smith, W., and Mitchell, P. Frequency of fish consumption, retinal microvascular signs and vascular mortality. Microcirculation. 2008;15(1):27-36. View abstract.

Kelley, D. S., Siegel, D., Vemuri, M., and Mackey, B. E. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation improves fasting and postprandial lipid profiles in hypertriglyceridemic men. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86(2):324-333. View abstract.

Kelley, D. S., Siegel, D., Vemuri, M., Chung, G. H., and Mackey, B. E. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation decreases remnant-like particle-cholesterol and increases the (n-3) index in hypertriglyceridemic men. J Nutr 2008;138(1):30-35. View abstract.

Kelley, V. E., Ferretti, A., Izui, S., and Strom, T. B. A fish oil diet rich in eicosapentaenoic acid reduces cyclooxygenase metabolites, and suppresses lupus in MRL-lpr mice. J Immunol 1985;134(3):1914-1919. View abstract.

Khandelwal, S., Demonty, I., Jeemon, P., Lakshmy, R., Mukherjee, R., Gupta, R., Snehi, U., Niveditha, D., Singh, Y., van der Knaap, H. C., Passi, S. J., Prabhakaran, D., and Reddy, K. S. Independent and interactive effects of plant sterols and fish oil n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on the plasma lipid profile of mildly hyperlipidaemic Indian adults. Br.J.Nutr. 2009;102(5):722-732. View abstract.

Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Belury, M. A., Porter, K., Beversdorf, D. Q., Lemeshow, S., and Glaser, R. Depressive symptoms, omega-6:omega-3 fatty acids, and inflammation in older adults. Psychosom Med 2007;69(3):217-224. View abstract.

Kinsella, J. E., Lokesh, B., and Stone, R. A. Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and amelioration of cardiovascular disease: possible mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;52(1):1-28. View abstract.

Kirby, A., Woodward, A., Jackson, S., Wang, Y., and Crawford, M. A. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study investigating the effects of omega-3 supplementation in children aged 8-10 years from a mainstream school population. Res Dev.Disabil. 2010;31(3):718-730. View abstract.

Klemens, C. M., Berman, D. R., and Mozurkewich, E. L. The effect of perinatal omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on inflammatory markers and allergic diseases: a systematic review. BJOG. 2011;118(8):916-925. View abstract.

Knapp, H. R. and FitzGerald, G. A. The antihypertensive effects of fish oil. A controlled study of polyunsaturated fatty acid supplements in essential hypertension. N Engl J Med 4-20-1989;320(16):1037-1043. View abstract.

Knapp, H. R. Dietary fatty acids in human thrombosis and hemostasis. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65(5 Suppl):1687S-1698S.

Koletzko, B., Beblo, S., Demmelmair, H., Muller-Felber, W., and Hanebutt, F. L. Does dietary DHA improve neural function in children? Observations in phenylketonuria. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2009;81(2-3):159-164. View abstract.

Konig, B., Spielmann, J., Haase, K., Brandsch, C., Kluge, H., Stangl, G. I., and Eder, K. Effects of fish oil and conjugated linoleic acids on expression of target genes of PPAR alpha and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins in the liver of laying hens. Br.J Nutr 2008;100(2):355-363. View abstract.

Koshki A, Taleban FA, Tabibi H, Hedayati M, and Esmaeili M. Effects of dietary omega3-fatty acid supplementation on the serum systemic and vascular inflammation markers in hemodialysis patients. IRANIAN J NUTR SCI FOOD TECHNOL 2009;4(2):1.

Kothny, W., Angerer, P., Stork, S., and von Schacky, C. Short term effects of omega-3 fatty acids on the radial artery of patients with coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 1998;140(1):181-186. View abstract.

Kratz, M., Callahan, H. S., Yang, P. Y., Matthys, C. C., and Weigle, D. S. Dietary n-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids and energy balance in overweight or moderately obese men and women: a randomized controlled trial. Nutr.Metab (Lond) 2009;6:24. View abstract.

Krauss-Etschmann, S., Shadid, R., Campoy, C., Hoster, E., Demmelmair, H., Jimenez, M., Gil, A., Rivero, M., Veszpremi, B., Decsi, T., and Koletzko, B. V. Effects of fish-oil and folate supplementation of pregnant women on maternal and fetal plasma concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid: a European randomized multicenter trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85(5):1392-1400. View abstract.

Kremer, J. M., Jubiz, W., Michalek, A., Rynes, R. I., Bartholomew, L. E., Bigaouette, J., Timchalk, M., Beeler, D., and Lininger, L. Fish-oil fatty acid supplementation in active rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blinded, controlled, crossover study. Ann Intern Med 1987;106(4):497-503. View abstract.

Kremer, J. M., Lawrence, D. A., Jubiz, W., DiGiacomo, R., Rynes, R., Bartholomew, L. E., and Sherman, M. Dietary fish oil and olive oil supplementation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical and immunologic effects. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33(6):810-820. View abstract.

Kremer, J. M., Lawrence, D. A., Petrillo, G. F., Litts, L. L., Mullaly, P. M., Rynes, R. I., Stocker, R. P., Parhami, N., Greenstein, N. S., Fuchs, B. R., and . Effects of high-dose fish oil on rheumatoid arthritis after stopping nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Clinical and immune correlates. Arthritis Rheum. 1995;38(8):1107-1114. View abstract.

Kristensen, S. D., Schmidt, E. B., and Dyerberg, J. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and human platelet function: a review with particular emphasis on implications for cardiovascular disease. J Intern Med Suppl 1989;225(731):141-150. View abstract.

Kristensen, S. D., Schmidt, E. B., Andersen, H. R., and Dyerberg, J. Fish oil in angina pectoris. Atherosclerosis 1987;64(1):13-19. View abstract.

Kromann, N. and Green, A. Epidemiological studies in the Upernavik district, Greenland. Incidence of some chronic diseases 1950-1974. Acta Med Scand 1980;208(5):401-406.

Kruger MC, Coetzer H de Winter R Gericke G van Papendorp DH. Calcium, gamma-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid supplementation in senile osteoporosis. Aging (Milano). 1998;10(5):385-394.

Larrieu, S., Letenneur, L., Helmer, C., Dartigues, J. F., and Barberger-Gateau, P. Nutritional factors and risk of incident dementia in the PAQUID longitudinal cohort. J Nutr Health Aging 2004;8(3):150-154. View abstract.

Lauritzen, L., Jorgensen, M. H., Olsen, S. F., Straarup, E. M., and Michaelsen, K. F. Maternal fish oil supplementation in lactation: effect on developmental outcome in breast-fed infants. Reprod.Nutr Dev. 2005;45(5):535-547. View abstract.

Lawrence, R. and Sorrell, T. Eicosapentaenoic acid in cystic fibrosis: evidence of a pathogenetic role for leukotriene B4. Lancet 8-21-1993;342(8869):465-469. View abstract.

Leeb, B. F., Sautner, J., Andel, I., and Rintelen, B. Intravenous application of omega-3 fatty acids in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. The ORA-1 trial. An open pilot study. Lipids 2006;41(1):29-34. View abstract.

Lehtonen, A., Raiha, I., Puumalainen, R., Seppanen, A., and Marniemi, J. The effect of the short-term administration of fish oil on serum lipoproteins in old people. Gerontology 1989;35(5-6):311-314. View abstract.

Leng, G. C., Lee, A. J., Fowkes, F. G., Jepson, R. G., Lowe, G. D., Skinner, E. R., and Mowat, B. F. Randomized controlled trial of gamma-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in peripheral arterial disease. Clin Nutr 1998;17(6):265-271. View abstract.

Leon, H., Shibata, M. C., Sivakumaran, S., Dorgan, M., Chatterley, T., and Tsuyuki, R. T. Effect of fish oil on arrhythmias and mortality: systematic review. BMJ 2008;337:a2931. View abstract.

Levinson, P. D., Iosiphidis, A. H., Saritelli, A. L., Herbert, P. N., and Steiner, M. Effects of n-3 fatty acids in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 1990;3(10):754-760. View abstract.

Lim, A. K., Manley, K. J., Roberts, M. A., and Fraenkel, M. B. Fish oil for kidney transplant recipients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(2):CD005282. View abstract.

Liu, T., Korantzopoulos, P., Shehata, M., Li, G., Wang, X., and Kaul, S. Prevention of atrial fibrillation with omega-3 fatty acids: a meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. Heart 2011;97(13):1034-1040. View abstract.

Lloyd-Still, J. D., Powers, C. A., Hoffman, D. R., Boyd-Trull, K., Lester, L. A., Benisek, D. C., and Arterburn, L. M. Bioavailability and safety of a high dose of docosahexaenoic acid triacylglycerol of algal origin in cystic fibrosis patients: a randomized, controlled study. Nutrition 2006;22(1):36-46. View abstract.

Loeschke, K., Ueberschaer, B., Pietsch, A., Gruber, E., Ewe, K., Wiebecke, B., Heldwein, W., and Lorenz, R. n-3 fatty acids only delay early relapse of ulcerative colitis in remission. Dig.Dis.Sci. 1996;41(10):2087-2094. View abstract.

Lucas, M., Asselin, G., Merette, C., Poulin, M. J., and Dodin, S. Ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid for the treatment of psychological distress and depressive symptoms in middle-aged women: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2009;89(2):641-651. View abstract.

Luis Roman, D. A., Bachiller, P., Izaola, O., Romero, E., Martin, J., Arranz, M., Eiros Bouza, J. M., and Aller, R. Nutritional treatment for acquired immunodeficiency virus infection using an enterotropic peptide-based formula enriched with n-3 fatty acids: a randomized prospective trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2001;55(12):1048-1052. View abstract.

Lungershausen, Y. K., Abbey, M., Nestel, P. J., and Howe, P. R. Reduction of blood pressure and plasma triglycerides by omega-3 fatty acids in treated hypertensives. J Hypertens. 1994;12(9):1041-1045. View abstract.

Macchia, A., Levantesi, G., Franzosi, M. G., Geraci, E., Maggioni, A. P., Marfisi, R., Nicolosi, G. L., Schweiger, C., Tavazzi, L., Tognoni, G., Valagussa, F., and Marchioli, R. Left ventricular systolic dysfunction, total mortality, and sudden death in patients with myocardial infarction treated with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Eur.J.Heart Fail. 2005;7(5):904-909. View abstract.

Mackness, M. I., Bhatnagar, D., Durrington, P. N., Prais, H., Haynes, B., Morgan, J., and Borthwick, L. Effects of a new fish oil concentrate on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in patients with hypertriglyceridaemia. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994;48(12):859-865. View abstract.

Maclean, C. H., Mojica, W. A., Morton, S. C., Pencharz, J., Hasenfeld, Garland R., Tu, W., Newberry, S. J., Jungvig, L. K., Grossman, J., Khanna, P., Rhodes, S., and Shekelle, P. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on lipids and glycemic control in type II diabetes and the metabolic syndrome and on inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, renal disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and osteoporosis. Evid.Rep.Technol.Assess.(Summ.) 2004;(89):1-4. View abstract.

Madden, J., Shearman, C. P., Dunn, R. L., Dastur, N. D., Tan, R. M., Nash, G. B., Rainger, G. E., Brunner, A., Calder, P. C., and Grimble, R. F. Altered monocyte CD44 expression in peripheral arterial disease is corrected by fish oil supplementation. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc.Dis 2009;19(4):247-252. View abstract.

Maki, K. C., Reeves, M. S., Farmer, M., Griinari, M., Berge, K., Vik, H., Hubacher, R., and Rains, T. M. Krill oil supplementation increases plasma concentrations of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in overweight and obese men and women. Nutr.Res. 2009;29(9):609-615. View abstract.

Maki, K. C., Van Elswyk, M. E., McCarthy, D., Hess, S. P., Veith, P. E., Bell, M., Subbaiah, P., and Davidson, M. H. Lipid responses to a dietary docosahexaenoic acid supplement in men and women with below average levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. J Am Coll Nutr 2005;24(3):189-199. View abstract.

Malaguarnera, M., Restuccia, N., Fazio, I. D., Panebianco, M. P., Gulizia, G., and Giugno, I. Fish oil treatment of interferon-alpha-induced dyslipidaemia: study in patients with chronic hepatitis C. BioDrugs. 1999;11(4):285-291. View abstract.

Mallah, H. S., Brown, M. R., Rossi, T. M., and Block, R. C. Parenteral fish oil-associated burr cell anemia. J Pediatr 2010;156(2):324-326. View abstract.

Malle, E., Sattler, W., Prenner, E., Leis, H. J., Hermetter, A., Gries, A., and Kostner, G. M. Effects of dietary fish oil supplementation on platelet aggregability and platelet membrane fluidity in normolipemic subjects with and without high plasma Lp(a) concentrations. Atherosclerosis 1991;88(2-3):193-201. View abstract.

Marchioli, R., Levantesi, G., Macchia, A., Maggioni, A. P., Marfisi, R. M., Silletta, M. G., Tavazzi, L., Tognoni, G., and Valagussa, F. Antiarrhythmic mechanisms of n-3 PUFA and the results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. J.Membr.Biol. 2005;206(2):117-128. View abstract.

Marckmann, P., Jespersen, J., Leth, T., and Sandstrom, B. Effect of fish diet versus meat diet on blood lipids, coagulation and fibrinolysis in healthy young men. J Intern Med 1991;229(4):317-323. View abstract.

Margolin, G., Huster, G., Glueck, C. J., Speirs, J., Vandegrift, J., Illig, E., Wu, J., Streicher, P., and Tracy, T. Blood pressure lowering in elderly subjects: a double-blind crossover study of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53(2):562-572. View abstract.

Maroon, J. C. and Bost, J. W. Omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil) as an anti-inflammatory: an alternative to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for discogenic pain. Surg.Neurol. 2006;65(4):326-331. View abstract.

Marsen, T. A., Pollok, M., Oette, K., and Baldamus, C. A. Pharmacokinetics of omega-3-fatty acids during ingestion of fish oil preparations. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1992;46(3):191-196. View abstract.

Martin-Bautista, E., Munoz-Torres, M., Fonolla, J., Quesada, M., Poyatos, A., and Lopez-Huertas, E. Improvement of bone formation biomarkers after 1-year consumption with milk fortified with eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, oleic acid, and selected vitamins. Nutr Res 2010;30(5):320-326. View abstract.

Martinez-Victoria, E. and Yago, M. D. Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and body weight. Br.J.Nutr. 2012;107 Suppl 2:S107-S116. View abstract.

Martins, J. G. EPA but not DHA appears to be responsible for the efficacy of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in depression: evidence from a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Coll Nutr 2009;28(5):525-542. View abstract.

McGrath, L. T., Brennan, G. M., Donnelly, J. P., Johnston, G. D., Hayes, J. R., and McVeigh, G. E. Effect of dietary fish oil supplementation on peroxidation of serum lipids in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis 4-5-1996;121(2):275-283. View abstract.

Mebarek, S., Ermak, N., Benzaria, A., Vicca, S., Dubois, M., Nemoz, G., Laville, M., Lacour, B., Vericel, E., Lagarde, M., and Prigent, A. F. Effects of increasing docosahexaenoic acid intake in human healthy volunteers on lymphocyte activation and monocyte apoptosis. Br J Nutr 2009;101(6):852-858. View abstract.

Mehra, M. R., Lavie, C. J., Ventura, H. O., and Milani, R. V. Fish oils produce anti-inflammatory effects and improve body weight in severe heart failure. J.Heart Lung Transplant. 2006;25(7):834-838. View abstract.

Mehta, J. L., Lopez, L. M., Lawson, D., Wargovich, T. J., and Williams, L. L. Dietary supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with stable coronary heart disease. Effects on indices of platelet and neutrophil function and exercise performance. Am J Med 1988;84(1):45-52. View abstract.

Metcalf, R. G., James, M. J., Gibson, R. A., Edwards, J. R., Stubberfield, J., Stuklis, R., Roberts-Thomson, K., Young, G. D., and Cleland, L. G. Effects of fish-oil supplementation on myocardial fatty acids in humans. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2007;85(5):1222-1228. View abstract.

Meydani, M., Natiello, F., Goldin, B., Free, N., Woods, M., Schaefer, E., Blumberg, J. B., and Gorbach, S. L. Effect of long-term fish oil supplementation on vitamin E status and lipid peroxidation in women. J Nutr 1991;121(4):484-491. View abstract.

Meydani, S. N., Endres, S., Woods, M. M., Goldin, B. R., Soo, C., Morrill-Labrode, A., Dinarello, C. A., and Gorbach, S. L. Oral (n-3) fatty acid supplementation suppresses cytokine production and lymphocyte proliferation: comparison between young and older women. J Nutr 1991;121(4):547-555. View abstract.

Meydani, S. N., Lichtenstein, A. H., Cornwall, S., Meydani, M., Goldin, B. R., Rasmussen, H., Dinarello, C. A., and Schaefer, E. J. Immunologic effects of national cholesterol education panel step-2 diets with and without fish-derived N-3 fatty acid enrichment. J Clin Invest 1993;92(1):105-113. View abstract.

Michaeli, B., Berger, M. M., Revelly, J. P., Tappy, L., and Chiolero, R. Effects of fish oil on the neuro-endocrine responses to an endotoxin challenge in healthy volunteers. Clin.Nutr. 2007;26(1):70-77. View abstract.

Mickleborough, T. D., Lindley, M. R., Ionescu, A. A., and Fly, A. D. Protective effect of fish oil supplementation on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma. Chest 2006;129(1):39-49. View abstract.

Mickleborough, T. D., Murray, R. L., Ionescu, A. A., and Lindley, M. R. Fish oil supplementation reduces severity of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in elite athletes. Am.J.Respir.Crit Care Med. 11-15-2003;168(10):1181-1189. View abstract.

Miles, E. A., Banerjee, T., Wells, S. J., and Calder, P. C. Limited effect of eicosapentaenoic acid on T-lymphocyte and natural killer cell numbers and functions in healthy young males. Nutrition 2006;22(5):512-519. View abstract.

Mills, S. C., von Roon, A. C., Tekkis, P. P., and Orchard, T. R. Crohn's disease. Clin.Evid.(Online.) 2011;2011 View abstract.

Milner, M. R., Gallino, R. A., Leffingwell, A., Pichard, A. D., Brooks-Robinson, S., Rosenberg, J., Little, T., and Lindsay, J., Jr. Usefulness of fish oil supplements in preventing clinical evidence of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Am.J Cardiol. 8-1-1989;64(5):294-299. View abstract.

Milte, C. M., Coates, A. M., Buckley, J. D., Hill, A. M., and Howe, P. R. Dose-dependent effects of docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oil on erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid and blood lipid levels. Br J Nutr 2008;99(5):1083-1088. View abstract.

Mimoun, M., Coste, T. C., Lebacq, J., Lebecque, P., Wallemacq, P., Leal, T., and Armand, M. Increased tissue arachidonic acid and reduced linoleic acid in a mouse model of cystic fibrosis are reversed by supplemental glycerophospholipids enriched in docosahexaenoic acid. J Nutr 2009;139(12):2358-2364. View abstract.

Minoura, T., Takata, T., Sakaguchi, M., Takada, H., Yamamura, M., Hioki, K., and Yamamoto, M. Effect of dietary eicosapentaenoic acid on azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats. Cancer Res 9-1-1988;48(17):4790-4794. View abstract.

Moghadamnia, A. A., Mirhosseini, N., Abadi, M. H., Omranirad, A., and Omidvar, S. Effect of Clupeonella grimmi (anchovy/kilka) fish oil on dysmenorrhoea. East Mediterr.Health J. 2010;16(4):408-413. View abstract.

Moller, J. M., Svaneborg, N., Lervang, H. H., Varming, K., Madsen, P., Dyerberg, J., and Schmidt, E. B. The acute effect of a single very high dose of N-3 fatty acids on coagulation and fibrinolysis. Thromb.Res 9-1-1992;67(5):569-577. View abstract.

Moore, N. G., Wang-Johanning, F., Chang, P. L., and Johanning, G. L. Omega-3 fatty acids decrease protein kinase expression in human breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2001;67(3):279-283. View abstract.

Morgan, W. A., Raskin, P., and Rosenstock, J. A comparison of fish oil or corn oil supplements in hyperlipidemic subjects with NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1995;18(1):83-86. View abstract.

Mori, T. A., Vandongen, R., Beilin, L. J., Burke, V., Morris, J., and Ritchie, J. Effects of varying dietary fat, fish, and fish oils on blood lipids in a randomized controlled trial in men at risk of heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59(5):1060-1068. View abstract.

Mori, T. A., Vandongen, R., Mahanian, F., and Douglas, A. Plasma lipid levels and platelet and neutrophil function in patients with vascular disease following fish oil and olive oil supplementation. Metabolism 1992;41(10):1059-1067. View abstract.

Mori, T. A., Watts, G. F., Burke, V., Hilme, E., Puddey, I. B., and Beilin, L. J. Differential effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on vascular reactivity of the forearm microcirculation in hyperlipidemic, overweight men. Circulation 9-12-2000;102(11):1264-1269. View abstract.

Morris, M. C., Sacks, F., and Rosner, B. Does fish oil lower blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled trials. Circulation 1993;88(2):523-533. View abstract.

Morris, M. C., Taylor, J. O., Stampfer, M. J., Rosner, B., and Sacks, F. M. The effect of fish oil on blood pressure in mild hypertensive subjects: a randomized crossover trial. Am J Clin Nutr 1993;57(1):59-64. View abstract.

Mortensen, J. Z., Schmidt, E. B., Nielsen, A. H., and Dyerberg, J. The effect of N-6 and N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on hemostasis, blood lipids and blood pressure. Thromb.Haemost. 8-30-1983;50(2):543-546. View abstract.

Mostad, I. L., Bjerve, K. S., Lydersen, S., and Grill, V. Effects of marine n-3 fatty acid supplementation on lipoprotein subclasses measured by nuclear magnetic resonance in subjects with type II diabetes. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 2008;62(3):419-429. View abstract.

Muhlhausler, B. S., Gibson, R. A., and Makrides, M. The effect of maternal omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LCPUFA) supplementation during pregnancy and/or lactation on body fat mass in the offspring: a systematic review of animal studies. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2011;85(2):83-88. View abstract.

Murakami, K., Mizoue, T., Sasaki, S., Ohta, M., Sato, M., Matsushita, Y., and Mishima, N. Dietary intake of folate, other B vitamins, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in relation to depressive symptoms in Japanese adults. Nutrition 2008;24(2):140-147. View abstract.

Musa-Veloso, K., Binns, M. A., Kocenas, A., Chung, C., Rice, H., Oppedal-Olsen, H., Lloyd, H., and Lemke, S. Impact of low v. moderate intakes of long-chain n-3 fatty acids on risk of coronary heart disease. Br.J.Nutr. 2011;106(8):1129-1141. View abstract.

Naber, F. B., Oudkerk, Pool M., Teerlink, T., Popp-Snijders, C., Gans, R. O., and Bilo, H. J. [Effect of short-term use of omega-3-type polyunsaturated fatty acids in subjects with hypertriglyceridemia]. Ned Tijdschr.Geneeskd. 8-1-1992;136(31):1511-1514. View abstract.

Nagakura, T., Matsuda, S., Shichijyo, K., Sugimoto, H., and Hata, K. Dietary supplementation with fish oil rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with bronchial asthma. Eur Respir.J 2000;16(5):861-865. View abstract.

Nagata, C., Takatsuka, N., and Shimizu, H. Soy and fish oil intake and mortality in a Japanese community. Am J Epidemiol. 11-1-2002;156(9):824-831. View abstract.

Nakamura, N., Hamazaki, T., Ohta, M., Okuda, K., Urakaze, M., Sawazaki, S., Yamazaki, K., Satoh, A., Temaru, R., Ishikura, Y., Takata, M., Kishida, M., and Kobayashi, M. Joint effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and eicosapentaenoic acids on serum lipid profile and plasma fatty acid concentrations in patients with hyperlipidemia. Int J Clin Lab Res 1999;29(1):22-25. View abstract.

Nemets, H., Nemets, B., Apter, A., Bracha, Z., and Belmaker, R. H. Omega-3 treatment of childhood depression: a controlled, double-blind pilot study. Am.J.Psychiatry 2006;163(6):1098-1100. View abstract.

Ng, R. C., Hirata, C. K., Yeung, W., Haller, E., and Finley, P. R. Pharmacologic treatment for postpartum depression: a systematic review. Pharmacotherapy 2010;30(9):928-941. View abstract.

Nodari, S., Triggiani, M., Campia, U., Manerba, A., Milesi, G., Cesana, B. M., Gheorghiade, M., and Dei, Cas L. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on left ventricular function and functional capacity in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J.Am.Coll.Cardiol. 2-15-2011;57(7):870-879. View abstract.

Nordoy, A., Barstad, L., Connor, W. E., and Hatcher, L. Absorption of the n-3 eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids as ethyl esters and triglycerides by humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53(5):1185-1190. View abstract.

Nordoy, A., Hansen, J. B., Brox, J., and Svensson, B. Effects of atorvastatin and omega-3 fatty acids on LDL subfractions and postprandial hyperlipemia in patients with combined hyperlipemia. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc.Dis 2001;11(1):7-16. View abstract.

Nordoy, A., Hatcher, L. F., Ullmann, D. L., and Connor, W. E. Individual effects of dietary saturated fatty acids and fish oil on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in normal men. Am J Clin Nutr 1993;57(5):634-639. View abstract.

Nordoy, A., Hatcher, L., Goodnight, S., FitzGerald, G. A., and Conner, W. E. Effects of dietary fat content, saturated fatty acids, and fish oil on eicosanoid production and hemostatic parameters in normal men. J Lab Clin Med 1994;123(6):914-920. View abstract.

Norris, P. G., Jones, C. J., and Weston, M. J. Effect of dietary supplementation with fish oil on systolic blood pressure in mild essential hypertension. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 7-12-1986;293(6539):104-105. View abstract.

Nye, E. R., Ablett, M. B., Robertson, M. C., Ilsley, C. D., and Sutherland, W. H. Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid on restenosis rate, clinical course and blood lipids in patients after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Aust N Z.J Med 1990;20(4):549-552. View abstract.

O'Connor, G. T., Malenka, D. J., Olmstead, E. M., Johnson, P. S., and Hennekens, C. H. A meta-analysis of randomized trials of fish oil in prevention of restenosis following coronary angioplasty. Am J Prev Med 1992;8(3):186-192. View abstract.

Oe, H., Hozumi, T., Murata, E., Matsuura, H., Negishi, K., Matsumura, Y., Iwata, S., Ogawa, K., Sugioka, K., Takemoto, Y., Shimada, K., Yoshiyama, M., Ishikura, Y., Kiso, Y., and Yoshikawa, J. Arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation increases coronary flow velocity reserve in Japanese elderly individuals. Heart 2008;94(3):316-321. View abstract.

Oien, T., Storro, O., and Johnsen, R. Do early intake of fish and fish oil protect against eczema and doctor-diagnosed asthma at 2 years of age? A cohort study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2010;64(2):124-129. View abstract.

Oliveira, J. M. and Rondo, P. H. Omega-3 fatty acids and hypertriglyceridemia in HIV-infected subjects on antiretroviral therapy: systematic review and meta-analysis. HIV.Clin.Trials 2011;12(5):268-274. View abstract.

Oliver, C. and Jahnke, N. Omega-3 fatty acids for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2011;(8):CD002201. View abstract.

Olsen, S. F. and Secher, N. J. Low consumption of seafood in early pregnancy as a risk factor for preterm delivery: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2-23-2002;324(7335):447. View abstract.

Olza, J., Mesa, M. D., Aguilera, C. M., Moreno-Torres, R., Jimenez, A., Perez, de la Cruz, and Gil, A. Influence of an eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid-enriched enteral nutrition formula on plasma fatty acid composition and biomarkers of insulin resistance in the elderly. Clin.Nutr. 2010;29(1):31-37. View abstract.

Otto, C., Kaemmerer, U., Illert, B., Muehling, B., Pfetzer, N., Wittig, R., Voelker, H. U., Thiede, A., and Coy, J. F. Growth of human gastric cancer cells in nude mice is delayed by a ketogenic diet supplemented with omega-3 fatty acids and medium-chain triglycerides. BMC.Cancer 2008;8:122. View abstract.

Pandalai, P. K., Pilat, M. J., Yamazaki, K., Naik, H., and Pienta, K. J. The effects of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids on in vitro prostate cancer growth. Anticancer Res 1996;16(2):815-820. View abstract.

Parinyasiri, U., Ong-Ajyooth, L., Parichatikanond, P., Ong-Ajyooth, S., Liammongkolkul, S., and Kanyog, S. Effect of fish oil on oxidative stress, lipid profile and renal function in IgA nephropathy. J Med Assoc.Thai. 2004;87(2):143-149. View abstract.

Parker, G. B., Heruc, G. A., Hilton, T. M., Olley, A., Brotchie, H., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., Friend, C., Walsh, W. F., and Stocker, R. Low levels of docosahexaenoic acid identified in acute coronary syndrome patients with depression. Psychiatry Res 3-30-2006;141(3):279-286. View abstract.

Parra, D., Ramel, A., Bandarra, N., Kiely, M., Martinez, J. A., and Thorsdottir, I. A diet rich in long chain omega-3 fatty acids modulates satiety in overweight and obese volunteers during weight loss. Appetite 2008;51(3):676-680. View abstract.

Paschos, G. K., Zampelas, A., Panagiotakos, D. B., Katsiougiannis, S., Griffin, B. A., Votteas, V., and Skopouli, F. N. Effects of flaxseed oil supplementation on plasma adiponectin levels in dyslipidemic men. Eur.J.Nutr. 2007;46(6):315-320. View abstract.

Patel, J. V., Tracey, I., Hughes, E. A., and Lip, G. Y. Omega-3 polyunsaturated acids and cardiovascular disease: notable ethnic differences or unfulfilled promise? J.Thromb.Haemost. 2010;8(10):2095-2104. View abstract.

Pazirandeh, S., Ling, P. R., Ollero, M., Gordon, F., Burns, D. L., and Bistrian, B. R. Supplementation of arachidonic acid plus docosahexaenoic acid in cirrhotic patients awaiting liver transplantation: a preliminary study. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr 2007;31(6):511-516. View abstract.

Pelikanova, T., Kohout, M., Valek, J., Kazdova, L., and Base, J. Metabolic effects of omega-3 fatty acids in type 2 (non-insulin- dependent) diabetic patients. Ann N Y Acad Sci 6-14-1993;683:272-278. View abstract.

Peoples, G. E., McLennan, P. L., Howe, P. R., and Groeller, H. Fish oil reduces heart rate and oxygen consumption during exercise. J.Cardiovasc.Pharmacol. 2008;52(6):540-547. View abstract.

Persson, C., Glimelius, B., Ronnelid, J., and Nygren, P. Impact of fish oil and melatonin on cachexia in patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer: a randomized pilot study. Nutrition 2005;21(2):170-178. View abstract.

Peters, B. S., Wierzbicki, A. S., Moyle, G., Nair, D., and Brockmeyer, N. The effect of a 12-week course of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on lipid parameters in hypertriglyceridemic adult HIV-infected patients undergoing HAART: a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial. Clin.Ther. 2012;34(1):67-76. View abstract.

Pettersson, E. E., Rekola, S., Berglund, L., Sundqvist, K. G., Angelin, B., Diczfalusy, U., Bjorkhem, I., and Bergstrom, J. Treatment of IgA nephropathy with omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids: a prospective, double-blind, randomized study. Clin Nephrol 1994;41(4):183-190. View abstract.

Piolot, A., Blache, D., Boulet, L., Fortin, L. J., Dubreuil, D., Marcoux, C., Davignon, J., and Lussier-Cacan, S. Effect of fish oil on LDL oxidation and plasma homocysteine concentrations in health. J.Lab Clin.Med. 2003;141(1):41-49. View abstract.

Pittet, Y. K., Berger, M. M., Pluess, T. T., Voirol, P., Revelly, J. P., Tappy, L., and Chiolero, R. L. Blunting the response to endotoxin in healthy subjects: effects of various doses of intravenous fish oil. Intensive Care Med 2010;36(2):289-295. View abstract.

Poppitt, S. D., Howe, C. A., Lithander, F. E., Silvers, K. M., Lin, R. B., Croft, J., Ratnasabapathy, Y., Gibson, R. A., and Anderson, C. S. Effects of moderate-dose omega-3 fish oil on cardiovascular risk factors and mood after ischemic stroke: a randomized, controlled trial. Stroke 2009;40(11):3485-3492. View abstract.

Pot, G. K., Brouwer, I. A., Enneman, A., Rijkers, G. T., Kampman, E., and Geelen, A. No effect of fish oil supplementation on serum inflammatory markers and their interrelationships: a randomized controlled trial in healthy, middle-aged individuals. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009;63(11):1353-1359. View abstract.

Prescott, S. L., Barden, A. E., Mori, T. A., and Dunstan, J. A. Maternal fish oil supplementation in pregnancy modifies neonatal leukotriene production by cord-blood-derived neutrophils. Clin.Sci.(Lond) 2007;113(10):409-416. View abstract.

Prisco, D., Filippini, M., Francalanci, I., Paniccia, R., Gensini, G. F., and Serneri, G. G. Effect of n-3 fatty acid ethyl ester supplementation on fatty acid composition of the single platelet phospholipids and on platelet functions. Metabolism 1995;44(5):562-569. View abstract.

Pyzh, M. V., Gratsianskii, N. A., and Dobrovol'skii, A. B. [The effect of the long-term use of a diet enriched with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the fatty acid composition, fibrinolytic system indices and lipid spectrum of the blood in patients with ischemic heart disease]. Kardiologiia. 1993;33(10):46-50. View abstract.

Raatz, S. K., Redmon, J. B., Wimmergren, N., Donadio, J. V., and Bibus, D. M. Enhanced absorption of n-3 fatty acids from emulsified compared with encapsulated fish oil. J Am Diet Assoc 2009;109(6):1076-1081. View abstract.

Radack, K. L., Deck, C. C., and Huster, G. A. n-3 fatty acid effects on lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins at very low doses: results of a randomized controlled trial in hypertriglyceridemic subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;51(4):599-605. View abstract.

Radack, K., Deck, C., and Huster, G. The effects of low doses of n-3 fatty acid supplementation on blood pressure in hypertensive subjects. A randomized controlled trial. Arch.Intern.Med. 1991;151(6):1173-1180. View abstract.

Ramel, A., Martinez, J. A., Kiely, M., Bandarra, N. M., and Thorsdottir, I. Effects of weight loss and seafood consumption on inflammation parameters in young, overweight and obese European men and women during 8 weeks of energy restriction. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 2010;64(9):987-993. View abstract.

Ramel, A., Martinez, J. A., Kiely, M., Bandarra, N. M., and Thorsdottir, I. Moderate consumption of fatty fish reduces diastolic blood pressure in overweight and obese European young adults during energy restriction. Nutrition 2010;26(2):168-174. View abstract.

Ramel, A., Parra, D., Martinez, J. A., Kiely, M., and Thorsdottir, I. Effects of seafood consumption and weight loss on fasting leptin and ghrelin concentrations in overweight and obese European young adults. Eur.J.Nutr. 2009;48(2):107-114. View abstract.

Reddy, B. S. and Maruyama, H. Effect of dietary fish oil on azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in male F344 rats. Cancer Res 1986;46(7):3367-3370. View abstract.

Reddy, B. S., Burill, C., and Rigotty, J. Effect of diets high in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids on initiation and postinitiation stages of colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 1-15-1991;51(2):487-491. View abstract.

Rees, A. M., Austin, M. P., and Parker, G. B. Omega-3 fatty acids as a treatment for perinatal depression: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2008;42(3):199-205. View abstract.

Rees, D., Miles, E. A., Banerjee, T., Wells, S. J., Roynette, C. E., Wahle, K. W., and Calder, P. C. Dose-related effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on innate immune function in healthy humans: a comparison of young and older men. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83(2):331-342. View abstract.

Reis, G. J., Boucher, T. M., Sipperly, M. E., Silverman, D. I., McCabe, C. H., Baim, D. S., Sacks, F. M., Grossman, W., and Pasternak, R. C. Randomised trial of fish oil for prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty. Lancet 7-22-1989;2(8656):177-181. View abstract.

Reis, G. J., Silverman, D. I., Boucher, T. M., Sipperly, M. E., Horowitz, G. L., Sacks, F. M., and Pasternak, R. C. Effects of two types of fish oil supplements on serum lipids and plasma phospholipid fatty acids in coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 11-15-1990;66(17):1171-1175. View abstract.

Reisman, J., Schachter, H. M., Dales, R. E., Tran, K., Kourad, K., Barnes, D., Sampson, M., Morrison, A., Gaboury, I., and Blackman, J. Treating asthma with omega-3 fatty acids: where is the evidence? A systematic review. BMC.Complement Altern Med 2006;6:26. View abstract.

Rhodes, L. E., Durham, B. H., Fraser, W. D., and Friedmann, P. S. Dietary fish oil reduces basal and ultraviolet B-generated PGE2 levels in skin and increases the threshold to provocation of polymorphic light eruption. J.Invest Dermatol. 1995;105(4):532-535. View abstract.

Rivellese, A. A., Maffettone, A., Iovine, C., Di Marino, L., Annuzzi, G., Mancini, M., and Riccardi, G. Long-term effects of fish oil on insulin resistance and plasma lipoproteins in NIDDM patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Diabetes Care 1996;19(11):1207-1213. View abstract.

Rizos, E. C., Ntzani, E. E., Bika, E., Kostapanos, M. S., and Elisaf, M. S. Association between omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and risk of major cardiovascular disease events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 9-12-2012;308(10):1024-1033. View abstract.

Robinson, D. R., Knoell, C. T., Urakaze, M., Huang, R., Taki, H., Sugiyama, E., Xu, L. L., Yeh, E. T., Olesiak, W., Guo, M., and . Suppression of autoimmune disease by omega-3 fatty acids. Biochem Soc Trans. 1995;23(2):287-291. View abstract.

Robinson, D. R., Prickett, J. D., Makoul, G. T., Steinberg, A. D., and Colvin, R. B. Dietary fish oil reduces progression of established renal disease in (NZB x NZW)F1 mice and delays renal disease in BXSB and MRL/1 strains. Arthritis Rheum 1986;29(4):539-546. View abstract.

Robinson, D. R., Xu, L. L., Tateno, S., Guo, M., and Colvin, R. B. Suppression of autoimmune disease by dietary n-3 fatty acids. J Lipid Res 1993;34(8):1435-1444. View abstract.

Roche, H. M. and Gibney, M. J. Postprandial triacylglycerolaemia: the effect of low-fat dietary treatment with and without fish oil supplementation. Eur J Clin Nutr 1996;50(9):617-624. View abstract.

Rodriguez-Palmero, M., Lopez-Sabater, M. C., Castellote-Bargallo, A. I., de la Torre-Boronat MC, and Rivero-Urgell, M. Administration of low doses of fish oil derived N-3 fatty acids to elderly subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997;51(8):554-560. View abstract.

Roman, A. S., Schreher, J., Mackenzie, A. P., and Nathanielsz, P. W. Omega-3 fatty acids and decidual cell prostaglandin production in response to the inflammatory cytokine IL-1beta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006;195(6):1693-1699. View abstract.

Romieu, I., Garcia-Esteban, R., Sunyer, J., Rios, C., Alcaraz-Zubeldia, M., Velasco, S. R., and Holguin, F. The effect of supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on markers of oxidative stress in elderly exposed to PM(2.5). Environ Health Perspect. 2008;116(9):1237-1242. View abstract.

Rossing, P., Hansen, B. V., Nielsen, F. S., Myrup, B., Holmer, G., and Parving, H. H. Fish oil in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care 1996;19(11):1214-1219. View abstract.

Rousseau, J. H., Kleppinger, A., and Kenny, A. M. Self-reported dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids and association with bone and lower extremity function. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009;57(10):1781-1788. View abstract.

Rusca, A., Di Stefano, A. F., Doig, M. V., Scarsi, C., and Perucca, E. Relative bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of two oral formulations of docosahexaenoic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid after multiple-dose administration in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2009;65(5):503-510. View abstract.

Saito, Y., Yokoyama, M., Origasa, H., Matsuzaki, M., Matsuzawa, Y., Ishikawa, Y., Oikawa, S., Sasaki, J., Hishida, H., Itakura, H., Kita, T., Kitabatake, A., Nakaya, N., Sakata, T., Shimada, K., and Shirato, K. Effects of EPA on coronary artery disease in hypercholesterolemic patients with multiple risk factors: sub-analysis of primary prevention cases from the Japan EPA Lipid Intervention Study (JELIS). Atherosclerosis 2008;200(1):135-140. View abstract.

Salachas, A., Papadopoulos, C., Sakadamis, G., Styliadis, J., Voudris, V., Oakley, D., and Saynor, R. Effects of a low-dose fish oil concentrate on angina, exercise tolerance time, serum triglycerides, and platelet function. Angiology 1994;45(12):1023-1031. View abstract.

Salomon, P., Kornbluth, A. A., and Janowitz, H. D. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with fish oil n--3-omega-fatty acid: an open trial. J Clin Gastroenterol 1990;12(2):157-161. View abstract.

Salvig, J. D. and Lamont, R. F. Evidence regarding an effect of marine n-3 fatty acids on preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Obstet.Gynecol.Scand. 2011;90(8):825-838. View abstract.

Samsonov, M. A., Vasil'ev, A. V., Pogozheva, A. V., Pokrovskaia, G. R., Mal'tsev, G. I., Biiasheva, I. R., and Orlova, L. A. [The effect of a soy protein isolate and sources of polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids in an anti-atherosclerotic diet on the lipid spectrum of blood serum and immunological indicators in patients with ischemic heart disease and hypertension]. Vopr.Med Khim. 1992;38(5):47-50. View abstract.

Sanchez-Villegas, A., Henriquez, P., Figueiras, A., Ortuno, F., Lahortiga, F., and Martinez-Gonzalez, M. A. Long chain omega-3 fatty acids intake, fish consumption and mental disorders in the SUN cohort study. Eur.J.Nutr. 2007;46(6):337-346. View abstract.

Sanders, T. A. and Hinds, A. The influence of a fish oil high in docosahexaenoic acid on plasma lipoprotein and vitamin E concentrations and haemostatic function in healthy male volunteers. Br.J Nutr. 1992;68(1):163-173. View abstract.

Sanders, T. A., Gleason, K., Griffin, B., and Miller, G. J. Influence of an algal triacylglycerol containing docosahexaenoic acid (22 : 6n-3) and docosapentaenoic acid (22 : 5n-6) on cardiovascular risk factors in healthy men and women. Br J Nutr 2006;95(3):525-531. View abstract.

Sanders, T. A., Oakley, F. R., Miller, G. J., Mitropoulos, K. A., Crook, D., and Oliver, M. F. Influence of n-6 versus n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in diets low in saturated fatty acids on plasma lipoproteins and hemostatic factors. Arterioscler.Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17(12):3449-3460. View abstract.

Sarris, J., Mischoulon, D., and Schweitzer, I. Omega-3 for bipolar disorder: meta-analyses of use in mania and bipolar depression. J.Clin.Psychiatry 2012;73(1):81-86. View abstract.

Saynor, R. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on serum lipids. Lancet 9-22-1984;2(8404):696-697. View abstract.

Schachter, H. M., Kourad, K., Merali, Z., Lumb, A., Tran, K., and Miguelez, M. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on mental health. Evid.Rep.Technol.Assess.(Summ.) 2005;(116):1-11. View abstract.

Schindler, O. S. and Rost, R. [Effect of low dose omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in coronary patients with dyslipoproteinemia]. Z Ernahrungswiss. 1996;35(2):191-198. View abstract.

Seddon, J. M., George, S., and Rosner, B. Cigarette smoking, fish consumption, omega-3 fatty acid intake, and associations with age-related macular degeneration: the US Twin Study of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol 2006;124(7):995-1001. View abstract.

Sekine, K. Hepatic role in the storage and utilization of fish oil fatty acids in humans: studies on liver surgery patients. Intern Med 1995;34(3):139-143. View abstract.

Seljeflot, I., Johansen, O., Arnesen, H., Eggesbo, J. B., Westvik, A. B., and Kierulf, P. Procoagulant activity and cytokine expression in whole blood cultures from patients with atherosclerosis supplemented with omega-3 fatty acids. Thromb.Haemost. 1999;81(4):566-570. View abstract.

Senkal, M., Geier, B., Hannemann, M., Deska, T., Linseisen, J., Wolfram, G., and Adolph, M. Supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids in parenteral nutrition beneficially alters phospholipid fatty acid pattern. JPEN J.Parenter.Enteral Nutr. 2007;31(1):12-17. View abstract.

Sharma, A., Belna, J., Espat, J., Rodriguez, G., Cannon, V. T., and Hurteau, J. A. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on components of the transforming growth factor beta-1 pathway: implication for dietary modification and prevention in ovarian cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009;200(5):516. View abstract.

Shidfar, F., Keshavarz, A., Hosseyni, S., Ameri, A., and Yarahmadi, S. Effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplements on serum lipids, apolipoproteins and malondialdehyde in type 2 diabetes patients. East Mediterr.Health J 2008;14(2):305-313. View abstract.

Singer, P., Melzer, S., Goschel, M., and Augustin, S. Fish oil amplifies the effect of propranolol in mild essential hypertension. Hypertension 1990;16(6):682-691. View abstract.

Skoldstam, L., Borjesson, O., Kjallman, A., Seiving, B., and Akesson, B. Effect of six months of fish oil supplementation in stable rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind, controlled study. Scand J Rheumatol. 1992;21(4):178-185. View abstract.

Smithers, L. G., Markrides, M., and Gibson, R. A. Human milk fatty acids from lactating mothers of preterm infants: a study revealing wide intra- and inter-individual variation. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2010;83(1):9-13. View abstract.

Solomon, S. A., Cartwright, I., Pockley, G., Greaves, M., Preston, F. E., Ramsay, L. E., and Waller, P. C. A placebo-controlled, double-blind study of eicosapentaenoic acid-rich fish oil in patients with stable angina pectoris. Curr Med Res Opin 1990;12(1):1-11. View abstract.

Stanke-Labesque, F., Moliere, P., Bessard, J., Laville, M., Vericel, E., and Lagarde, M. Effect of dietary supplementation with increasing doses of docosahexaenoic acid on neutrophil lipid composition and leukotriene production in human healthy volunteers. Br J Nutr 2008;100(4):829-833. View abstract.

Stevens, L. J., Zentall, S. S., Abate, M. L., Kuczek, T., and Burgess, J. R. Omega-3 fatty acids in boys with behavior, learning, and health problems. Physiol Behav. 1996;59(4-5):915-920. View abstract.

Stradling, C., Chen, Y. F., Russell, T., Connock, M., Thomas, G. N., and Taheri, S. The effects of dietary intervention on HIV dyslipidaemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS.One. 2012;7(6):e38121. View abstract.

Sublette, M. E., Ellis, S. P., Geant, A. L., and Mann, J. J. Meta-analysis of the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in clinical trials in depression. J.Clin.Psychiatry 2011;72(12):1577-1584. View abstract.

Sublette, M. E., Hibbeln, J. R., Galfalvy, H., Oquendo, M. A., and Mann, J. J. Omega-3 polyunsaturated essential fatty acid status as a predictor of future suicide risk. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163(6):1100-1102. View abstract.

Svensson, M., Schmidt, E. B., Jorgensen, K. A., and Christensen, J. H. N-3 fatty acids as secondary prevention against cardiovascular events in patients who undergo chronic hemodialysis: a randomized, placebo-controlled intervention trial. Clin.J.Am.Soc.Nephrol. 2006;1(4):780-786. View abstract.

Svensson, M., Schmidt, E. B., Jorgensen, K. A., and Christensen, J. H. The effect of n-3 fatty acids on lipids and lipoproteins in patients treated with chronic haemodialysis: a randomized placebo-controlled intervention study. Nephrol.Dial.Transplant. 2008;23(9):2918-2924. View abstract.

Swahn, E., von, Schenck H., and Olsson, A. G. Omega-3 Ethyl Ester Concentrate Decreases Total Apolipoprotein CIII and Increases Antithrombin III in Postmyocardial Infarction Patients. Clin.Drug Investig. 1998;15(6):473-482. View abstract.

Szymanski, K. M., Wheeler, D. C., and Mucci, L. A. Fish consumption and prostate cancer risk: a review and meta-analysis. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2010;92(5):1223-1233. View abstract.

Tartibian, B., Maleki, B. H., and Abbasi, A. The effects of ingestion of omega-3 fatty acids on perceived pain and external symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness in untrained men. Clin J Sport Med 2009;19(2):115-119. View abstract.

Tartibian, B., Maleki, B. H., and Abbasi, A. The effects of omega-3 supplementation on pulmonary function of young wrestlers during intensive training. J Sci Med Sport 2010;13(2):281-286. View abstract.

Terano, T. Effect of omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ingestion on bone metabolism and osteoporosis. World Rev.Nutr.Diet. 2001;88:141-147. View abstract.

Thusgaard, M., Christensen, J. H., Morn, B., Andersen, T. S., Vige, R., Arildsen, H., Schmidt, E. B., and Nielsen, H. Effect of fish oil (n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and inflammatory markers in HIV-infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Scand.J.Infect.Dis. 2009;41(10):760-766. View abstract.

Tomei, R., Rossi, L., Carbonieri, E., Franceschini, L., Cemin, C., Ghebremariam-Tesfau, K., and Zardini, P. [Efficacy and tolerability of simvastatin and omega-3 fatty acid combination in patients with coronary disease, hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia]. Cardiologia 1993;38(12):773-778. View abstract.

Tomer, A., Kasey, S., Connor, W. E., Clark, S., Harker, L. A., and Eckman, J. R. Reduction of pain episodes and prothrombotic activity in sickle cell disease by dietary n-3 fatty acids. Thromb.Haemost. 2001;85(6):966-974. View abstract.

Trikalinos, T. A., Moorthy, D., Chung, M., Yu, W. W., Lee, J., Lichtenstein, A. H., and Lau, J. Concordance of randomized and nonrandomized studies was unrelated to translational patterns of two nutrient-disease associations. J.Clin.Epidemiol. 2012;65(1):16-29. View abstract.

Tur, J. A., Bibiloni, M. M., Sureda, A., and Pons, A. Dietary sources of omega 3 fatty acids: public health risks and benefits. Br.J.Nutr. 2012;107 Suppl 2:S23-S52. View abstract.

Turchini, G. M. and Francis, D. S. Fatty acid metabolism (desaturation, elongation and beta-oxidation) in rainbow trout fed fish oil- or linseed oil-based diets. Br J Nutr 2009;102(1):69-81. View abstract.

Turnbull, T., Cullen-Drill, M., and Smaldone, A. Efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on improvement of bipolar symptoms: a systematic review. Arch Psychiatr.Nurs 2008;22(5):305-311. View abstract.

Turner, D., Shah, P. S., Steinhart, A. H., Zlotkin, S., and Griffiths, A. M. Maintenance of remission in inflammatory bowel disease using omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil): a systematic review and meta-analyses. Inflamm.Bowel.Dis. 2011;17(1):336-345. View abstract.

Turner, D., Steinhart, A. H., and Griffiths, A. M. Omega 3 fatty acids (fish oil) for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(3):CD006443. View abstract.

Vacek, J. L., Harris, W. S., and Haffey, K. Short-term effects of omega-3 fatty acids on exercise stress test parameters, angina and lipoproteins. Biomed.Pharmacother. 1989;43(5):375-379. View abstract.

Vaisman, N., Kaysar, N., Zaruk-Adasha, Y., Pelled, D., Brichon, G., Zwingelstein, G., and Bodennec, J. Correlation between changes in blood fatty acid composition and visual sustained attention performance in children with inattention: effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids containing phospholipids. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2008;87(5):1170-1180. View abstract.

Valdini, A. F., Glenn, M. A., Greenblatt, L., and Steinhardt, S. Efficacy of fish oil supplementation for treatment of moderate elevation of serum cholesterol. J Fam.Pract 1990;30(1):55-59. View abstract.

van de Rest, O., Geleijnse, J. M., Kok, F. J., van Staveren, W. A., Dullemeijer, C., Olderikkert, M. G., Beekman, A. T., and de Groot, C. P. Effect of fish oil on cognitive performance in older subjects: a randomized, controlled trial. Neurology 8-5-2008;71(6):430-438. View abstract.

van de Rest, O., Geleijnse, J. M., Kok, F. J., van Staveren, W. A., Hoefnagels, W. H., Beekman, A. T., and de Groot, L. C. Effect of fish-oil supplementation on mental well-being in older subjects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2008;88(3):706-713. View abstract.

van de Rest, O., Geleijnse, J. M., Kok, F. J., van Staveren, W. A., Olderikkert, M. G., Beekman, A. T., and de Groot, L. C. Effect of fish oil supplementation on quality of life in a general population of older Dutch subjects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J.Am.Geriatr.Soc. 2009;57(8):1481-1486. View abstract.

van der Meij, B. S., Langius, J. A., Smit, E. F., Spreeuwenberg, M. D., von Blomberg, B. M., Heijboer, A. C., Paul, M. A., and van Leeuwen, P. A. Oral nutritional supplements containing (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids affect the nutritional status of patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer during multimodality treatment. J.Nutr. 2010;140(10):1774-1780. View abstract.

van der Meij, B. S., van Bokhorst-de van der Schueren MA, Langius, J. A., Brouwer, I. A., and van Leeuwen, P. A. n-3 PUFAs in cancer, surgery, and critical care: a systematic review on clinical effects, incorporation, and washout of oral or enteral compared with parenteral supplementation. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2011;94(5):1248-1265. View abstract.

Venkatraman, J. T. and Chu, W. C. Effects of dietary omega-3 and omega-6 lipids and vitamin E on serum cytokines, lipid mediators and anti-DNA antibodies in a mouse model for rheumatoid arthritis. J Am Coll Nutr 1999;18(6):602-613.

Ventura, H. O., Milani, R. V., Lavie, C. J., Smart, F. W., Stapleton, D. D., Toups, T. S., and Price, H. L. Cyclosporine-induced hypertension. Efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids in patients after cardiac transplantation. Circulation 1993;88(5 Pt 2):II281-II285. View abstract.

Visioli, F., Rise, P., Plasmati, E., Pazzucconi, F., Sirtori, C. R., and Galli, C. Very low intakes of N-3 fatty acids incorporated into bovine milk reduce plasma triacylglycerol and increase HDL-cholesterol concentrations in healthy subjects. Pharmacol.Res. 2000;41(5):571-576. View abstract.

Volker DH, Weng X, and Quaggiotto P. Bioavailability of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid enriched luncheon meats. NUTR DIET 2005;62(4):130-137.

von Schacky, C., Fischer, S., and Weber, P. C. Long-term effects of dietary marine omega-3 fatty acids upon plasma and cellular lipids, platelet function, and eicosanoid formation in humans. J Clin Invest 1985;76(4):1626-1631. View abstract.

Wang, C., Harris, W. S., Chung, M., Lichtenstein, A. H., Balk, E. M., Kupelnick, B., Jordan, H. S., and Lau, J. n-3 Fatty acids from fish or fish-oil supplements, but not alpha-linolenic acid, benefit cardiovascular disease outcomes in primary- and secondary-prevention studies: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84(1):5-17. View abstract.

Wang, H., Hao, Q., Li, Q. R., Yan, X. W., Ye, S., Li, Y. S., Li, N., and Li, J. S. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids affect lipopolysaccharide-induced maturation of dendritic cells through mitogen-activated protein kinases p38. Nutrition 2007;23(6):474-482. View abstract.

Wang, X., Li, W., Li, N., and Li, J. Omega-3 fatty acids-supplemented parenteral nutrition decreases hyperinflammatory response and attenuates systemic disease sequelae in severe acute pancreatitis: a randomized and controlled study. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr 2008;32(3):236-241. View abstract.

Watanabe, N., Watanabe, Y., Kumagai, M., and Fujimoto, K. Administration of dietary fish oil capsules in healthy middle-aged Japanese men with a high level of fish consumption. Int.J.Food Sci.Nutr. 2009;60 Suppl 5:136-142. View abstract.

Weksler, B. B. Omega 3 fatty acids have multiple antithrombotic effects. World Rev Nutr Diet 1994;76:47-50. View abstract.

Wilt, T. J., Lofgren, R. P., Nichol, K. L., Schorer, A. E., Crespin, L., Downes, D., and Eckfeldt, J. Fish oil supplementation does not lower plasma cholesterol in men with hypercholesterolemia. Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study. Ann Intern Med 12-1-1989;111(11):900-905. View abstract.

Wing, L. M., Nestel, P. J., Chalmers, J. P., Rouse, I., West, M. J., Bune, A. J., Tonkin, A. L., and Russell, A. E. Lack of effect of fish oil supplementation on blood pressure in treated hypertensives. J Hypertens. 1990;8(4):339-343. View abstract.

Wohl, D. A., Tien, H. C., Busby, M., Cunningham, C., Macintosh, B., Napravnik, S., Danan, E., Donovan, K., Hossenipour, M., and Simpson, R. J., Jr. Randomized study of the safety and efficacy of fish oil (omega-3 fatty acid) supplementation with dietary and exercise counseling for the treatment of antiretroviral therapy-associated hypertriglyceridemia. Clin.Infect.Dis. 11-15-2005;41(10):1498-1504. View abstract.

Wong, C. Y., Yiu, K. H., Li, S. W., Lee, S., Tam, S., Lau, C. P., and Tse, H. F. Fish-oil supplement has neutral effects on vascular and metabolic function but improves renal function in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet.Med. 2010;27(1):54-60. View abstract.

Wu, S., Liang, J., Zhang, L., Zhu, X., Liu, X., and Miao, D. Fish consumption and the risk of gastric cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC.Cancer 2011;11:26. View abstract.

Xiong, J., Zhu, S., Zhou, Y., Wu, H., and Wang, C. Regulation of omega-3 fish oil emulsion on the SIRS during the initial stage of severe acute pancreatitis. J.Huazhong.Univ Sci.Technolog.Med.Sci. 2009;29(1):35-38. View abstract.

Yamagishi, K., Iso, H., Date, C., Fukui, M., Wakai, K., Kikuchi, S., Inaba, Y., Tanabe, N., and Tamakoshi, A. Fish, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and mortality from cardiovascular diseases in a nationwide community-based cohort of Japanese men and women the JACC (Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk) Study. J.Am.Coll.Cardiol. 9-16-2008;52(12):988-996. View abstract.

Yee, L. D., Lester, J. L., Cole, R. M., Richardson, J. R., Hsu, J. C., Li, Y., Lehman, A., Belury, M. A., and Clinton, S. K. Omega-3 fatty acid supplements in women at high risk of breast cancer have dose-dependent effects on breast adipose tissue fatty acid composition. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91(5):1185-1194. View abstract.

Yuan, J. M., Ross, R. K., Gao, Y. T., and Yu, M. C. Fish and shellfish consumption in relation to death from myocardial infarction among men in Shanghai, China. Am.J.Epidemiol. 11-1-2001;154(9):809-816. View abstract.

Zhu, F. S., Liu, S., Chen, X. M., Huang, Z. G., and Zhang, D. W. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from seal oils on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease associated with hyperlipidemia. World J.Gastroenterol. 11-7-2008;14(41):6395-6400. View abstract.

Zucker, M. L., Bilyeu, D. S., Helmkamp, G. M., Harris, W. S., and Dujovne, C. A. Effects of dietary fish oil on platelet function and plasma lipids in hyperlipoproteinemic and normal subjects. Atherosclerosis 1988;73(1):13-22. View abstract.

Abdelhamid AS, Brown TJ, Brainard JS, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jul 18;7:CD003177. View abstract.

Addendum A: EPA and DHA Content of Fish Species. Original Food Guide Pyramid Patterns and Description of USDA Analyses. April 16, 2004. Available at: https://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2005/report/HTML/table_g2_adda2.htm (accessed 6/18/2015).

Adler A, Holub BJ. Effect of garlic and fish-oil supplementation on serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in hypercholesterolemic men. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65:445-50. View abstract.

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Lipids and Glycemic Control in Type II Diabetes and the Metabolic Syndrome and on Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Renal Disease, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, and Osteoporosis. AHRQ Publication No. 04-E012-1; 2004. Available at: https://archive.ahrq.gov/downloads/pub/evidence/pdf/o3lipid/o3lipid.pdf. (Accessed February 7, 2017).

Aggressive prostate cancer: high blood levels of omega-3s doubled the risk, but high levels of trans-fatty acids cut risk in half. Oncology (Williston Park). 2011 May;25(6):544, 546. View abstract.

Aguila MB, Pinheiro AR, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. Spontaneously hypertensive rats left ventricular cardiomyocyte loss attenuation through different edible oils long-term intake. Int J Cardiol 2005;100:461-6. View abstract.

Aguila MB, Sa Silva SP, Pinheiro AR, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. Effects of long-term intake of edible oils on hypertension and myocardial and aortic remodelling in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 2004;22:921-9. View abstract.

Ajabnoor SM, Thorpe G, Abdelhamid A, Hooper L. Long-term effects of increasing omega-3, omega-6 and total polyunsaturated fats on inflammatory bowel disease and markers of inflammation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Nutr. 2020. View abstract.

Akedo I, Ishikawa H, Nakamura T, et al. Three cases with familial adenomatous polyposis diagnosed as having malignant lesions in the course of a long-term trial using docosahexanoic acid (DHA)-concentrated fish oil capsules (abstract). Jpn J Clin Oncol 1998;28:762-5. View abstract.

Al-Leswas D, Eltweri AM, Chung WY, et al. Intravenous omega-3 fatty acids are associated with better clinical outcome and less inflammation in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis: A randomised double blind controlled trial. Clin Nutr. 2020;39(9):2711-2719. View abstract.

Albert C. Fish oil--an appetising alternative to anti-arrhythmic drugs? Lancet 2004;363:1412-3. View abstract.

Albert CM, Cook NR, Pester J, et al. Effect of marine omega-3 fatty acid and vitamin D supplementation on incident atrial fibrillation: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2021;325(11):1061-1073. View abstract.

Alexander DD, Miller PE, Van Elswyk MEet al .A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials and Prospective Cohort Studies of Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Coronary Heart Disease Risk. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017;92(1):15-29.

Alhabeeb H, Kord-Varkaneh H, Tan SC, et al. The influence of omega-3 supplementation on vitamin D levels in humans: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2020:1-8. View abstract.

Allard JP, Kurian R, Aghdassi E, Muggli R, et al. Lipid peroxidation during n-3 fatty acid and vitamin E supplementation in humans. Lipids 1997;32:535-41.. View abstract.

Alrowaie FA, Almatham KI, Alsamadi F, Bashir MS, Munshi HH. Could omega 3 fatty acids reduce the risk of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing coronary angiography? A randomized controlled trial. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2021;32(2):328-335. View abstract.

Alvarez Campano CG, Macleod MJ, Aucott L, Thies F. Marine-derived n-3 fatty acids therapy for stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jun 26;6:CD012815. View abstract.

American Academy of Ophthalmology Cornea/External Disease Panel. Preferred Practice Pattern Guidelines. Dry Eye Syndrome. San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2013. Available at: www.aao.org/ppp.

Amminger GP, Schafer MR, Papageorgiou K, et al. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids for indicated prevention of psychotic disorders: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010;67:146-54. View abstract.

Anderson TJ, Grégoire J, Pearson GJ, et al. 2016 Canadian Cardiovascular Society Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidemia for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in the Adult. Can J Cardiol. 2016;32(11):1263-1282. View abstract.

Andreassen AK, Hartmann A, Offstad J, et al. Hypertension prophylaxis with omega-3 fatty acids in heart transplant recipients. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:1324-31. View abstract.

Andrioli G, Carletto A, Guarini P, et al. Differential effects of dietary supplementation with fish oil or soy lecithin on human platelet adhesion. Thromb Haemost 1999;82:1522-7. View abstract.

Angerer P, Kothny W, Stork S, von Schacky C. Effect of dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids on progression of atherosclerosis in carotid arteries. Cardiovasc Res 2002;54:183-90. View abstract.

Anon. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Soprawivenza nell'Infarto miocardico. Lancet 1999;354:447-55. View abstract.

Appleton KM, Voyias PD, Sallis HM, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids for depression in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021;11(11):CD004692. View abstract.

Armaganijan L, Lopes RD, Healey JS, et al. Do omega-3 fatty acids prevent atrial fibrillation after open heart surgery? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011;66:1923-8. View abstract.

Aronson WJ, Glaspy JA, Reddy ST, et al. Modulation of omega-3/omega-6 polyunsaturated ratios with dietary fish oils in men with prostate cancer. Urology 2001;58:283-8. View abstract.

ASCEND Study Collaborative Group, Bowman L, Mafham M, et al. Effects of n-3 Fatty Acid Supplements in Diabetes Mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2018 Oct 18;379(16):1540-1550. View abstract.

Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, et al. Dietary intake of marine n-3 fatty acids, fish intake, and the risk of coronary disease among men. N Engl J Med 1995;332:977-82. View abstract.

Asfour SS, Alshaikh B, AlMahmoud L, et al. SMOFlipid Impact on Growth and Neonatal Morbidities in Very Preterm Infants. Nutrients 2022;14(19):3952. View abstract.

Astorga G, Cubillos A, Masson L, Silva JJ. Active rheumatoid arthritis: effect of dietary supplementation with omega-3 oils. A controlled double-blind trial. Rev Med Chil 1991;119:267-72. View abstract.

Augustsson K, Michaud DS, Rimm EB, et al. A prospective study of intake of fish and marine fatty acids and prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003;12:64-7.. View abstract.

Aung T, Halsey J, Kromhout D, et al; Omega-3 Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Associations of omega-3 fatty acid supplement use with cardiovascular disease risks: Meta-analysis of 10 trials involving 77?917 individuals. JAMA Cardiol. 2018;3(3):225-234. View abstract.

Backes J, Anzalone D, Hilleman D, Catini J. The clinical relevance of omega-3 fatty acids in the management of hypertriglyceridemia. Lipids Health Dis 2016;15:118. doi: 10.1186/s12944-016-0286-4. View abstract.

Badalamenti S, Salerno F, Lorenzano E, et al. Renal effects of dietary supplementation with fish oil in cyclosporine- treated liver transplant recipients. Hepatol 1995;22:1695-71. View abstract.

Badalamenti S, Salerno F, Salmeron JM, et al. Lack of renal effects of fish oil administration in patients with advanced cirrhosis and impaired glomerular filtration. Hepatol 1997;25:313-6. View abstract.

Bahamondes MA, Valdés C, Moncada G. Effect of omega-3 on painful symptoms of patients with osteoarthritis of the synovial joints. Systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2021. View abstract.

Bai ZG, Bo A, Wu SJ, Gai QY, Chi I. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and reduction of depressive symptoms in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2018;241:241-248. View abstract.

Balk EM, Lichtenstein AH, Chung M, et al. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on serum markers of cardiovascular disease risk: a systematic review. Atherosclerosis 2006;189:19-30. View abstract.

Baracos V. Let them eat fish. JAMA Oncol 2015;1(6):840-1. View abstract.

Barbarawi M, Lakshman H, Barbarawi O, et al. Omega-3 supplementation and heart failure: A meta-analysis of 12 trials including 81,364 participants. Contemp Clin Trials 2021;107:106458. View abstract.

Barber MD, Ross JA, Voss AC, et al. The effect of an oral nutritional supplement enriched with fish oil on weight-loss in patients with pancreatic cancer. (abstract) Br J Cancer 1999;81:80-6. View abstract.

Barberger-Gateau P, Letenneur L, Deschamps V, et al. Fish, meat, and risk of dementia: cohort study. BMJ 2002;325:932-3. View abstract.

Barceló-Coblijn G, Murphy EJ, Othman R, et al. Flaxseed oil and fish-oil capsule consumption alters human red blood cell n-3 fatty acid composition: a multiple-dosing trial comparing 2 sources of n-3 fatty acid. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88:801-9. View abstract.

Barham A, Mohammad B, Hasoun L, et al. The combination of omega-3; fatty acids with high doses of vitamin D₃ elevate A1c levels: A randomized clinical trial in people with vitamin D deficiency. Int J Clin Pract 2021;75(11):e14779. View abstract.

Bass JB, Farer LS, Hopewell PC, et al. Treatment of tuberculosis and tuberculosis infection in adults and children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149:1359-74.. View abstract.

Bassey EJ, Littlewood JJ, Rothwell MC, and Pye DW. Lack of effect of supplementation with essential fatty acids on bone mineral density in healthy pre- and postmenopausal women: two randomized controlled trials of Efacal v. calcium alone. Br J Nutr 2000;83(6):629-635. View abstract.

Bellamy CM, Schofield PM, Faragher EB, et al. Can supplementation of diet with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce coronary angioplasty restenosis. Eur Heart J 1992;13:1626-31. View abstract.

Belluzzi A, Brignola C, Campieri M, et al. Effect of an enteric-coated fish-oil preparation on relapses in Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1557-60. View abstract.

Belluzzi A, Brignola C, Campieri M, et al. Effects of new fish oil derivative on fatty acid phospholipid-membrane pattern in a group of Crohn's disease patients. Dig Dis Sci 1994;39:2589-94. View abstract.

Bender NK, Kraynak MA, Chiquette E, et al. Effects of marine fish oils on the anticoagulation status of patients receiving chronic warfarin therapy. J Thromb Thrombolysis 1998;5:257-61.. View abstract.

Best KP, Sullivan T, Palmer D, et al. Prenatal Fish Oil Supplementation and Allergy: 6-Year Follow-up of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Pediatrics. 2016;137(6). pii: e20154443. View abstract.

Beydoun MA, Kaufman JS, Satia JA, et al. Plasma n-3 fatty acids and the risk of cognitive decline in older adults: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:1103-11. View abstract.

Billman GE, Hallaq H, Leaf A. Prevention of ischemia-induced ventricular fibrillation by omega 3 fatty acids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994;91:4427-30. View abstract.

Billman GE, Kang JX, Leaf A. Prevention of sudden cardiac death by dietary pure omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in dogs. Circulation 1999;99:2452-7. View abstract.

Birch, D. G., Birch, E. E., Hoffman, D. R., and Uauy, R. D. Retinal development in very-low-birth-weight infants fed diets differing in omega-3 fatty acids. Invest Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci 1992;33(8):2365-2376. View abstract.

Bird JK, Troesch B, Warnke I, Calder PC. The effect of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on muscle mass and function in sarcopenia: A scoping systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021;46:73-86. View abstract.

Bisgaard H, Stokholm J, Chawes BL, et al. Fish oil-derived fatty acids in pregnancy and wheeze and asthma in offspring. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(26):2530-9. View abstract.

Bittiner SB, Tucker WF, and Bleehen S. Fish oil in psoriasis - a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Br J Dermatol 1987;117:25-26.

Bittiner SB, Tucker WF, Cartwright I, Bleehen SS. A double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial of fish oil in psoriasis. Lancet 1988;1:378-80. View abstract.

Black KE, Witard OC, Baker D, et al. Adding omega-3 fatty acids to a protein-based supplement during pre-season training results in reduced muscle soreness and the better maintenance of explosive power in professional Rugby Union players. Eur J Sport Sci. 2018;18(10):1357-1367. View abstract.

Bloedon LT, Balikai S, Chittams J, et al. Flaxseed and cardiovascular risk factors: results from a double blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. J Am Coll Nutr 2008;27:65-74. View abstract.

Blom WAM, Koppenol WP, Hiemstra H, Stojakovic T, Scharnagl H, Trautwein EA. A low-fat spread with added plant sterols and fish omega-3 fatty acids lowers serum triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in individuals with modest hypercholesterolaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia. Eur J Nutr. 2018. View abstract.

Blommers J, de Lange-De Klerk ES, Kuik DJ, et al. Evening primrose oil and fish oil for severe chronic mastalgia: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:1389-94.. View abstract.

Boerboom LE, Olinger GN, Almassi GH, Skrinska VA. Both dietary fish-oil supplementation and aspirin fail to inhibit atherosclerosis in long-term vein bypass grafts in moderately hypercholesterolemic nonhuman primates. Circulation 1997;96:968-74. View abstract.

Borkman M, Chisholm DJ, Furler SM, et al. Effects of fish oil supplementation on glucose and lipid metabolism in NIDDM. Diabetes 1989;38:1314-9.. View abstract.

Brainard JS, Jimoh OF, Deane KHO, et al. Omega-3, omega-6, and polyunsaturated fat for cognition: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020;21(10):1439-1450.e21. View abstract.

Brasky TM, Lampe JW, Potter JD, et al. Specialty supplements and breast cancer risk in the VITamins And Lifestyle (VITAL) cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010;19:1696-708. View abstract.

Briggs GG, Freeman RK, and Yaffe SJ. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk 10th edition. Lippinscott Williamns & Wilkins. Vol 25. No. 4, December 2012.

Britten-Jones AC, Kamel JT, Roberts LJ, et al. Investigating the neuroprotective effect of oral omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in type 1 diabetes (nPROOFS1): A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes 2021. View abstract.

Brouwer IA, Zock PL, Camm AJ, et al; SOFA Study Group. Effect of fish oil on ventricular tachyarrhythmia and death in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators: the Study on Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Ventricular Arrhythmia (SOFA) randomized trial. JAMA 2006;295:2613-9. View abstract.

Brown TJ, Brainard J, Song F, et al. Omega-3, omega-6, and total dietary polyunsaturated fat for prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2019;366:l4697. View abstract.

Bruera E, Strasser F, Palmer JL, et al. Effect of fish oil on appetite and other symptoms in patients with advanced cancer and anorexia/cachexia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:129-34.. View abstract.

Brustad N, Yang L, Chawes BL, et al. Fish oil and vitamin D supplementations in pregnancy protect against childhood croup. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2022. View abstract.

Bucher HC, Hengstler P, Schindler C, Meier G. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Med 2002;112:298-304. View abstract.

Bulstra-Ramakers MT, Huisjes HJ, Visser GH. The effects of 3g eicosapentaenoic acid daily on recurrence of intrauterine growth retardation and pregnancy induced hypertension. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995;102:123-6. View abstract.

Bunea R, El Farrah K, Deutsch L. Evaluation of the effects of Neptune Krill Oil on the clinical course of hyperlipidemia. Altern Med Rev 2004;9:420-8. View abstract.

Burgess JR, Stevens L, Zhang W, Peck L. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (abstract). Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:327S-30S. View abstract.

Burkhart CS, Dell-Kuster S, Siegemund M, Pargger H, Marsch S, Strebel SP, Steiner LA.Effect of n-3 fatty acids on markers of brain injury and incidence of sepsis-associated delirium in septic patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2014;58(6):689-700. View abstract.

Burns CP, Halabi S, Clamon G, et al. Phase II study of high-dose fish oil capsules for patients with cancer-related cachexia. Cancer 2004;101:370-8. View abstract.

Burr ML, Ashfield-Watt PA, Dunstan FD, et al. Lack of benefit of dietary advice to men with angina: results of a controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003;57:193-200. View abstract.

Burr ML, Fehily AM, Gilbert JF, et al. Effects of changes in fat, fish, and fibre intakes on death and myocardial reinfarction: diet and reinfarction trial (DART). Lancet 1989;2:757-61. View abstract.

Caicoya M. Fish consumption and stroke: a community case-control study in Asturias, Spain. Neuroepidemiology 2002;21:107-14. View abstract.

Cairns JA, Gill J, Morton B, et al. Fish oils and low-molecular-weight heparin for the reduction of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. The EMPAR Study. Circulation 1996;94:1553-60. View abstract.

Calder PC, Laviano A, Lonnqvist F, Muscaritoli M, Öhlander M, Schols A. Targeted medical nutrition for cachexia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized, controlled trial. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2018;9(1):28-40. View abstract.

Calder PC. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation and immunity: pouring oil on troubled waters or another fishy tale? Nutr Res 2001;21:309-41.

Calo L, Bianconi L, Colivicchi F, et al. N-3 Fatty acids for the prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:1723-8. View abstract.

Camargo Cde Q, Mocellin MC, Pastore Silva Jde A, et al. Fish oil supplementation during chemotherapy increases posterior time to tumor progression in colorectal cancer. Nutr Cancer 2016;68(1):70-6. View abstract.

Campan P, Planchand PO, Duran D. Pilot study on n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of human experimental gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol 1997;24:907-13. View abstract.

Campbell F, Dickinson HO, Critchley JA, Ford GA, Bradburn M. A systematic review of fish-oil supplements for the prevention and treatment of hypertension. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2013;20(1):107-20. View abstract.

Carney RM, Freedland KE, Rubin EH, et al. Omega-3 augmentation of sertraline in treatment of depression in patients with coronary heart disease; a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009;302:1651-7. View abstract.

Carrero JJ, Baró L Fonollá J et al. Cardiovascular effects of milk enriched with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid folic acid and vitamins E, B6 and B12 in volunteers with mild hyperlipidaemia. Nutrition 2004;20:521-527. View abstract.

Caturla N, Funes L, Perez-Fons L, Micol V. A randomized, double-blindcd, placebo-controlled study of the effect of a combination of lemon verbena extract and fish oil omega 3 fatty acid on joint management. J Altern Complement Med 2011;17:1051. View abstract.

Chan DC, Watts GF, Barrett PH, et al. Regulatory effects of HMG CoA reductase inhibitor and fish oils on apolipoprotein B-100 kinetics in insulin-resistant obese male subjects with dyslipidemia. Diabetes 2002;51:2377-86.. View abstract.

Chavarro JE, Stampfer MJ, Li H, et al. A prospective study of polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in blood and prostate cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16:1364-70. View abstract.

Chen B, Ji X, Zhang L, Hou Z, Li C, Tong Y. Fish Oil Supplementation does not Reduce Risks of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension, or Pre-Eclampsia: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Med Sci Monit. View abstract.

Chen B, Ji X, Zhang L, Hou Z, Li C, Tong Y. Fish oil supplementation improves pregnancy outcomes and size of the newborn: a meta-analysis of 21 randomized controlled trials. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016;29(12):2017-27. View abstract.

Chen H, Tong H, Shen W, et al. Fish oil blunts lung function decrements induced by acute exposure to ozone in young healthy adults: A randomized trial. Environ Int 2022;167:107407. View abstract.

Chen JS, Hill CL, Lester S, et al. Supplementation with omega-3 fish oil has no effect on bone mineral density in adults with knee osteoarthritis: a 2-year randomized controlled trial. Osteoporos Int. 2016;27(5):1897-905. View abstract.

Chen LH, Wang YF, Xu QH, Chen SS. Omega-3 fatty acids as a treatment for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr. 2018 Apr;37(2):516-521. View abstract.

Cheng M, Zhang S, Ning C, Huo Q. Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation improve nutritional status and inflammatory response in patients with lung cancer: A randomized clinical trial. Front Nutr 2021;8:686752. View abstract.

Cheng X, Chen S, Hu Q, Yin Y, Liu Z. Fish oil increase the risk of recurrent atrial fibrillation: result from a meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol 2013;168(4):4538-41. View abstract.

Chew EY, Clemons TE, SanGiovanni JP, et al. Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 Research Group. Lutein + zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration: the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2013;309(19):2005-2015. View abstract.

Choi HD, Chae SM. Comparison of efficacy and safety of combination therapy with statins and omega-3 fatty acids versus statin monotherapy in patients with dyslipidemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(50):e13593. View abstract.

Chowdhury R, Stevens S, Gorman D, Pan A, Warnakula S, Chowdhury S, Ward H, Johnson L, Crowe F, Hu FB, Franco OH. Association between fish consumption, long chain omega 3 fatty acids, and risk of cerebrovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2012;345:e6698. View abstract.

Christen WG, Cook NR, Manson JE, et al. Effect of vitamin D and ?-3 fatty acid supplementation on risk of age-related macular degeneration: An ancillary study of the VITAL randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2020;138(12):1280-1289. View abstract.

Christen WG, Cook NR, Manson JE, et al; VITAL Research Group. Efficacy of marine ?-3 fatty acid supplementation vs placebo in reducing incidence of dry eye disease in healthy US adults: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2022 Jun 9:e221818. View abstract.

Christensen JH, Skou HA, Fog L, et al. Marine n-3 fatty acids, wine intake, and heart rate variability in patients referred for coronary angiography. Circulation 2001;103:651-7. View abstract.

Clark LF, Thivierge MC, Kidd CA, et al. Fish oil supplemented for 9 months does not improve glycaemic control or insulin sensitivity in subjects with impaired glucose regulation: a parallel randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 2016;115(1):75-86. View abstract.

Clark WF, Parbtani A, Naylor CD, et al. Fish oil in lupus nephritis: clinical findings and methodological implications. Kidney Int 1993;44:75-86. View abstract.

Connor WE, Connor SL. The importance of fish and docosahexaenoic acid in Alzheimer disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:929-30. View abstract.

Connor WE. n-3 Fatty acids from fish and fish oil: panacea or nostrum? Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74;415-6. View abstract.

Cortinovis M, Gotti E, Remuzzi G, Perico N, Cattaneo D, Baldelli S. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids affect sirolimus exposure in kidney transplant recipients on calcineurin inhibitor-free regimen. Transplantation. 2010;89(1):126-7. View abstract.

Costabile G, Della Pepa G, Vetrani C, et al. An oily fish diet improves subclinical inflammation in people at high cardiovascular risk: A randomized controlled study. Molecules 2021;26(11):3369. View abstract.

Curtis CL, Hughes CE, Flannery CR, et al. n-3 fatty acids specifically modulate catabolic factors involved in articular cartilage degradation. J Biol Chem 2000;275:721-4. View abstract.

D'Almeida A, Carter JP, Anatol A, Prost C. Effects of a combination of evening primrose oil (gamma linolenic acid) and fish oil (eicosapentaenoic + docahexaenoic acid) versus magnesium, and versus placebo in preventing pre-eclampsia. Women Health 1992;19:117-31. View abstract.

D'Vaz N, Meldrum SJ, Dunstan JA, Martino D, McCarthy S, Metcalfe J, Tulic MK, Mori TA, Prescott SL. Postnatal fish oil supplementation in high-risk infants to prevent allergy: randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 2012;130(4):674-82. View abstract.

Da Boit M, Gabriel BM, Gray P, Gray SR. The Effect of Fish Oil, Vitamin D and Protein on URTI Incidence in Young Active People. Int J Sports Med. 2015;36(5):426-30. View abstract.

Da Boit M, Sibson R, Sivasubramaniam S, et al. Sex differences in the effect of fish-oil supplementation on the adaptive response to resistance exercise training in older people: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;105(1):151-158. View abstract.

da Cruz Alves NM, Pfrimer K, Santos PC, et al. Randomised controlled trial of fish oil supplementation on responsiveness to resistance exercise training in sarcopenic older women. Nutrients 2022;14(14):2844. View abstract.

Daenen LG, Cirkel GA, Houthuijzen JM, et al. Increased plasma levels of chemoresistance-inducing fatty acid 16:4(n-3) after consumption of fish and fish oil. JAMA Oncol 2015;1(3):350-8. View abstract.

Dallongeville J, Yarnell J, Ducimetiere P, et al. Fish consumption is associated with lower heart rates. Circulation 2003;108:820-5.. View abstract.

Danthiir V, Hosking DE, Nettelbeck T, et al. An 18-mo randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of DHA-rich fish oil to prevent age-related cognitive decline in cognitively normal older adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018;107(5):754-762. View abstract.

Darghosian L, Free M, Li J, Gebretsadik T, Bian A, Shintani A, McBride BF, Solus J, Milne G, Crossley GH, Thompson D, Vidaillet H, Okafor H, Darbar D, Murray KT, Stein CM. Effect of omega-three polyunsaturated fatty acids on inflammation, oxidative stress, and recurrence of atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2015;115(2):196-201. View abstract.

de Deckere EAM, Korver O, Verschuren PM, Katan MB. Health aspects of fish and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from plant and marine origin. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998;52:749-53. View abstract.

DeGiorgio CM, Miller PR, Harper R, Gornbein J, Schrader L, Soss J, Meymandi S. Fish oil (n-3 fatty acids) in drug resistant epilepsy: a randomised placebo-controlled crossover study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2015;86(1):65-70. View abstract.

Deinema LA, Vingrys AJ, Wong CY, Jackson DC, Chinnery HR, Downie LE. A randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial of two forms of omega-3 supplements for treating dry eye disease. Ophthalmology. 2017;124(1):43-52. View abstract.

Deslypere JP. Influence of supplementation with N-3 fatty acids on different coronary risk factors in men--a placebo controlled study. Verh K Acad Geneeskd Belg 1992;54:189-216. View abstract.

Deutch B, Jorgensen EB, Hansen JC. n-3 PUFA from fish or seal oil reduce atherogenic risk indicators in Danish women. Nutr Res 2000;20:1065-77.

Deutch B, Jorgensen EB, Hansen JC. Menstrual discomfort in Danish women reduced by dietary supplements of omega-3 PUFA and B12 (fish oil or seal oil capsules). Nutr Res 2000;20:621-31.

Dewailly E, Blanchet C, Gingras S, et al. Relations between n-3 fatty acid status and cardiovascular disease risk factors among Quebecers. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:603-11. View abstract.

Dewailly E, Blanchet C, Lemieux S, et al. n-3 Fatty acids and cardiovascular disease risk factors among the Inuit of Nunavik. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:464-73. View abstract.

Diez-Tejedor E, Fuentes B. Fish consumption and stroke: benefit or risk? Neuroepidemiology 2002;21:105-6. View abstract.

DiGiacomo RA, Kremer JM, Shah DM. Fish-oil dietary supplementation in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon: a double-blind, controlled, prospective study. Am J Med 1989;86:158-64. View abstract.

Din JN, Newby DE, Flapan AD. Omega 3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease--fishing for a natural treatment. BMJ 2004;328:30-5. View abstract.

Djoussé L, Akinkuolie AO, Wu JH, et al. Fish consumption, omega-3 fatty acids and risk of heart failure: A meta-analysis. Clin Nutr 2012 Jun 6. [Epub ahead of print]. View abstract.

Doaei S, Bourbour F, Teymoori Z, et al. The effect of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on social and behavioral disorders of children with autism: a randomized clinical trial. Pediatr Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2021;27(1):12-18. View abstract.

Dodin S, Lemay A, Jacques H, et al. The effects of flaxseed dietary supplement on lipid profile, bone mineral density, and symptoms in menopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, wheat germ placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:1390-7. View abstract.

Donadio JV, Grande JP, Bergstralh EJ, et al. The long-term outcome of patients with IgA nephropathy treated with fish oil in a controlled trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999;10:1772-7. View abstract.

Donadio JV, Grande JP. The role of fish oil/omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of IgA nephropathy. Semin Nephrol 2004;24:225-43. View abstract.

Donadio JV, Larson TS, Bergstralh EJ, Grande JP. A randomized trial of high-dose compared with low-dose omega-3 fatty acids in severe IgA nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001;12:791-9. View abstract.

Dorn M, Knick E, Lewith G. Placebo-controlled, double-blind study of Echinaceae pallidae radix in upper respiratory tract infections. Complement Ther Med 1997;5:40-2.

Downie LE, Ng SM, Lindsley KB, Akpek EK. Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids for dry eye disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;12(12):CD011016. View abstract.

Dry Eye Assessment and Management Study Research Group, Asbell PA, Maguire MG, Pistilli M, et al. n-3 fatty acid supplementation for the treatment of dry eye disease. N Engl J Med 2018;378(18):1681-90. View abstract.

Du S, Jin J, Fang W, Su Q. Does Fish Oil Have an Anti-Obesity Effect in Overweight/Obese Adults? A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. PLoS One. 2015;10(11):e0142652. View abstract.

Duarte-García A, Myasoedova E, Karmacharya P, et al. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Autoimmun Rev. 2020;19(12):102688. View abstract.

Duffy EM, Meenagh GK, McMillan SA, et al. The clinical effect of dietary supplementation with omega-3 fish oils and/or copper in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2004;31:1551-6. View abstract.

Dunstan JA, Mori TA, Barden A et al. Fish oil supplementation in pregnancy modifies neonatal allergen-specific immune responses and clinical outcomes in infants at high risk of atopy: a randomized, controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;112:1178-84. View abstract.

Dunstan JA, Mori TA, Barden A, et al. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in pregnancy on maternal and fetal erythrocyte fatty acid composition. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004;58:429-37. View abstract.

Dunstan JA, Roper J, Mitoulas L, et al. The effect of supplementation with fish oil during pregnancy on breast milk immunoglobulin A, soluble CD14, cytokine levels and fatty acid composition. Clin Exp Allergy 2004;34:1237-42. View abstract.

Dunstan JA, Simmer K, Dixon G, Prescott SL. Cognitive assessment at 2 1/2 years following fish oil supplementation in pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2008;93(1):F45-50. View abstract.

Dushianthan A, Cusack R, Burgess VA, Grocott MP, Calder PC. Immunonutrition for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;1(1):CD012041. View abstract.

Elajami TK, Alfaddagh A, Lakshminarayan D, Soliman M, Chandnani M, Welty FK. Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids attenuate progression of albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(7):e004740. View abstract.

Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21. Part 182 -- Substances Generally Recognized As Safe. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=182

Elsadek AE, Maksoud YHA, Suliman HA, et al. Omega-3 supplementation in children with ADHD and intractable epilepsy. J Clin Neurosci 2021;94:237-243. View abstract.

Emsley R, Chiliza B, Asmal L, du Plessis S, Phahladira L, van Niekerk E, van Rensburg SJ, Harvey BH. A randomized, controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acids plus an antioxidant for relapse prevention after antipsychotic discontinuation in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2014 Sep;158(1-3):230-5. View abstract.

Engstrom K, Wallin R, Saldeen T. Effect of low-dose aspirin in combination with stable fish oil on whole blood production of eicosanoids. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2001;64:291-7. View abstract.

Epitropoulos AT, Donnenfeld ED, Shah ZA, et al. Effect of Oral Re-esterified Omega-3 Nutritional Supplementation on Dry Eyes. Cornea. 2016;35(9):1185-91. View abstract.

Eritsland J, Amesen H, Gronseth K, et al. Effect of dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acids on coronary artery bypass graft patency. Am J Cardiol 1996;77:31-6. View abstract.

Eritsland J, Arnesen H, Seljeflot I, Hostmark AT. Long-term metabolic effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;61:831-6. View abstract.

Eritsland J, Seljeflot I, Abdelnoor M, et al. Long-term effects of n-3 fatty acids on serum lipids and glycaemic control. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1994;54:273-80. View abstract.

Faghihi T, Jahed A, Mahmoudi-Gharaei J, Sharifi V, Akhondzadeh S, Ghaeli P. Role of omega-3 fatty acids in preventing metabolic disturbances in patients on olanzapine plus either sodium valproate or lithium: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Daru. 2012;20(1):43. View abstract.

Fakhrzadeh H, Poorebrahim R, Hosseini S, Jalili RB, and Larijani B. The effects of consumption of omega-3 fatty acid enriched-eggs on plasma lipid profile, insulin and CRP. J MED COUNC ISLAMIC REPUB IRAN 2005;22(4):365.

Farmer A, Montori V, Dinneen S, Clar C. Fish oil in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001;3:CD003205. View abstract.

FDA. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. Letter regarding dietary supplement health claim for omega-3 fatty acids and coronary heart disease. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/95s0316/95s-0316-Rpt0272-38-Appendix-D-Reference-F-FDA-vol205.pdf. (Accessed February 7, 2017).

FDA. Letter Responding to Health Claim Petition dated November 3, 2003 (Martek Petition): Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Reduced Risk of Coronary Heart Disease (Docket No. 2003Q-0401). September 2004. Available at: https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20171114183727/https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/LabelingNutrition/ucm072932.htm. Accessed on March 30, 2020.

FDA. RE: Petition for a Health Claim for Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid and Reduction of Blood Pressure in the General Population (Docket No. FDA-2014-Q-1146). June 2019. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/media/128043/download. Accessed on March 30, 2020.

Feagan BG, Sandborn WJ, Mittmann U, et al. Omega-3 free fatty acids for the maintenance of remission in Crohn disease: the EPIC Randomized Controlled Trials. JAMA 2008;299:1690-7. View abstract.

Fewtrell MS, Abbott RA, Kennedy K, et al. Randomized, double-blind trial of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation with fish oil and borage oil in preterm infants. J Pediatr 2004;144:471-9. View abstract.

Finnegan YE, Howarth D, Minihane AM, et al. Plant and marine derived (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids do not affect blood coagulation and fibrinolytic factors in moderately hyperlipidemic humans. J Nutr 2003;133:2210-3.. View abstract.

Finnegan YE, Minihane AM, Leigh-Firbank EC, et al. Plant- and marine-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have differential effects on fasting and postprandial blood lipid concentrations and on the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in moderately hyperlipidemic subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:783-95. View abstract.

Folsom AR, Demissie Z. Fish intake, marine omega-3 fatty acids, and mortality in a cohort of postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 2004;160:1005-10. View abstract.

Food and Drug Administration. Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004 (FALCPA); Public Law 108-282, Title II. Accessed on May 19, 2021. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/food/food-allergensgluten-free-guidance-documents-regulatory-information/food-allergen-labeling-and-consumer-protection-act-2004-falcpa.

Foran JA, Carpenter DO, Hamilton MC, et al. Risk-based consumption advice for farmed Atlantic and wild Pacific salmon contaminated with dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. Environ Health Perspect 2005;113:552-6. View abstract.

Foran SE, Flood JG, Lewandrowski KB. Measurement of mercury levels in concentrated over-the-counter fish oil preparations: is fish oil healthier than fish? Arch Pathol Lab Med 2003;127:1603-5. View abstract.

Fortin PR, Lew RA, Liang MH, et al. Validation of a meta-analysis: the effects of fish oil in rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Epidemiol 1995;48:1379-90. View abstract.

Fradet S, Pelletier JF, Singbo N, et al. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on perioperative blood loss and complications after radical prostatectomy. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022;47:221-226. View abstract.

Fradet V, Cheng I, Casey G, et al. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids, cyclooxygenase-2 genetic variation, and aggressive prostate cancer risk. Clin Cancer Res. 2009 Apr 1;15(7):2559-66. View abstract.

Freese R, Mutanen M. Alpha-linolenic acid and marine long-chain n-3 fatty acids differ only slightly in their effects on hemostatic factors in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;66:591-8. View abstract.

Freund-Levi Y, Eriksdotter-Jonhagen M, Cederholm T, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid treatment in 174 patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: OmegAD study: a randomized double-blind trial. Arch Neurol 2006;63:1402-8. View abstract.

Friedberg CE, Janssen MJ, Heine RJ, Grobbee DE. Fish oil and glycemic control in diabetes. A meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 1998;21:494-500. View abstract.

Frost L, Vestergaard P. n-3 Fatty acids consumed from fish and risk of atrial fibrillation or flutter: the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81:50-4. View abstract.

Gajos G1, Rostoff P, Undas A, et al. Effects of polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids on responsiveness to dual antiplatelet therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: the OMEGA-PCI (OMEGA-3 fatty acids after pci to modify responsiveness to dual antiplatelet therapy) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010 Apr 20;55(16):1671-8. View abstract.

Galan P, Kesse-Guyot E, Czernichow S, et al; SU.FOL.OM3 Collaborative Group. Effects of B vitamins and omega 3 fatty acids on cardiovascular diseases: a randomised placebo controlled trial. BMJ 2010;341:c6273. View abstract.

Gamoh S, Hashimoto M, Sugioka K, et al. Chronic administration of docosahexaenoic acid improves reference memory-related learning ability in young rats. Neuroscience 1999;93:237-41. View abstract.

Gans RO, Bilo HJ, Weersink EG, et al. Fish oil supplementation in patients with stable claudication. Am J Surg 1990;160:490-5. View abstract.

Gao C, Liu Y, Gan Y, et al. Effects of fish oil supplementation on glucose control and lipid levels among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Lipids Health Dis. 2020;19(1):87. View abstract.

Garcia-Larsen V, Ierodiakonou D, Jarrold K, et al. Diet during pregnancy and infancy and risk of allergic or autoimmune disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2018;15(2):e1002507. View abstract.

Geelen A, Brouwer IA, Schouten EG, et al. Effects of n-3 fatty acids from fish on premature ventricular complexes and heart rate in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81:416-20. View abstract.

Gencer B, Djousse L, Al-Ramady OT, Cook NR, Manson JE, Albert CM. Effect of long-term marine ɷ-3 fatty acids supplementation on the risk of atrial fibrillation in randomized controlled trials of cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation 2021;144(25):1981-1990. View abstract.

Gidding SS, Prospero C, Hossain J, Zappalla F, Balagopal PB, Falkner B, Kwiterovich P. A double-blind randomized trial of fish oil to lower triglycerides and improve cardiometabolic risk in adolescents. J Pediatr 2014;165(3):497-503.e2. View abstract.

Gissi-HF Investigators; Tavazzi L, Maggioni AP, Marchioli R, et al. Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2008;372:1223-30. View abstract.

GISSI-Prevenzione Investigators. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto miocardico. Lancet 1999;354(9177):447-455. View abstract.

Goh KK, Chen CY, Chen CH, Lu ML. Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplements on psychopathology and metabolic parameters in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Psychopharmacol. 2021;35(3):221-235. View abstract.

Goldberg RJ, Katz J. A meta-analysis of the analgesic effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for inflammatory joint pain. Pain 2007;129:210-23. View abstract.

Goodfellow J, Bellamy MF, Ramsey MW, et al. Dietary supplementation with marine omega-3 fatty acids improve systemic large artery endothelial function in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. (abstract) J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:265-70. View abstract.

Goodnight SH Jr, Harris WS, Connor WE. The effects of dietary omega 3 fatty acids on platelet composition and function in man: a prospective, controlled study. Blood. 1981 Nov;58(5):880-5. View abstract.

Gray P, Chappell A, Jenkinson AM, Thies F, Gray SR. Fish oil supplementation reduces markers of oxidative stress but not muscle soreness after eccentric exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2014;24(2):206-14. View abstract.

Greenfield SM, Green AT, Teare JP, et al. A randomized controlled study of evening primrose oil and fish oil in ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1993;7:159-66. View abstract.

Grekas D, Kassimatis E, Makedou A, et al. Combined treatment with low-dose pravastatin and fish oil in post-renal transplantation dislipidemia. Nephron 2001;88:329-33.. View abstract.

Grimminger F, Mayser P, Papavassilis C, et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of n-3 fatty acid based lipid infusion in acute, extended guttate psoriasis. Rapid improvement of clinical manifestations and changes in neutrophil leukotriene profile. Clin Invest 1993;71:634-43. View abstract.

Grimsgaard S, Bonaa KH, Hansen JB, Nordoy A. Highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in humans have similar triacylglycerol-lowering effects but divergent effects on serum fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;66:649-59. View abstract.

Guo XF, Wang C, Yang T, et al. The effects of fish oil plus vitamin D₃ intervention on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Nutr 2022;61(4):1931-1942. View abstract.

Gutstein AS, Copple T. Cardiovascular disease and omega-3s: Prescription products and fish oil dietary supplements are not the same. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract. 2017;29(12):791-801. View abstract.

Hadian Z, Moghadamnia AA, Kazemi S, Shirzad A. Effect of omega-3 on recurrent aphthous stomatitis and improvement quality of life. Int J Dent. 2021;2021:6617575. View abstract.

Hahn J, Cook NR, Alexander EK, et al. Vitamin D and marine omega 3 fatty acid supplementation and incident autoimmune disease: VITAL randomized controlled trial. BMJ 2022;376:e066452. View abstract.

Haines KL, Ohnuma T, Trujillo C, et al. Hospital change to mixed lipid emulsion from soybean oil-based lipid emulsion for parenteral nutrition in hospitalized and critically ill adults improves outcomes: a pre-post-comparative study. Crit Care 2022;26(1):317. View abstract.

Hardman WE. (n-3) fatty acids and cancer therapy. J Nutr 2004;134:3427S-30S. View abstract.

Harel Z, Biro FM, Kottenhahn RK, Rosenthal SL. Supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the management of dysmenorrhea in adolescents. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;174:1335-8. View abstract.

Harel Z, Gascon G, Riggs S, et al. Supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the management of recurrent migraines in adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2002;31:154-61. View abstract.

Harper CR, Edwards MC, Jacobson TA. Flaxseed oil supplementation does not affect plasma lipoprotein concentration or particle size in human subjects. J Nutr 2006;136:2844-8. View abstract.

Harper CR, Jacobson TA. Beyond the Mediterranean diet: the role of omega-3 Fatty acids in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Prev Cardiol 2003;6:136-46. View abstract.

Harris WS. Fish oil supplementation: evidence for health benefits. Cleve Clin J Med 2004;71:208-10, 212, 215-8 passim. View abstract.

Harris WS. n-3 fatty acids and serum lipoproteins: human studies. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65:1645S-54S. View abstract.

Hashemipour MA, Barzegari S, Kakoie S, Aghahi RH. Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Against Chemotherapy-induced Mucositis: A Double-blind Randomized Clinical Trial. Wounds. 2017;29(12):360-366. View abstract.

Hatzitolios A, Savopoulos C, Lazaraki G, et al. Efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids, atorvastatin and orlistat in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with dyslipidemia. Indian J Gastroenterol 2004;23:131-4. View abstract.

Hawthorne AB, Daneshmend TK, Hawkey CJ, et al. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with fish oil supplementation: a prospective 12 month randomised controlled trial. Gut 1992;33:922-8. View abstract.

He K, Daviglus ML. A few more thoughts about fish and fish oil. J Am Diet Assoc 2005;105:350-1. View abstract.

He L, Li MS, Lin M, Zhao TY, Gao P. Effect of fish oil supplement in maintenance hemodialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published randomized controlled trials. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2016 Feb;72(2):129-39. View abstract.

Healy E, Newell L, Howarth P, Friedmann PS. Control of salicylate intolerance with fish oils. Br J Dermatol 2008;159:1368-9. View abstract.

Heileson JL, Machek SB, Harris DR, et al. The effect of fish oil supplementation on resistance training-induced adaptations. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023;20(1):2174704. View abstract.

Hibbeln JR, Davis JM, Steer C, et al. Maternal seafood consumption in pregnancy and neurodevelopmental outcomes in childhood (ALSPAC study): an observational cohort study. Lancet 2007;369:578-85. View abstract.

Hibbeln JR. Fish consumption and major depression. Lancet 1998;351:1213. View abstract.

Higdon JV, Du SH, Lee YS, et al. Supplementation of postmenopausal women with fish oil does not increase overall oxidation of LDL ex vivo compared to dietary oils rich in oleate and linoleate. J Lipid Res 2001;42:407-18. View abstract.

Higdon JV, Liu J, Du S, et al. Supplementation of postmenopausal women with fish oil rich in eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid is not associated with greater in vivo lipid peroxidation compared with oils rich in oleate and linoleate as assessed by plasma malondialdehyde and F(2)- isoprostanes. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:714-22. View abstract.

Higgins S, McCarthy SN, Corridan BM, et al. Measurement of free cholesterol, cholesteryl esters and cholesteryl linoleate hydroperoxide in copper-oxidised low density lipoprotein in healthy volunteers supplemented with a low dose of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Nutr Res 2000;20:1091-102.

Hilbert G, Lillemark L, Balchen S, Hojskov CS. Reduction of organochlorine contaminants from fish oil during refining. Chemosphere 1998;37:1241-52. View abstract.

Hill AM, Buckley JD, Murphy KJ, Howe PR. Combining fish-oil supplements with regular aerobic exercise improves body composition and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:1267-74. View abstract.

Hill CL, March LM, Aitken D, et al. Fish oil in knee osteoarthritis: a randomised clinical trial of low dose versus high dose. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(1):23-9. View abstract.

Hjerkinn EM, Seljeflot I, Ellingsen I, et al. Influence of long-term intervention with dietary counseling, long-chain n-3 fatty acid supplements, or both on circulating markers of endothelial activation in men with long-standing hyperlipidemia. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81:583-9. View abstract.

Holland S, Silberstein SD, Freitag F, et al. Evidence-based guideline update: NSAIDs and other complementary treatments for episodic migraine prevention in adults: Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society. Neurology 2012;78:1346-53. View abstract.

Holm T, Andreassen AK, Aukrust P, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids improve blood pressure control and preserve renal function in hypertensive heart transplant recipients. Eur Heart J 2001;22:428-36. View abstract.

Holub BJ. Clinical nutrition: 4. Omega-3 fatty acids in cardiovascular care. CMAJ 2002:166:608-15. View abstract.

Hooper L, Thompson RL, Harrison RA, et al. Omega 3 fatty acids for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;(4):CD003177. View abstract.

Horner D, Hjelmsø MH, Thorsen J, et al. Supplementation with fish oil in pregnancy reduces gastroenteritis in early childhood. J Infect Dis 2021;jiab607. View abstract.

Hosseinlou A, Alinejad V, Alinejad M, Aghakhani N. The effects of fish oil capsules and vitamin B1 tablets on duration and severity of dysmenorrhea in students of high school in Urmia-Iran. Glob J Health Sci 2014;6(7 Spec No):124-9. View abstract.

Hsu HC, Lee YT, Chen MF. Effect of n-3 fatty acids on the composition and binding properties of lipoproteins in hypertriglyceridemic patients. (abstract) Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:28-35. View abstract.

Hu FB, Manson JE. Omega-3 fatty acids and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease - Is it just a fish tale? Arch Intern Med 2012;172:694-6. View abstract.

Hua L, Lei M, Xue S, Li X, Li S, Xie Q. Effect of fish oil supplementation combined with high-intensity interval training in newly diagnosed non-obese type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2020;66(2):146-151. View abstract.

Huang X, Li Y, Zhuang P, et al. Habitual fish oil supplementation and risk of incident inflammatory bowel diseases: A prospective population-based study. Front Nutr 2022;9:905162. View abstract.

Huang Y, Deng Y, Zhang P, et al. Associations of fish oil supplementation with incident dementia: Evidence from the UK Biobank cohort study. Front Neurosci 2022;16:910977. View abstract.

Huang YH, Chiu WC, Hsu YP, Lo YL, Wang YH. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on muscle mass, muscle strength and muscle performance among the elderly: A meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2020;12(12):3739. View abstract.

Huang Z, Zheng J, Huang W, et al. The effects and safety of omega-3 fatty for acute lung injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Surg Oncol. 2020;18(1):235. View abstract.

Huang, J., Frohlich, J., and Ignaszewski, A. P. The impact of dietary changes and dietary supplements on lipid profile. Can J Cardiol 2011;27(4):488-505. View abstract.

Huff KA, Cruse W, Vanderpool C. Lipid strategies to prevent intestinal failure-associated liver disease in neonates: A pilot trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2023. View abstract.

Hwang DH, Chanmugam PS, Ryan DH, et al. Does vegetable oil attenuate the beneficial effects of fish oil in reducing risk factors for cardiovascular disease? Am J Clin Nutr 1997;66:89-96. View abstract.

Irish AB, Viecelli AK, Hawley CM, et al; Omega-3 Fatty Acids (Fish Oils) and Aspirin in Vascular Access Outcomes in Renal Disease (FAVOURED) Study Collaborative Group. Effect of fish oil supplementation and aspirin use on arteriovenous fistula failure in patients requiring hemodialysis: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177(2):184-193. View abstract.

Iso H, Rexrode KM, Stampfer MJ, et al. Intake of fish and omega-3 fatty acids and risk of stroke in women. JAMA 2001;285:304-12. View abstract.

Israel DH, Gorlin R. Fish oils in the prevention of atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;19:174-85. View abstract.

Ito Y, Suzuki K, Imai H, et al. Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on atrophic gastritis in a Japanese population. Cancer Lett 2001;163:171-8. View abstract.

Jackson JC, Mozaffarian D, Graves AJ, et al. Fish Oil Supplementation Does Not Affect Cognitive Outcomes in Cardiac Surgery Patients in the Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Prevention of Post-Operative Atrial Fibrillation (OPERA) Trial. J Nutr. 2018;148(3):472-479. View abstract.

Jalili M, Dehpour AR. Extremely prolonged INR associated with warfarin in combination with both trazodone and omega-3 fatty acids. Arch Med Res. 2007 Nov;38(8):901-4. View abstract.

Jami MM, Bhardwaj V, Merritt RJ. Intravenous Fish Oil Lipid Emulsion Prevents Catheter-Related Thromboses in Pediatric Patients with Intestinal Failure. J Pediatr. 2018. View abstract.

Jamilian M, Samimi M, Mirhosseini N, et al. The influences of vitamin D and omega-3 co-supplementation on clinical, metabolic and genetic parameters in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Affect Disord. 2018;238:32-38. View abstract.

Jeansen S, Witkamp RF, Garthoff JA, van Helvoort A, Calder PC. Fish oil LC-PUFAs do not affect blood coagulation parameters and bleeding manifestations: Analysis of 8 clinical studies with selected patient groups on omega-3-enriched medical nutrition. Clin Nutr. 2018;37(3):948-957. View abstract.

Jenkins DJ, Josse AR, Beyene J, et al. Fish-oil supplementation in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators: a meta-analysis. CMAJ 2008;178:157-64. View abstract.

Jensen TK, Priskorn L, Holmboe SA, et al. Associations of Fish Oil Supplement Use With Testicular Function in Young Men. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Jan 3;3(1):e1919462. View abstract.

Jiang H, Shi X, Fan Y, et al. Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and fish intake and risk of age-related macular degeneration. Clin Nutr 2021;40(12):5662-5673. View abstract.

Johnsen SH, Jacobsen BK, Brækkan SK, Hansen JB, Mathiesen EB. Fish consumption, fish oil supplements and risk of atherosclerosis in the Tromsø study. Nutr J. 2018;17(1):56. View abstract.

Jones WL, Kaiser SP. Pilot study; an emulsified fish oil supplement can significantly improve C-reactive protein, hemoglobin, albumin and urine output in chronic hemodialysis volunteers. JANA 2002;5:46-50.

Jørgensen HS, Eide IA, Jenssen T, et al. Marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and bone mineral density in kidney transplant recipients: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrients 2021;13(7):2361. View abstract.

Kagan I, Mesilati-Stahy R, Green P, Singer P. Effect of supplemental enteral fish oil on the development of psychological complications in critically ill multiple-trauma patients: 6 months' follow-up. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2020. View abstract.

Kangari H, Eftekhari MH, Sardari S, et al. Short-term consumption of oral omega-3 and dry eye syndrome. Ophthalmology. 2013 Nov;120(11):2191-6. View abstract.

Karakas SE, Perroud B, Kind T, Palazoglu M, Fiehn O. Changes in plasma metabolites and glucose homeostasis during omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. BBA Clin. 2016;5:179-85. View abstract.

Karaszewska DM, Ingenhoven T, Mocking RJT. Marine omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for borderline personality disorder: A meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 2021;82(3):20r13613. View abstract.

Karimi Z, Mousavizadeh A, Rafiei H, et al. The Effect of Using Olive Oil and Fish Oil Prophylactic Dressings on Heel Pressure Injury Development in Critically Ill Patients. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2020 Jan 20;13:59-65. View abstract.

Kasemy ZA, Hathout HM, Omar ZA, Samir MA, Bahbah WA. Effect of omega-3 supplements on quality of life among children on dialysis: A prospective cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(40):e22240. View abstract.

Kasim SE, Stern B, Khilnani S, et al. Effects of omega-3 fish oils on lipid metabolism, glycemic control, and blood pressure in type II diabetic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988;67:1-5.. View abstract.

Kastrup EK. Drug Facts and Comparisons. 1998 ed. St. Louis, MO: Facts and Comparisons, 1998.

Kaul N, Kreml R, Austria JA, et al. A comparison of fish oil, flaxseed oil and hempseed oil supplementation on selected parameters of cardiovascular health in healthy volunteers. J Am Coll Nutr 2008;27:51-8. View abstract.

Kawakita T, Kawabata F, Tsuji T, Kawashima M, Shimmura S, Tsubota K. Effects of dietary supplementation with fish oil on dry eye syndrome subjects: randomized controlled trial. Biomed Res 2013;34(5):215-20. View abstract.

Kelley DS, Rudolph IL. Effect of individual fatty acids of omega-6 and omega-3 type on human immune status and role of eicosanoids. Nutrition 2000;16:143-5. View abstract.

Kew S, Banerjee T, Minihane AM, et al. Lack of effect of foods enriched with plant- or marine-derived n-3 fatty acids on human immune function. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:1287-95.. View abstract.

Khan SU, Lone AN, Khan MS, et al. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine 2021;38:100997. View abstract.

Khawaja O, Gaziano JM, Djoussé L. A meta-analysis of omega-3 fatty acids and incidence of atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Nutr 2012;31:4-13. View abstract.

Khoueiry G, Abi Rafeh N, Sullivan E, Saiful F, Jaffery Z, Kenigsberg DN, Krishnan SC, Khanal S, Bekheit S, Kowalski M. Do omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce risk of sudden cardiac death and ventricular arrhythmias? A meta-analysis of randomized trials. Heart Lung 2013;42(4):251-6. View abstract.

Khoukaz HB, Vadali M, Fay WP. Do fish oil supplements reduce a-fib?. Mo Med 2022;119(6):543-544. View abstract.

Kim ES, Lee LJ, Romero T, Calkins KL. Outcomes in preterm infants who received a lipid emulsion with fish oil: An observational study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2023;47(3):354-363. View abstract.

Kim J, Hoang T, Kim JM, et al. All-cause mortality and cardiovascular death between statins and omega-3 supplementation: A meta-analysis and network meta-analysis from 55 randomized controlled trials. Nutrients. 2020;12(10):3203. View abstract.

Kim JS, Thomashow MA, Yip NH, et al. Randomization to omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and endothelial function in COPD: The COD-fish randomized controlled trial. Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis. 2020. View abstract.

Kim MG, Yang I, Lee HS, Lee JY, Kim K. Lipid-modifying effects of krill oil vs fish oil: a network meta-analysis. Nutr Rev 2020;78(9):699-708. doi: View abstract.

Kjeldsen-Kragh J, Lund JA, Riise T, et al. Dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and naproxen treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1992;19:1531-6. View abstract.

Kmet A, Unger J, Jahangir K, Kolber MR. Fish-oil capsule ingestion: a case of recurrent anaphylaxis. Can Fam Physician 2012;58(7):e379-81. View abstract.

Köhler A, Sarkkinen E, Tapola N, Niskanen T, Bruheim I. Bioavailability of fatty acids from krill oil, krill meal and fish oil in healthy subjects--a randomized, single-dose, cross-over trial. Lipids Health Dis 2015;14:19. View abstract.

Kojima M, Wakai K, Tokudome S, et al. Serum levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of colorectal cancer: a prospective study. Am J Epidemiol 2005;161:462-71. View abstract.

Kolasinski SL, Neogi T, Hochberg MC, et al. 2019 American College of Rheumatology/Arthritis Foundation guideline for the management of osteoarthritis of the hand, hip, and knee. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2020 Feb;72(2):220-33. View abstract.

Kremmyda LS, Vlachava M, Noakes PS, et al. Atopy risk in infants and children in relation to early exposure to fish, oily fish, or long-chain omega-3 fatty acids: a systematic review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2011;41:36-66. View abstract.

Kris-Ehterton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ, et al. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2002;106:2747-57. View abstract.

Kromhout D, Giltay EJ, Geleijnse JM; Alpha Omega Trial Group. n-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular events after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2010;363:2015-26. View abstract.

Kruger MC, Coetzer H, de Winter R, et al. Calcium, gamma-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid supplementation in senile osteoporosis. Aging (Milano) 1998;10:385-94. View abstract.

Kuenzel U and Bertsch S. Clinical experiences with a standardized commercial fish oil product containing 33.5% omega-3 fatty acids - field trial with 3958 hyperlipemic patients in general practitioner practice. In: Chandra RK. Health Effects of Fish and Fish Oils. New Foundland: ARTS Biomedical Publishers and Distributors;1989.

Kujur SK, Goswami V, Nikunj AM, Singh G, Bandhe S, Ghritlahre H. Efficacy of omega 3 fatty acid as an adjunct in the management of chronic periodontitis: A randomized controlled trial. Indian J Dent Res. 2020;31(2):229-235. View abstract.

Kumar S, Sutherland F, Morton JB, Lee G, Morgan J, Wong J, Eccleston DE, Voukelatos J, Garg ML, Sparks PB. Long-term omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation reduces the recurrence of persistent atrial fibrillation after electrical cardioversion. Heart Rhythm 2012;9(4):483-91. View abstract.

Kuszewski JC, Wong RHX, Howe PRC. Fish oil supplementation reduces osteoarthritis-specific pain in older adults with overweight/obesity. Rheumatol Adv Pract. 2020;4(2):rkaa036. View abstract.

Kwak SM, Myung SK, Lee YJ, Seo HG. Efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplements (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 2012;172:686-94. View abstract.

Lacaille B, Julien P, Deshaies Y, et al. Responses of plasma lipoproteins and sex hormones to the consumption of lean fish incorporated in a prudent-type diet in normolipidemic men. J Am Coll Nutr 2000;19:745-53. View abstract.

Lam CN, Watt AE, Isenring EA, de van der Schueren MAE, van der Meij BS. The effect of oral omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on muscle maintenance and quality of life in patients with cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr 2021;40(6):3815-3826. View abstract.

Langlois PL, D'Aragon F, Hardy G, Manzanares W. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in critically ill patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition. 2019;61:84-92. View abstract.

Larsson SC, Kumlin M, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Wolk A. Dietary long-chain n-3 fatty acids for the prevention of cancer: a review of potential mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:935-45. View abstract.

Lau CS, Morley KD, Belch JJ. Effects of fish oil supplementation on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug requirement in patients with mild rheumatoid arthritis- a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Br J Rheumatol 1993;32:982-9. View abstract.

Lauritzen L, Hoppe C, Straarup EM, Michaelsen KF. Maternal fish oil supplementation in lactation and growth during the first 2.5 years of life. Pediatr Res 2005;58:235-42. View abstract.

Lauritzen L, Jorgensen MH, Mikkelsen TB, et al. Maternal fish oil supplementation in lactation: effect on visual acuity and n-3 fatty acid content of infant erythrocytes. Lipids 2004;39:195-206. View abstract.

Layne KS, Goh YK, Jumpsen JA, et al. Normal subjects consuming physiological levels of 18:3(n-3) and 20:5(n-3) from flaxseed or fish oils have characteristic differences in plasma lipid and lipoprotein fatty acid levels. J Nutr 1996;126:2130-40. View abstract.

Leaf A, Albert CM, Josephson M, et al. Prevention of fatal arrhythmias in high-risk subjects by fish oil n-3 fatty acid intake. Circulation 2005;112:2762-8. View abstract.

Leaf A, Jorgensen MB, Jacobs AK, et al. Do fish oils prevent restenosis after coronary angioplasty? Circulation 1994;90:2248-57. View abstract.

Leaf A, Xiao YF, Kang JX, Billman GE. Prevention of sudden cardiac death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Pharmacol Ther 2003;98:355-77. View abstract.

Leaf A. On the reanalysis of the GISSI-Prevenzione. Circulation 2002;105:1874-5. View abstract.

Leaf, D. A., Connor, W. E., Barstad, L., and Sexton, G. Incorporation of dietary n-3 fatty acids into the fatty acids of human adipose tissue and plasma lipid classes. Am.J Clin Nutr. 1995;62(1):68-73. View abstract.

Lee CH, Fu Y, Yang SJ, Chi CC. Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on non-alcoholic fatty liver: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2020;12(9):2769. View abstract.

Lee KH, Seong HJ, Kim G, et al. Consumption of fish and ω-3 fatty acids and cancer risk: An umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies. Adv Nutr. 2020;11(5):1134-1149. View abstract.

Lee LK, Shahar S, Chin AV, Yusoff NA. Docosahexaenoic acid-concentrated fish oil supplementation in subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI): a 12-month randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013;225(3):605-12. View abstract.

Lee SM, Chung SH, Park Y, et al. Effect of omega-3 fatty acid on the fatty acid content of the erythrocyte membrane and proteinuria in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Int J Endocrinol. 2015;2015:208121. View abstract.

Lehner A, Staub K, Aldakak L, et al. Impact of omega-3 fatty acid DHA and EPA supplementation in pregnant or breast-feeding women on cognitive performance of children: systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev. 2020:nuaa060. View abstract.

Leitzmann MF, Stampfer MJ, Michaud DS, et al. Dietary intake of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and the risk of prostate cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:204-16. View abstract.

Lemaitre RN, King IB, Mozaffarian D, et al. n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, fatal ischemic heart disease, and nonfatal myocardial infarction in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:319-25.. View abstract.

Lenn J, Uhl T, Mattacola C, et al. The effects of fish oil and isoflavones on delayed onset muscle soreness. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002;34:1605-13. View abstract.

Leson CL, McGuigan MA, Bryson SM. Caffeine overdose in an adolescent male. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1988;26:407-15. View abstract.

Lev EI, Solodky A, Harel N, et al. Treatment of aspirin-resistant patients with omega-3 fatty acids versus aspirin dose escalation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010 Jan 12;55(2):114-21. View abstract.

Lev-Tzion R, Griffiths AM, Leder O, Turner D. Omega 3 fatty acids (fish oil) for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;2:CD006320. View abstract.

Li C, Bo L, Liu W, Lu X, Jin F. Enteral immunomodulatory diet (omega-3 fatty acid, ?-linolenic acid and antioxidant supplementation) for acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2015;7(7):5572-85. View abstract.

Li WL, Zhang NH, Ge SW, Xu G. Dietary omega-3 fatty acid intake and mortality in CKD population: A 1999-2014 NHANES analysis. Am J Nephrol 2021;52(12):909-918. View abstract.

Li Y, Liao LM, Sinha R, et al. Fish intake and risk of melanoma in the NIH-AARP diet and health study. Cancer Causes Control. 2022;33(7):921-8. View abstract.

Li ZH, Song WQ, Shen D, et al. Habitual fish oil supplementation and incident chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Data from a prospective cohort study. Clin Nutr 2022;41(12):2651-2658. View abstract.

Liao Y, Xie B, Zhang H, et al. Efficacy of omega-3 PUFAs in depression: A meta-analysis. Transl Psychiatry. 2019 Aug 5;9(1):190. View abstract.

Lim AK, Manley KJ, Roberts MA, Fraenkel MB. Fish oil for kidney transplant recipients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(8):CD005282. View abstract.

Liu M, Ye Z, Yang S, et al. Habitual fish oil supplementation and incident chronic kidney disease in the UK Biobank. Nutrients 2022;15(1):22. View abstract.

Liu R, Jiang J, Fu Z, Liu C, Yao L, Quan H. Effects of omega-3 fatty acid intake in patients undergoing dialysis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Coll Nutr 2021;1-16. View abstract.

Liu X, Zhuang P, Li Y, et al. Association of fish oil supplementation with risk of incident dementia: A prospective study of 215,083 older adults. Clin Nutr. 2022 Mar;41(3):589-98. View abstract.

Liu Z, Luo Y, Ren J, et al. Association between fish oil supplementation and cancer risk according to fatty fish consumption: A large prospective population-based cohort study using UK Biobank. Int J Cancer 2022;150(4):562-571. View abstract.

Lok CE, Moist L, Hemmelgarn BR, Tonelli M, Vazquez MA, Dorval M, Oliver M, Donnelly S, Allon M, Stanley K; Fish Oil Inhibition of Stenosis in Hemodialysis Grafts (FISH) Study Group. Effect of fish oil supplementation on graft patency and cardiovascular events among patients with new synthetic arteriovenous hemodialysis grafts: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2012;307(17):1809-16. View abstract.

Lombardi M, Carbone S, Del Buono MG, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation and risk of atrial fibrillation: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother 2021;7(4):e69-e70. View abstract.

López-Alarcón M, Inda-Icaza P, Márquez-Maldonado MC, et al. A randomized control trial of the impact of LCPUFA-?3 supplementation on body weight and insulin resistance in pubertal children with obesity. Pediatr Obes. 2019;14(5):e12499. View abstract.

Lorenz-Meyer H, Bauer P, Nicolay C, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids and low carbohydrate diet for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. A randomized controlled multicenter trial. Study Group Members (German Crohn's Disease Study Group) (abstract). Scand J Gastroenterol 1996;31:778-85. View abstract.

Loss LC, Benini D, de Lima-E-Silva FX, et al. Effects of omega-3 supplementation on muscle damage after resistance exercise in young women: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Nutr Health 2021. View abstract.

Lovaza (omega-3-acid ethyl esters) prescribing information. GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, 2014. Available at: https://www.gsksource.com/pharma/content/dam/GlaxoSmithKline/US/en/Prescribing_Information/Lovaza/pdf/LOVAZA-PI-PIL.PDF (accessed 6/18/2015).

Lovegrove JA, Lovegrove SS, Lesauvage SV, et al. Moderate fish-oil supplementation reverses low-platelet, long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid status and reduces plasma triacylglycerol concentrations in British Indo-Asians. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:974-82. View abstract.

Lu C, Sharma S, McIntyre L, et al. Omega-3 supplementation in patients with sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Ann Intensive Care. 2017;7(1):58. View abstract.

Lu M, Cho E, Taylor A, et al. Prospective Study of Dietary Fat and Risk of Cataract Extraction among US Women. Am J Epidemiol 2005;161:948-59. View abstract.

Lucas M, Asselin G, Merette C, et al. Effects of ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on hot flashes and quality of life among middle-aged women: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Menopause 2009;16:357-66. View abstract.

Lundbergh B, Enevoldsen AS, Stark KD, Ritz C, Lauritzen L. Fish oil supplementation may improve attention, working memory and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in adults with autism spectrum disorder: a randomised crossover trial. Br J Nutr. 2022 Feb 11:1-11. View abstract.

Luo J, Rizkalla SW, Vidal H, et al. Moderate intake of n-3 fatty acids for 2 months has no detrimental effect on glucose metabolism and could ameliorate the lipid profile in type 2 diabetic men. Results of a controlled study. Diabetes Care 1998;21:717-24. View abstract.

Luo, J Rizkalla SW Vidal H Oppert JM Colas C Boussairi A Guerre-Millo M Chapuis AS Chevalier A Durand G Slama G. Moderate intake of n-3 fatty acids for 2 months has no detrimental effect on glucose metabolism and could ameliorate the lipid profile in type 2 diabetic men. Results of a controlled study. Diabetes Care. 1998;21(5):717-724. View abstract.

Ma H, Zhou T, Li X, Heianza Y, Qi L. Use of fish oil supplements is differently related to incidence of all-cause and vascular dementia among people with the distinct APOE e4 dosage. Clin Nutr. 2022 Mar;41(3):731-6. View abstract.

Ma T, He L, Luo Y, et al. Associations of baseline use of fish oil with progression of cardiometabolic multimorbidity and mortality among patients with hypertension: a prospective study of UK Biobank. Eur J Nutr. 2022 May 19:1-10. View abstract.

Ma T, He L, Luo Y, Zhang G, Cheng X, Bai Y. Use of fish oil and mortality of patients with cardiometabolic multimorbidity: A prospective study of UK biobank. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022;32(12):2751-2759. View abstract.

MacFarlane LA, Cook NR, Kim E, et al. The effects of vitamin D and marine omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on chronic knee pain in older U.S. adults: Results from a randomized trial. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2020. View abstract.

MacLean CH, Newberry SJ, Mojica WJ, et al. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cancer risk: a systematic review. JAMA 2006;295:403-15. View abstract.

Madsen T, Christensen JH, Blom M, Schmidt EB. The effect of dietary n-3 acids on serum concentrations of C-reactive protein: a dose-response study. Br J Nutr 2003;89:517-22. View abstract.

Maes M, Christophe A, Delanghe J, et al. Lowered omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in serum phospholipids and cholesteryl esters of depressed patients. Psychiatry Res 1999;85:275-91.. View abstract.

Magavern EF, Khong TK. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation does not prevent serious vascular events in people with diabetes. Drug Ther Bull. 2019 Oct;57(10):150-151. View abstract.

Maghsoumi-Norouzabad L, Mansoori A, Abed R, Shishehbor F. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on the frequency, severity, and duration of migraine attacks: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Neurosci. 2018;21(9):614-623. View abstract.

Mahan LK, Escott-Stump S. Krause's Food, Nutrition, and Diet Therapy. 9th edition. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, 1996.

Makrides M, Best K, Yelland L, et al. A Randomized Trial of Prenatal n-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation and Preterm Delivery. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(11):1035-1045. View abstract.

Malinowski JM, Metka K. Elevation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration with over-the-counter fish oil supplementation. Ann Pharmacother 2007;41:1296-300. View abstract.

Manson JE, Cook NR, Lee IM, et al. Marine n-3 Fatty Acids and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(1):23-32. View abstract.

Marchand NE, Choi MY, Oakes EG, et al. Over-the-counter fish oil supplementation and pro-resolving and pro-inflammatory lipid mediators in rheumatoid arthritis. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2023;190:102542. View abstract.

Marchioli R, Barzi F, Bomba E, and et al. Early protection against sudden death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction. Time-course analysis of the results of the gruppo italiano per lo studio della sopravvivenza nell'infarto miocardico (GISSI)-prevenzione. Circulation 2002;105(16):1897-1903. View abstract.

Marckmann P, Bladbjerg EM, Jespersen J. Dietary fish oil (4 g daily) and cardiovascular risk markers in healthy men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:3384-91. View abstract.

Maresta A, Balduccelli M, Varani E, et al. Prevention of postcoronary angioplasty restenosis by omega-3 fatty acids: main results of the Esapent for Prevention of Restenosis Italian Study (ESPRIT). Am Heart J 143:E5. View abstract.

Maybodi FR, Fakhari M, Tavakoli F. Effects of omega-3 supplementation as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal therapy on periodontal parameters in periodontitis patients: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Oral Health 2022;22(1):521. View abstract.

Mayser P, Mrowietz U, Arenberger P, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid-based lipid infusion in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;38:539-47. View abstract.

Mazurak VC, Calder PC, van der Meij BS. Let them eat fish. JAMA Oncol 2015;1(6):840.View abstract.

McGorry PD, Nelson B, Markulev C, et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in young people at ultrahigh risk for psychotic disorders. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74(1):19-27. View abstract.

McKenney JM, Sica D. Prescription omega-3 fatty acids for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2007;64:595-605. View abstract.

McKenney JM, Swearingen D, Di Spirito M, et al. Study of the pharmacokinetic interaction between simvastatin and prescription omega-3-acid ethyl esters. J Clin Pharmacol 2006;46:785-91. View abstract.

McManus RM, Jumpson J, Finegood DT, et al. A comparison of the effects of n-3 fatty acids from linseed oil and fish oil in well-controlled type II diabetes. Diabetes Care 1996;19:463-7.. View abstract.

McNamara RK, Kalt W, Shidler MD, et al. Cognitive response to fish oil, blueberry, and combined supplementation in older adults with subjective cognitive impairment. Neurobiol Aging. 2018;64:147-156. View abstract.

McNamara RK, Strawn JR, Tallman MJ, et al. Effects of fish oil monotherapy on depression and prefrontal neurochemistry in adolescents at high risk for bipolar I disorder: A 12-week placebo-controlled proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy trial. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2020;30(5):293-305. View abstract.

McPhilemy G, Byrne F, Waldron M, et al. A 52-week prophylactic randomised control trial of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2020. View abstract.

McVeigh GE, Brennan GM, Cohn JN, et al. Fish oil improves arterial compliance in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Arterioscler Thromb 1994;14:1425-9. View abstract.

Meier R, Wettstein A, Drewe J, et al. Fish oil (Eicosapen) is less effective than metronidazole, in combination with pantoprazole and clarithromycin, for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001;15:851-5. View abstract.

Melanson SF, Lewandrowski EL, Flood JG, Lewandrowski KB. Measurement of organochlorines in commercial over-the-counter fish oil preparations: implications for dietary and therapeutic recommendations for omega-3 fatty acids and a review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2005;129:74-7. View abstract.

Meldrum S, Dunstan JA, Foster JK, Simmer K, Prescott SL. Maternal fish oil supplementation in pregnancy: a 12 year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. Nutrients. 2015;7(3):2061-7. View abstract.

Meldrum SJ, D'Vaz N, Simmer K, Dunstan JA, Hird K, Prescott SL. Effects of high-dose fish oil supplementation during early infancy on neurodevelopment and language: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2012;108(8):1443-54. View abstract.

Merchant AT, Curhan GC, Rimm EB, et al. Intake of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids and fish and risk of community-acquired pnemonia in US men. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82:668-74. View abstract.

Meydani SN, Dinarello CA. Influence of dietary fatty acids on cytokine production and its clinical implications. Nutr Clin Pract 1993;8:65-72. View abstract.

Miljanovic B, Trivedi KA, Dana MR, et al. Relation between dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and clinically diagnosed dry eye syndrome in women. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82:887-93. View abstract.

Miller PE, Van Elswyk M, Alexander DD. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Hypertens 2014;27(7):885-96. View abstract.

Minihane AM, Khan S, Leigh-Firbank EC, et al. ApoE polymorphism and fish oil supplementation in subjects with an atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20:1990-7. View abstract.

Mischley LK, Farahnik J, Mantay L, et al. Parkinson symptom severity and use of nutraceuticals. Nutrients 2023;15(4):802. View abstract.

Mocking RJT, Steijn K, Roos C, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for perinatal depression: A meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2020;81(5):19r13106. View abstract.

Mohammadi MM, Mirjalili R, Faraji A. The impact of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2022. View abstract.

Mohammady M, Janani L, Jahanfar S, Mousavi MS. Effect of omega-3 supplements on vasomotor symptoms in menopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2018;228:295-302. View abstract.

Montazer M, Ebrahimpour-Koujan S, Surkan PJ, Azadbakht L. Effects of fish oil consumption on psychological function outcomes in psychosis: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Adv Nutr 2022. View abstract.

Montori VM, Farmer A, Wollan PC, Dinneen SF. Fish oil supplementation in type 2 diabetes: a quantitative systemic review (abstract). Diabetes Care 2000;23:1407-15. View abstract.

Morcos NC. Modulation of lipid profile by fish oil and garlic combination. J Natl Med Assoc 1997;89:673-8. View abstract.

Mori TA, Bao DQ, Burke V, et al. Dietary fish as a major component of a weight-loss diet: effect on serum lipids, glucose, and insulin metabolism in overweight hypertensive subjects (abstract). Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:817-25. View abstract.

Mori TA, Burke V, Puddey IB, et al. Purified eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids have differential effects on serum lipids and lipoproteins, LDL particle size, glucose, and insulin in mildly hyperlipidemic men. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:1085-94. View abstract.

Moriguchi T, Greiner RS, Salem N Jr. Behavioral deficits associated with dietary induction of decreased brain docosahexaenoic acid concentration. J Neurochem 2000;75:2563-73. View abstract.

Morishima T, Tsuchiya Y, Padilla J, Ochi E. Eight weeks of fish oil supplementation does not prevent sitting-induced leg endothelial dysfunction. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2020 Jan;45(1):55-60. View abstract.

Morre J, Morré DM, and Brightmore R. Omega-3 but not omega-6 unsaturated fatty acids inhibit the cancer-specific ENOX2 of the HeLa cell surface with no effect on the constitutive ENOX1. J DIET SUPPL 2010;7(2):154-158. View abstract.

Morris MC, Evans DA, Bienias JL, et al. Consumption of fish and n-3 fatty acids and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 2003;60:940-6. View abstract.

Moussa H, Robitaille K, Pelletier JF, et al. Effects of concentrated long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on quality of life after radical prostatectomy: A phase II randomized placebo-controlled trial (RCT-EPA). Nutrients 2023;15(6):1369. View abstract.

Mozaffarian D, Geelen A, Brouwer IA, et al. Effect of fish oil on heart rate in humans: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Circulation 2005;112:1945-52. View abstract.

Mozaffarian D, Longstreth WT Jr, Lemaitre RN, et al. Fish consumption and stroke risk in elderly individuals: the cardiovascular health study. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:200-6. View abstract.

Mozaffarian D, Marchioli R, Macchia A, Silletta MG, Ferrazzi P, Gardner TJ, Latini R, Libby P, Lombardi F, O'Gara PT, Page RL, Tavazzi L, Tognoni G; OPERA Investigators. Fish oil and postoperative atrial fibrillation: the Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Prevention of Post-operative Atrial Fibrillation (OPERA) randomized trial. JAMA 2012;308(19):2001-11. View abstract.

Mozaffarian D, Psaty BM, Rimm EB, et al. Fish intake and risk of incident atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2004;110:368-73. View abstract.

Mozaffarian D, Wu JH, de Oliveira Otto MC, Sandesara CM, Metcalf RG, Latini R, Libby P, Lombardi F, O'Gara PT, Page RL, Silletta MG, Tavazzi L, Marchioli R. Fish oil and post-operative atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61(21):2194-6. View abstract.

Mozurkewich EL, Clinton CM, Chilimigras JL, Hamilton SE, Allbaugh LJ, Berman DR, Marcus SM, Romero VC, Treadwell MC, Keeton KL, Vahratian AM, Schrader RM, Ren J, Djuric Z. The Mothers, Omega-3, and Mental Health Study: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013;208(4):313.e1-9. View abstract.

Muñoz MA, Liu W, Delaney JA, Brown E, Mugavero MJ, Mathews WC, Napravnik S, Willig JH, Eron JJ, Hunt PW, Kahn JO, Saag MS, Kitahata MM, Crane HM. Comparative effectiveness of fish oil versus fenofibrate, gemfibrozil, and atorvastatin on lowering triglyceride levels among HIV-infected patients in routine clinical care. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013;64(3):254-60. View abstract.

Munro IA, Garg ML. Dietary supplementation with long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and weight loss in obese adults. Obes Res Clin Pract 2013;7(3):e173-81. View abstract.

Munro IA, Garg ML. Prior supplementation with long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids promotes weight loss in obese adults: a double-blinded randomised controlled trial. Food Funct 2013;4(4):650-8. View abstract.

Nandivada P, Anez-Bustillos L, O'Loughlin AA, et al. Risk of post-procedural bleeding in children on intravenous fish oil. Am J Surg. 2017;214(4):733-737. View abstract.

Navarro E, Esteve M, Olive A, et al. Abnormal fatty acid pattern in rheumatoid arthritis. A rationale for treatment with marine and botanical lipids. J Rheumatol 2000;27:298-303. View abstract.

Nestel PJ. Fish oil and cardiovascular disease: lipids and arterial function (abstract). Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:228S-31S. View abstract.

Neuringer M, Reisbick S, Janowsky J. The role of n-3 fatty acids in visual and cognitive development: current evidence and methods of assessment. J Pediatr 1994;125:S39-47.. View abstract.

Nicholls SJ, Lincoff AM, Garcia M, et al. Effect of high-dose omega-3 fatty acids vs corn oil on major adverse cardiovascular events in patients at high cardiovascular risk: The STRENGTH randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2020e2022258. View abstract.

Nigam A1, Talajic M, Roy D, Nattel S, Lambert J, Nozza A, Jones P, Ramprasath VR, O'Hara G, Kopecky S, Brophy JM, Tardif JC; AFFORD Investigators. Fish oil for the reduction of atrial fibrillation recurrence, inflammation, and oxidative stress. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;64(14):1441-8. View abstract.

Nikkila, M. Influence of fish oil on blood lipids in coronary artery disease. Eur J Clin Nutr 1991;45:209-213. View abstract.

Nilsen DW, Albrektsen G, Landmark K, et al. Effects of a high-dose concentrate of n-3 fatty acids or corn oil introduced early after an acute myocardial infarction on serum triacylglycerol and HDL cholesterol. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:50-6. View abstract.

Nishi D, Koido Y, Nakaya N, Sone T, Noguchi H, Hamazaki K, Hamazaki T, Matsuoka Y. Fish oil for attenuating posttraumatic stress symptoms among rescue workers after the great east Japan earthquake: a randomized controlled trial. Psychother Psychosom 2012;81(5):315-7. View abstract.

Nodler JL, DiVasta AD, Vitonis AF, et al. Supplementation with vitamin D or ω-3 fatty acids in adolescent girls and young women with endometriosis (SAGE): a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020;112(1):229-236. View abstract.

Nolan JM, Power R, Howard AN, et al. Supplementation with carotenoids, omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamin E has a positive effect on the symptoms and progression of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2022;90(1):233-249. View abstract.

Nordoy A, Bonaa KH, Sandset PM, et al. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids and simvastatin on hemostatic risk factors and postprandial hyperlipemia in patients with combined hyperlipemia. (abstract) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20:259-65. View abstract.

Norrish AE, Skeaff CM, Arribas GL, et al. Prostate cancer risk and consumption of fish oils: a dietary biomarker-based, case-control study. Br J Cancer 1999;81:1238-42. View abstract.

Ogilvie GK, Fettman MJ, Mallinckrodt CH, et al. Effect of fish oil, arginine, and doxorubicin chemotherapy on remission and survival time for dogs with lymphoma: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Cancer 2000;88:1916-28. View abstract.

Oh K, Willett WC, Fuchs CS, Giovannucci E. Dietary marine n-3 fatty acids in relation to risk of distal colorectal adenoma in women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14:835-41. View abstract.

Okereke OI, Vyas CM, Mischoulon D, et al. Effect of long-term supplementation with marine omega-3 fatty acids vs placebo on risk of depression or clinically relevant depressive symptoms and on change in mood scores: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2021;326(23):2385-2394. View abstract.

Oleñik A, Jiménez-Alfaro I, Alejandre-Alba N, et al. A randomized, double-masked study to evaluate the effect of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in meibomian gland dysfunction. Clin Interv Aging. 2013;8:1133-8. View abstract.

Oliveira JM, Rondó PH, Yudkin JS, Souza JM, Pereira TN, Catalani AW, Picone CM, Segurado AA. Effects of fish oil on lipid profile and other metabolic outcomes in HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Int J STD AIDS 2014;25(2):96-104. View abstract.

Olsen SF, Halldorsson TI, Li M, et al. Examining the Effect of Fish Oil Supplementation in Chinese Pregnant Women on Gestation Duration and Risk of Preterm Delivery. J Nutr. 2019 Nov 1;149(11):1942-1951. View abstract.

Olsen SF, Secher NJ, Tabor A, et al. Randomised clinical trials of fish oil supplementation in high risk pregnancies. Fish Oil Trials In Pregnancy (FOTIP) Team. BJOG 2000;107:382-95. View abstract.

Olsen SF, Sorensen JD, Secher NJ, et al. Randomised controlled trial of effect of fish-oil supplementation on pregnancy duration. Lancet 1992;339:1003-7. View abstract.

Omar ZA, Montser BA, Farahat MAR. Effect of high-dose Omega 3 on lipid profile and inflammatory markers in chronic hemodialysis children. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2019 May-Jun;30(3):634-639. View abstract.

Onwude JL, Lilford RJ, Hjartardottir H, et al. A randomised double blind placebo controlled trial of fish oil in high risk pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995;102:95-100. View abstract.

Ostadrahimi A, Mohammad-Alizadeh S, Mirghafourvand M, Farshbaf-Khalili S, Jafarilar-Agdam N, Farshbaf-Khalili A. The effect of fish oil supplementation on maternal and neonatal outcomes: a triple-blind, randomized controlled trial. J Perinat Med. 2017;45(9):1069-1077. View abstract.

Ostadrahimi A, Salehi-Pourmehr H, Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi S, Heidarabady S, Farshbaf-Khalili A. The effect of perinatal fish oil supplementation on neurodevelopment and growth of infants: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Nutr. 2018;57(7):2387-2397. View abstract.

Palmer DJ, Sullivan T, Gold MS, Prescott SL, Heddle R, Gibson RA, Makrides M. Effect of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in pregnancy on infants' allergies in first year of life: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2012;344:e184. View abstract.

Palmer DJ, Sullivan T, Gold MS, Prescott SL, Heddle R, Gibson RA, Makrides M. Randomized controlled trial of fish oil supplementation in pregnancy on childhood allergies. Allergy 2013;68(11):1370-6. View abstract.

Parker HM, Cohn JS, O'Connor HT, et al. Effect of Fish Oil Supplementation on Hepatic and Visceral Fat in Overweight Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 2019;11(2). View abstract.

Paschos GK, Magkos F, Panagiotakos DB, et al. Dietary supplementation with flaxseed oil lowers blood pressure in dyslipidaemic patients. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007;61:1201-6. View abstract.

Patan MJ, Kennedy DO, Husberg C, et al. Supplementation with oil rich in eicosapentaenoic acid, but not in docosahexaenoic acid, improves global cognitive function in healthy, young adults: results from randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2021;114(3):914-924. View abstract.

Patti L, Maffettone A, Iovine C, et al. Long-term effects of fish oil on lipoprotein subfractions and low density lipoprotein size in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Atherosclerosis 1999;146:361-7. View abstract.

Pawelczyk T, Grancow-Grabka M, Kotlicka-Antczak M, Trafalska E, Pawelczyk A. A randomized controlled study of the efficacy of six-month supplementation with concentrated fish oil rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in first episode schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res. 2016;73:34-44. View abstract.

Pawelczyk T, Piatkowska-Janko E, Bogorodzki P, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation may prevent loss of gray matter thickness in the left parieto-occipital cortex in first episode schizophrenia: A secondary outcome analysis of the OFFER randomized controlled study. Schizophr Res. 2018;195:168-175. View abstract.

Pawlosky RJ, Hibbeln JR, Lin Y, et al. Effects of beef- and fish-based diets on the kinetics of n-3 fatty acid metabolism in human subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:565-72.. View abstract.

Peabody D, Remple V Green T Kalmar A Frohlich J et al. The triglyceride-lowering effect of omega-3 fatty acids in HIV-infected patients on HAART. XIV World AIDS Conference 2002;(Abstract):ThPeB7343.

Peat JK, Mihrshahi S, Kemp AS, et al. Three-year outcomes of dietary fatty acid modification and house dust mite reduction in the Childhood Asthma Prevention Study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;114:807-13. View abstract.

Pedersen HS, Mulvad G, Seidelin KN, et al. N-3 fatty acids as a risk factor for haemorrhagic stroke. Lancet 1999;353:812-3. View abstract.

Petersen M, Pedersen H, Major-Pedersen A, et al. Effect of fish oil versus corn oil supplementation on LDL and HDL subclasses in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002;25:17048. View abstract.

Pietinen P, Ascherio A, Korhonen P, et al. Intake of fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease in a cohort of Finnish men. The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. Am J Epidemiol 145:876-87. View abstract.

Pirich, C., Gaszo, A., Granegger, S., and Sinzinger, H. Effects of fish oil supplementation on platelet survival and ex vivo platelet function in hypercholesterolemic patients. Thromb.Res 11-1-1999;96(3):219-227. View abstract.

Pradalier A, Baudesson G, Delage A, et al. Failure of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in prevention of migraine: a double-blind study versus placebo. Cephalalgia 2001;21:818-22. View abstract.

Pradelli L, Mayer K, Klek S, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids in parenteral nutrition - A systematic review with network meta-analysis on clinical outcomes. Clin Nutr 2023;42(4):590-599. View abstract.

Prisco D, Paniccia R, Bandinelli B, et al. Effect of medium-term supplementation with a moderate dose of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on blood pressure in mild hypertensive patients. Thromb Res 1998;1:105-12. View abstract.

Proudman SM, James MJ, Spargo LD, Metcalf RG, Sullivan TR, Rischmueller M, Flabouris K, Wechalekar MD, Lee AT, Cleland LG. Fish oil in recent onset rheumatoid arthritis: a randomised, double-blind controlled trial within algorithm-based drug use. Ann Rheum Dis 2015;74(1):89-95. View abstract.

Purzand B, Rokhgireh S, Shabani Zanjani M, et al. The comparison of the effect of soybean and fish oil on supplementation on menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2020;41:101239. View abstract.

Qawasmi A, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Leckman JF, Bloch MH. Meta-analysis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation of formula and infant cognition. Pediatrics 2012;129(6):1141-9. View abstract.

Qiao Y, Mei Y, Han H, et al. Effects of Omega-3 in the treatment of violent schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Res. 2018;195:283-285. View abstract.

Raitt M, Connor W, Morris C, et al. Antiarrhythmic effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in survivors of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Circulation 2003;108:1.

Raitt MH, Connor WE, Morris C, et al. Fish oil supplementation and risk of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation in patients with implantable defibrillators: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005;293:2884-91. View abstract.

Ramiro-Cortijo D, Del Pozo Arribas S, Inisterra Viu L, Vázquez NG, Saenz de Pipaon M. Exclusive fish oil lipid emulsion rescue strategy improves cholestasis in neonates on partially fish oil-based lipid emulsion: A pilot study. Nutrients 2023;15(3):509. View abstract.

Ramsden CE, Zamora D, Faurot KR, et al. Dietary alteration of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids for headache reduction in adults with migraine: randomized controlled trial. BMJ. 2021;374, n1448.

Rauch B, Schiele R, Schneider S, et al. OMEGA, a randomized, placebo-controlled trial to test the effect of highly purified omega-3 fatty acids on top of modern guideline-adjusted therapy after myocardial infarction. Circulation 2010;122:2152-9. View abstract.

Reddy BS. Omega-3 fatty acids in colorectal cancer prevention. Int J Cancer 2004;112:1-7. View abstract.

Reliant Pharmaceuticals. Omacor package insert. Liberty Corner, NJ; December, 2004.

Richardson AJ, Montgomery P. The Oxford-Durham study: a randomized, controlled trial of dietary supplementation with fatty acids in children with developmental coordination disorder. Pediatrics 2005;115:1360-6. View abstract.

Richardson AJ, Puri BK. A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of supplementation with highly unsaturated fatty acids on ADHD-related symptoms in children with specific learning difficulties. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2002;26:233-9.. View abstract.

Riddell JK, Malin AJ, Flora D, McCague H, Till C. Association of water fluoride and urinary fluoride concentrations with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Canadian youth. Environ Int. 2019;133(Pt B):105190. View abstract.

Rimm EB, Appel LJ, Chiuve SE, et al. Seafood Long-Chain n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018. pii: CIR.0000000000000574. View abstract.

Risk and Prevention Study Collaborative Group, Roncaglioni MC, Tombesi M, et al. n-3 fatty acids in patients with multiple cardiovascular risk factors. N Engl J Med. 2013 May 9;368(19):1800-8. View abstract.

Rist PM, Buring JE, Cook NR, Manson JE, Rexrode KM. Effect of vitamin D and/or omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on stroke outcomes: A randomized trial. Eur J Neurol. 2020. View abstract.

Robertsen I, Åsberg A, Jenssen TG, et al. Increased systemic exposure of once daily tacrolimus in renal transplant recipients on marine omega-3 fatty acid supplementation. Transpl Int. 2021. View abstract.

Roche HM, Gibney MJ. Effect of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on fasting and postprandial triacylglycerol metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:232S-7S. View abstract.

Rodacki CL, Rodacki AL, Pereira G, Naliwaiko K, Coelho I, Pequito D, Fernandes LC. Fish-oil supplementation enhances the effects of strength training in elderly women. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;95(2):428-36. View abstract.

Rodrigo R, Korantzopoulos P, Cereceda M, et al. A randomized controlled trial to prevent post-operative atrial fibrillation by antioxidant reinforcement. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(16):1457-65. View abstract.

Rolland Y, Barreto PS, Maltais M, et al. Effect of Long-Term Omega 3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation with or without Multidomain Lifestyle Intervention on Muscle Strength in Older Adults: Secondary Analysis of the Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial (MAPT). Nutrients. 2019 Aug 16;11(8). pii: E1931. View abstract.

Roodhart JM, Daenen LG, Stigter EC, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells induce resistance to chemotherapy through the release of platinum-induced fatty acids. Cancer Cell 2011;20(3):370-83. View abstract.

Rossi E, Costa M. Fish oil derivatives as a prophylaxis of recurrent miscarriage associated with antiphospholipid antibodies (APL): a pilot study. Lupus 1993;2:319-23. View abstract.

Sacks FM, Hebert P, Appel LJ, et al. Short report: the effect of fish oil on blood pressure and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels in phase I of the trials of hypertension prevention. J Hypertens 1994;12:209-13. View abstract.

Sacks FM, Stone PH, Gibson CM, et al. Controlled trial of fish oil for regression of human coronary atherosclerosis. HARP Res Group. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:1492-8. View abstract.

Sadeghi N, Paknezhad F, Rashidi Nooshabadi M, Kavianpour M, Jafari Rad S, Khadem Haghighian H. Vitamin E and fish oil, separately or in combination, on treatment of primary dysmenorrhea: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2018;34(9):804-808. View abstract.

Sadeghi SS, Azami H, Borzou SR, Bashar FR, Tapak L, Haddadi R. Evaluation of the effect of fish oil in the prevention of pressure ulcers in patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2023;32:101063. View abstract.

Sagar PS, Das UN, Koratkar R, et al. Cytotoxic action of cis-unsaturated fatty acids on human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells: relationship to free radicals and lipid peroxidation and its modulation by calmodulin antagonists. Cancer Lett 1992;63:189-98. View abstract.

Saglimbene VM, Wong G, van Zwieten A, et al. Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake in patients with chronic kidney disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr. 2020 Feb;39(2):358-368. View abstract.

Sala-Vila A, Díaz-López A, Valls-Pedret C, et al.; Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea (PREDIMED) Investigators. Dietary marine ?-3 fatty acids and incident sight-threatening retinopathy in middle-aged and older individuals with type 2 diabetes: Prospective investigation from the PREDIMED trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2016;134(10):1142-1149. View abstract.

Salonen JT, Seppanen K, Nyyssonen K, et al. Intake of mercury from fish, lipid peroxidation, and the risk of myocardial infarction and coronary, cardiovascular, and any death in eastern Finnish men. Circulation 1995;91:645-55. View abstract.

Sampalis F, Bunea R, Pelland MF, et al. Evaluation of the effects of Neptune Krill Oil on the management of premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea. Altern Med Rev 2003;8:171-9. View abstract.

Sánchez-Villegas A, Álvarez-Pérez J, Toledo E, et al. Seafood Consumption, Omega-3 Fatty Acids Intake, and Life-Time Prevalence of Depression in the PREDIMED-Plus Trial. Nutrients. 2018;10(12). pii: E2000. View abstract.

Saros L, Vahlberg T, Koivuniemi E, et al. Fish Oil And/Or Probiotics Intervention in Overweight/Obese Pregnant Women and Overweight Risk in 24-Month-Old Children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2023;76(2):218-226. View abstract.

Sarris J, Ravindran A, Yatham LN, et al. Clinician guidelines for the treatment of psychiatric disorders with nutraceuticals and phytoceuticals: The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) and Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) Taskforce. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2022;23(6):424-455. View abstract.

Sass L, Bjarnadóttir E, Stokholm J, et al. Fish oil supplementation in pregnancy and neurodevelopment in childhood-A randomized clinical trial. Child Dev. 2021. View abstract.

Satokar VV, Derraik JGB, Harwood M, et al. Fish oil supplementation during pregnancy and postpartum in mothers with overweight and obesity to improve body composition and metabolic health during infancy: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2023. View abstract.

Schachter, HM, Reisman, J, Tran, K, Dales, B, Kourad, K, Barnes, D, Sampson, M, Morrison, A, Gaboury, I, and Blackman, J. Health effects of omega-3 fatty acids on asthma. Evid.Rep.Technol.Assess.(Summ.) 2004;(91):1-7. View abstract.

Schmitz PG, McCloud LK, Reikes ST, et al. Prophylaxis of hemodialysis graft thrombosis with fish oil: double-blind, randomized, prospective trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002;13:184-90. View abstract.

Schoene NW. Vitamin E and omega-3 fatty acids: effectors of platelet responsiveness. Nutrition 2001;17:793-6. View abstract.

Schrepf R, Limmert T, Claus Weber P, et al. Immediate effects of n-3 fatty acid infusion on the induction of sustained ventricular tachycardia. Lancet 2004;363:1441-2. View abstract.

Schubert R, Kitz R, Beermann C, et al. Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in asthma after low-dose allergen challenge. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2009;148:321-9. View abstract.

Sedighiyan M, Abdollahi H, Karimi E, et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation improve clinical symptoms in patients with Covid-19: A randomised clinical trial. Int J Clin Pract 2021;75(12):e14854. View abstract.

Seidner DL, Lashner BA, Brzezinski A, et al. An oral supplement enriched with fish oil, soluble fiber, and antioxidants for corticosteroid sparing in ulcerative colitis: a randomized, controlled trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;3:358-69. View abstract.

Sellmayer A, Witzgall H, Lorenz RL, Weber PC. Effects of dietary fish oil on ventricular premature complexes. Am J Cardiol 1995;76:974-7. View abstract.

Serra R, Peñailillo R, Monteiro LJ, et al. Supplementation of omega 3 during pregnancy and the risk of preterm birth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients 2021;13(5):1704. View abstract.

Shimizu H, Ohtani K, Tanaka Y, et al. Long-term effect of eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl (EPA-E) on albuminuria of non-insulin dependent diabetic patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1995;28:35-40. View abstract.

Simmonds LA, Sullivan TR, Skubisz M, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in pregnancy-baseline omega-3 status and early preterm birth: exploratory analysis of a randomised controlled trial. BJOG. 2020;127(8):975-981. View abstract.

Simons LA, Hickie JB, Balasubramaniam S. On the effects of dietary n-3 fatty acids (Maxepa) on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in patients with hyperlipidaemia. Atherosclerosis 1985;54:75-88. View abstract.

Singh RB, Niaz MA, Sharma JP, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fish oil and mustard oil in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction: the Indian experiment of infarct survival-4. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1997;11:485-91. View abstract.

Sinn N, Bryan J. Effect of Supplementation with Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Micronutrients on Learning and Behavior Problems Associated with Child ADHD. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2007;28:82-91. View abstract.

Sirtori CR, Crepaldi G, Manzato E, et al. One-year treatment with ethyl esters of n-3 fatty acids in patients with hypertriglyceridemia and glucose intolerance: reduced triglyceridemia, total cholesterol and increased HDL-C without glycemic alterations. Atherosclerosis 1998;137:419-27. View abstract.

Sirtori CR, Paoletti R, Mancini M, et al. N-3 fatty acids do not lead to an increased diabetic risk in patients with hyperlipidemia and abnormal glucose tolerance. Italian Fish Oil Multicenter Study. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65:1874-81. View abstract.

Siscovick DS, Barringer TA, Fretts AM, et al. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (Fish Oil) Supplementation and the Prevention of Clinical Cardiovascular Disease: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017. pii: CIR.0000000000000482. View abstract.

Siscovick DS, Raghunathan TE, King I, et al. Dietary intake and cell membrane levels of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the risk of primary cardiac arrest. JAMA 1995;274:1363-7. View abstract.

Sittiprapaporn P, Bumrungpert A, Suyajai P, Stough C. Effectiveness of fish oil-DHA supplementation for cognitive function in Thai children: A randomized, doubled-blind, two-dose, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Foods 2022;11(17):2595. View abstract.

Sittitrai P, Ruenmarkkaew D, Booyaprapa S, Kasempitakpong B. Effect of a perioperative immune-enhancing diet in clean-contaminated head and neck cancer surgery: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Surg 2021;93:106051. View abstract.

Skulas-Ray AC, Wilson PWF, Harris WS, et al. Omega-3 Fatty Acids for the Management of Hypertriglyceridemia: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019:CIR0000000000000709. View abstract.

Smith W, Mitchell P, Leeder SR. Dietary fat and fish intake and age-related maculopathy (abstract). Arch Ophthalmol 2000;118:401-4. View abstract.

Sohouli MH, Razmpoosh E, Zarrati M, Jaberzadeh S. The effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on seizure frequency in individuals with epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Neurosci 2021. View abstract.

Song M, Lee IM, Manson JE, et al. Effect of Supplementation With Marine ?-3 Fatty Acid on Risk of Colorectal Adenomas and Serrated Polyps in the US General Population: A Prespecified Ancillary Study of a Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2019 Nov 21. View abstract.

Song M, Ou FS, Zemla TJ, et al. Marine omega-3 fatty acid intake and survival of stage III colon cancer according to tumor molecular markers in NCCTG Phase III trial N0147 (Alliance). Int J Cancer. 2019;145(2):380-389. View abstract.

Sorensen JD, Olsen SF, Pedersen AK, et al. Effects of fish oil supplementation in the third trimester of pregnancy on prostacyclin and thromboxane production. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;168:915-22. View abstract.

Sorensen NS, Marckmann P, Hoy CE, et al. Effect of fish-oil-enriched margarine on plasma lipids, low-density-lipoprotein particle composition, size, and susceptibility to oxidation. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:235-41. View abstract.

Souied EH, Delcourt C, Querques G, Bassols A, Merle B, Zourdani A, Smith T, Benlian P; Nutritional AMD Treatment 2 Study Group. Oral docosahexaenoic acid in the prevention of exudative age-related macular degeneration: the Nutritional AMD Treatment 2 study. Ophthalmology 2013;120(8):1619-31. View abstract.

Sousa TM, Ferreira LA, Osanan GC, Santos LCD. Does antenatal supplementation with omega-3 affect child development and behavior during the first six months of life? A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Early Hum Dev 2023;176:105713. View abstract.

Soyland E, Funk J, Rajka G, et al. Effect of dietary supplementation with very-long-chain n-3 fatty acids in patients with psoriasis. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1812-6. View abstract.

Stark KD, Park EJ, Maines VA, Holub BJ. Effect of a fish-oil concentrate on serum lipids in postmenopausal women receiving and not receiving hormone replacement therapy in a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:389-94. View abstract.

Stenius-Aarniala B, Aro A, Hakulinen A, Ahola I, Seppala E, and Vapaatalo H. Evening primrose oil and fish oil are ineffective as supplementary treatment of bronchial asthma. Ann Allergy 1989;62(6):534-537. View abstract.

Stern AH. A review of the studies of the cardiovascular health effects of methylmercury with consideration of their suitability for risk assessment. Environ Res 2005;98:133-42. View abstract.

Stoll AL, Severus WE, Freeman MP, et al. Omega 3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder: A preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999;56:407-12. View abstract.

Stordy BJ. Dark adaptation, motor skills, docosahexaenoic acid, and dyslexia. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:323S-6S. View abstract.

Studer M, Briel M, Leimenstoll B, et al. Effect of different antilipidemic agents and diets on mortality: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:725-30. View abstract.

Su KP, Huang SY, Chiu CC, Shen WW. Omega-3 fatty acids in major depressive disorder. A preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2003;13:267-71.. View abstract.

Su KP, Shen WW, Huang SY. Are omega3 fatty acids beneficial in depression but not mania? Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:716-7. View abstract.

Suradom C, Suttajit S, Oon-Arom A, Maneeton B, Srisurapanont M. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) supplementation for prevention and treatment of perinatal depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. Nord J Psychiatry. 2020:1-8. View abstract.

Suzukawa M, Abbey M, Howe PR, Nestel PJ. Effects of fish oil fatty acids on low density lipoprotein size, oxidizability, and uptake by macrophages. J Lipid Res 1995;36:473-84.. View abstract.

Svaneborg N, Kristensen SD, Hansen LM, et al. The acute and short-time effect of supplementation with the combination of n-3 fatty acids and acetylsalicylic acid on platelet function and plasma lipids. Thromb Res 2002;105:311-6. View abstract.

Sydenham E, Dangour AD Lim WS. Omega 3 fatty acid for the prevention of cognitive decline and dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;6:CD005379. View abstract.

Tanskanen A, Hibbeln JR, Hintikka J, et al. Fish consumption, depression, and suicidality in a general population. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001;58:512-513.. View abstract.

Tavani A, Pelucchi C, Parpinel M, et al. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and cancer risk in Italy and Switzerland. Int J Cancer 2003;105:113-116.. View abstract.

Tayama J, Ogawa S, Nakaya N, et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and psychological intervention for workers with mild to moderate depression: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. J Affect Disord. 2019;245:364-370. View abstract.

Taylor, C. G., Noto, A. D., Stringer, D. M., Froese, S., and Malcolmson, L. Dietary milled flaxseed and flaxseed oil improve N-3 fatty acid status and do not affect glycemic control in individuals with well-controlled type 2 diabetes. J Am Coll Nutr 2010;29(1):72-80. View abstract.

Terry P, Lichtenstein P, Feychting M, et al. Fatty fish consumption and risk of prostate cancer. Lancet 2001;357:1764-6. View abstract.

Terry P, Wolk A, Vainio H, Weiderpass E. Fatty fish consumption lowers the risk of endometrial cancer: a nationwide case-control study in Sweden. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002;11:143-5. View abstract.

Terry PD, Rohan TE, Wolk A. Intakes of fish and marine fatty acids and the risks of cancers of the breast and prostate and of other hormone-related cancers: a review of the epidemiologic evidence. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:532-43.. View abstract.

Thanhaeuser M, Steyrl D, Fuiko R, et al. A secondary outcome analysis of a randomized trial using a mixed lipid emulsion containing fish oil in infants with extremely low birth weight: Cognitive and behavioral outcome at preschool age. J Pediatr 2023;254:68-74. View abstract.

Theilla M, Schwartz B, Cohen J, Shapiro H, Anbar R, Singer P. Impact of a nutritional formula enriched in fish oil and micronutrients on pressure ulcers in critical care patients. Am J Crit Care 2012;21(4):e102-9. View abstract.

Theilla M, Singer P, Cohen J, Dekeyser F. A diet enriched in eicosapentanoic acid, gamma-linolenic acid and antioxidants in the prevention of new pressure ulcer formation in critically ill patients with acute lung injury: A randomized, prospective, controlled study. Clin Nutr. 2007;26(6):752-7. View abstract.

Thien FC, Mencia-Huerta J, Lee TH. Dietary fish oil effects on seasonal hay fever and asthma in pollen- sensitive subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;147:1138-43. View abstract.

Thorsdottir I, Birgisdottir BE, Halldorsdottir S, Geirsson RT. Association of fish and fish liver oil intake in pregnancy with infant size at birth among women of normal weight before pregnancy in a fishing community. Am J Epidemiol 2004;160:460-5. View abstract.

Tiemeier H, van Tuijl HR, Hofman A, et al. Plasma fatty acid composition and depression are associated in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78:40-6.. View abstract.

Toft I, Bonaa KH, Ingebretsen OC, et al. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on glucose homeostasis and blood pressure in essential hypertension. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1995;123:911-8. View abstract.

Torres-Mendoza BMG, Ortiz GG, Sánchez-Romero L, et al. Dietary fish oil increases catalase activity in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease. Nutr Hosp 2022;39(6):1364-1368. View abstract.

Tsuchiya Y, Ueda H, Yanagimoto K, Kato A, Ochi E. 4-week eicosapentaenoic acid-rich fish oil supplementation partially protects muscular damage following eccentric contractions. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021;18(1):18. View abstract.

Tsuchiya Y, Yanagimoto K, Nakazato K, Hayamizu K, Ochi E. Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids-rich fish oil supplementation attenuates strength loss and limited joint range of motion after eccentric contractions: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016;116(6):1179-88. View abstract.

Tsuchiya Y, Yanagimoto K, Ueda H, Ochi E. Supplementation of eicosapentaenoic acid-rich fish oil attenuates muscle stiffness after eccentric contractions of human elbow flexors. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2019;16(1):19. View abstract.

Turk E, Karagulle E, Koksal H, Togan T, Erinanc OH, Dogru O, Moray G. Bilateral breast necrosis due to local injection of fish oil. Breast J 2013;19(2):196-8. View abstract.

US Environmental Protection Agency. Fish Advisories web page. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/waterscience/fish.

US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Seafood. Mercury levels in seafood species. Available at: https://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~frf/sea-mehg.html.

van Dam M, Stalenhoef AFH, Wittekoek J. Efficacy of concentrated n-3 fatty acids in hypertriglyceridaemia: a comparison with gemfibrozil. Clin Drug Invest 2001;21:175-81.

van der Tempel H, Tulleken JE, Limburg PC, et al. Effects of fish oil supplementation in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1990;49:76-80. View abstract.

van Gelder BM, Tijhuis M, Kalmijn S, Kromhout D. Fish consumption, n-3 fatty acids, and subsequent 5-y cognitive decline in elderly men: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:1142-7. View abstract.

van Gool CJ, Zeegers MP, Thijs C. Oral essential fatty acid supplementation in atopic dermatitis-a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials. Br J Dermatol 2004;150:728-40. View abstract.

Van Papendrop DH, Coetzer H Kruger MG. Biochemical profile of osteoporotic patients on essential fatty acids supplementation. Nutr Res 1995;15:325-334.

Vandongen R, Mori TA, Burke V, et al. Effects on blood pressure of omega 3 fats in subjects at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Hypertension 1993;22:371-9. View abstract.

Vargas, M. L., Almario, R. U., Buchan, W., Kim, K., and Karakas, S. E. Metabolic and endocrine effects of long-chain versus essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in polycystic ovary syndrome. Metabolism 2011;60(12):1711-1718. View abstract.

Viecelli AK, Irish AB, Polkinghorne KR, et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation to prevent arteriovenous fistula and graft failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Kidney Dis. 2018. pii: S0272-6386(17)31137-X. View abstract.

Vinding RK, Stokholm J, Sevelsted A, et al. Fish oil supplementation in pregnancy increases gestational age, size for gestational age, and birth weight in infants: A randomized controlled trial. J Nutr. 2019;149(4):628-634. View abstract.

Vogel RA, Corretti MC, Plotnick GD. The postprandial effect of components of the Mediterranean diet on endothelial function. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:1455-60. View abstract.

von Houwelingen R, Nordøy A, van der Beek E, et al. Effect of a moderate fish intake on blood pressure, bleeding time, hematology, and clinical chemistry in healthy males. Am J Clin Nutr. 1987 Sep;46(3):424-36. View abstract.

von Schacky C, Angerer P, Kothny W, et al. The effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on coronary atherosclerosis. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1999;130:554-62. View abstract.

Vosskötter F, Burhop M, Hahn A, Schuchardt JP. Equal bioavailability of omega-3 PUFA from Calanus oil, fish oil and krill oil: A 12-week randomized parallel study. Lipids 2023. View abstract.

Wainwright P. Nutrition and behaviour: the role of n-3 fatty acids in cognitive function. Br J Nutr 2000;83:337-9. View abstract.

Wallace JM, McCabe AJ, Roche HM, et al. The effect of low-dose fish oil supplementation on serum growth factors in healthy humans. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000;54:690-4. View abstract.

Walton AJ, Snaith ML, Locniskar M, et al. Dietary fish oil and the severity of symptoms in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 1991;50:463-6. View abstract.

Wander RC, Du SH, Ketchum SO, Rowe KE. Effects of interaction of RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate and fish oil on low-density-lipoprotein oxidation in postmenopausal women with and without hormone-replacement therapy. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;63:184-93. View abstract.

Wang C, Chung M, Lichtenstein A, et al. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular disease. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ) 2004 Mar;(94):1-8. View abstract.

Wang C, Han D, Feng X, Wu J. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation is associated with favorable outcomes in patients with sepsis: an updated meta-analysis. J Int Med Res. 2020;48(12):300060520953684. View abstract.

Wang H, Su S, Wang C, Hu J, Dan W, Peng X. Effects of fish oil-containing nutrition supplementation in adult sepsis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Burns Trauma 2022;10:tkac012. View abstract.

Wang J, Gaman MA, Albadawi NI, et al. Does omega-3 fatty acid supplementation have favorable effects on the lipid profile in postmenopausal women? A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Ther 2023;45(1):e74-e87. View abstract.

Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhao L. Omega-3 PUFA intake and the risk of digestive system cancers: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(19):e20119. View abstract.

Wang Q, Zhou B, Cui Q, Chen C. Omega-3 Long-chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2019 Jul;144(1). pii: e20190181. View abstract.

Wang Y, Liu K, Long T, et al. Dietary fish and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids intake and cancer survival: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022;1-17. View abstract.

Watanabe N, Matsuoka Y, Kumachi M, Hamazaki K, Horikoshi M, Furukawa TA. Omega-3 fatty acids for a better mental state in working populations - Happy Nurse Project: A 52-week randomized controlled trial. J Psychiatr Res. 2018;102:72-80. View abstract.

Weiss LA, Barrett-Connor E, von Muhlen D. Ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids and bone mineral density in older adults: the Rancho Bernardo Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81:934-8. View abstract.

Westphal S, Orth M, Ambrosch A, et al. Postprandial chylomicrons VLDLs in severe hypertriacylglycerolemia are lowered more effectively than are chylomicron remnants after treatment with n-3 fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:914-20. View abstract.

Whalley LJ, Fox HC, Wahle KW, et al. Cognitive aging, childhood intelligence, and the use of food supplements: possible involvement of n-3 fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:1650-70. View abstract.

Wilson JF. Balancing the risks and benefits of fish consumption. Ann Intern Med 2004;141:977-80. View abstract.

Wojtowicz JC, Butovich I, Uchiyama E, et al. Pilot, prospective, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial of an omega-3 supplement for dry eye. Cornea 2010 Oct 28. [Epub ahead of print]. View abstract.

Wong KW. Clinical efficacy of n-3 fatty acid supplementation in patients with asthma. J Am Diet Assoc 2005;105:98-105. View abstract.

Woodman RJ, Mori TA, Burke V, et al. Effects of purified eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on glycemic control, blood pressure, and serum lipids in type 2 diabetic patients with treated hypertension. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:1007-15.. View abstract.

Woods MN, Wanke CA Ling PR Hendricks KM Tang AM Knox TA Andersson CE Dong KR Skinner SC Bistrian BR. Effect of a dietary intervention and n-3 fatty acid supplementation on measures of serum lipid and insulin sensitivity in persons with HIV. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(6):1566-1578. View abstract.

Woods RK, Thien FC, Abramson MJ. Dietary marine fatty acids (fish oil) for asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;(2):CD001283. View abstract.

Wu G, Ji Q, Huang H, Zhu X. The efficacy of fish oil in preventing coronary heart disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021;100(37):e27253. View abstract.

Wu S, Li C. Influence of maternal fish oil supplementation on the risk of asthma or wheeze in children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Pediatr. 2022 Feb 21;10:817110. View abstract.

Wu S, Zhu C, Wang Z, et al. Effects of fish oil supplementation on cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight or obese children and adolescents: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Pediatr 2021;9:604469. View abstract.

Xin W, Wei W, Li X. Effects of fish oil supplementation on cardiac function in chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Heart 2012;98:1620-5. View abstract.

Xin W, Wei W, Lin Z, Zhang X, Yang H, Zhang T, Li B, Mi S. Fish oil and atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One 2013;8(9):e72913. View abstract.

Xu D, Lu Y, Yang X, et al. Effects of fish oil-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid on body composition, muscle strength and physical performance in older people: a secondary analysis of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Age Ageing 2022;51(12):afac274. View abstract.

Xu F, Fan W, Wang W, et al. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia: a 12-week randomized placebo-controlled trial. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2019;236(4):1273-1279. View abstract.

Yam D, Peled A, Shinitzky M. Suppression of tumor growth and metastasis by dietary fish oil combined with vitamins E and C and cisplatin. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2001;47:34-40. View abstract.

Yamori Y, Nara Y, Mizushima S, et al. Nutritional factors for stroke and major cardiovascular diseases: international epidemiological comparison of dietary prevention. Health Rep 1994;6:22-7. View abstract.

Yan JH, Guan BJ, Gao HY, Peng XE. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(37):e12271. View abstract.

Yang SJ, Chi CC. Effects of fish oil supplement on psoriasis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019 Dec 5;19(1):354. View abstract.

Yarizadeh H, Hassani B, Nosratabadi S, et al. The effects of omega-3 supplementation on resting metabolic rate: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2021;2021:6213035. View abstract.

Yetiv JZ. Clinical applications of fish oils. JAMA 1988;260:665-70. View abstract.

Yokoyama M, Origasa H, Matsuzaki M, et al. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis. Lancet 2007;369:1090-8. View abstract.

Yosefy C, Viskoper JR, Laszt A, et al. The effect of fish oil on hypertension, plasma lipids and hemostasis in hypertensive, obese, dyslipidemic patients with and without diabetes mellitus. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1999;61:83-7. View abstract.

Yurko-Mauro K, Kralovec J, Bailey-Hall E, et al. Similar eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid plasma levels achieved with fish oil or krill oil in a randomized double-blind four-week bioavailability study. Lipids Health Dis. 2015;14:99. View abstract.

Yzebe D, Lievre M. Fish oils in the care of coronary heart disease patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2004;18:581-92. View abstract.

Zandi-Esfahan S, Fazeli M, Shaygannejad V, et al. Evaluating the effect of adding fish oil to Fingolimod on TNF-α, IL1β, IL6, and IFN-γ in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2017;163:173-178. View abstract.

Zhang J, Cai A, Chen G, et al. Habitual fish oil supplementation and the risk of incident atrial fibrillation: Findings from a large prospective longitudinal cohort study. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2022. View abstract.

Zhang Y, Ding J, Guo H, Liang J, Li Y. Associations of fish and omega-3 fatty acids consumption with the risk of venous thromboembolism. A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Front Nutr. 2020;7:614784. View abstract.

Zhou SJ, Yelland L, McPhee AJ, Quinlivan J, Gibson RA, Makrides M. Fish-oil supplementation in pregnancy does not reduce the risk of gestational diabetes or preeclampsia. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;95(6):1378-84. View abstract.

Zibaeenezhad MJ, Ghavipisheh M, Attar A, Aslani A. Comparison of the effect of omega-3 supplements and fresh fish on lipid profile: a randomized, open-labeled trial. Nutr Diabetes. 2017;7(12):1. View abstract.

CONDITIONS OF USE AND IMPORTANT INFORMATION: This information is meant to supplement, not replace advice from your doctor or healthcare provider and is not meant to cover all possible uses, precautions, interactions or adverse effects. This information may not fit your specific health circumstances. Never delay or disregard seeking professional medical advice from your doctor or other qualified health care provider because of something you have read on WebMD. You should always speak with your doctor or health care professional before you start, stop, or change any prescribed part of your health care plan or treatment and to determine what course of therapy is right for you.

This copyrighted material is provided by Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Consumer Version. Information from this source is evidence-based and objective, and without commercial influence. For professional medical information on natural medicines, see Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Professional Version. © Therapeutic Research Faculty 2018.

Conditions

Drugs & Supplements

Well-Being

More

VITAMINS & SUPPLEMENTS CENTER

DRUGS AND MEDICATIONS CENTER

FIRST AID RESOURCES

RELATED TO VITAMINS & SUPPLEMENTS

FISH OIL - Uses, Side Effects, and More

Overview

Uses & Effectiveness ?

Effective for

Possibly Effective for

Possibly Ineffective for

Likely InEffective for

Side Effects

Special Precautions and Warnings

Interactions ?

Moderate Interaction

Medications for high blood pressure (Antihypertensive drugs) interacts with FISH OIL

Birth control pills (Contraceptive drugs) interacts with FISH OIL

Orlistat (Xenical, Alli) interacts with FISH OIL

Cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune) interacts with FISH OIL

Sirolimus (Rapamune) interacts with FISH OIL

Tacrolimus (Prograf) interacts with FISH OIL

Minor Interaction

Medications that slow blood clotting (Anticoagulant / Antiplatelet drugs) interacts with FISH OIL

Warfarin (Coumadin) interacts with FISH OIL

Medications for cancer (Platinum agents) interacts with FISH OIL

Dosing