ANNATTO - Uses, Side Effects, and More

Ebo, D. G., Ingelbrecht, S., Bridts, C. H., and Stevens, W. J. Allergy for cheese: evidence for an IgE-mediated reaction from the natural dye annatto. Allergy 2009;64(10):1558-1560. View abstract.

Fernandes, A. C., Almeida, C. A., Albano, F., Laranja, G. A., Felzenszwalb, I., Lage, C. L., de Sa, C. C., Moura, A. S., and Kovary, K. Norbixin ingestion did not induce any detectable DNA breakage in liver and kidney but caused a considerable impairment in plasma glucose levels of rats and mice. J Nutr Biochem 2002;13(7):411-420. View abstract.

Galindo-Cuspinera, V., Westhoff, D. C., and Rankin, S. A. Antimicrobial properties of commercial annatto extracts against selected pathogenic, lactic acid, and spoilage microorganisms. J Food Prot. 2003;66(6):1074-1078. View abstract.

Hagiwara, A., Imai, N., Ichihara, T., Sano, M., Tamano, S., Aoki, H., Yasuhara, K., Koda, T., Nakamura, M., and Shirai, T. A thirteen-week oral toxicity study of annatto extract (norbixin), a natural food color extracted from the seed coat of annatto (Bixa orellana L.), in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2003;41(8):1157-1164. View abstract.

Levy, L. W., Regalado, E., Navarrete, S., and Watkins, R. H. Bixin and norbixin in human plasma: determination and study of the absorption of a single dose of Annatto food color. Analyst 1997;122(9):977-980. View abstract.

Morrison, E. Y., Thompson, H., Pascoe, K., West, M., and Fletcher, C. Extraction of an hyperglycaemic principle from the annatto (Bixa orellana), a medicinal plant in the West Indies. Trop.Geogr.Med 1991;43(1-2):184-188. View abstract.

Nish, W. A., Whisman, B. A., Goetz, D. W., and Ramirez, D. A. Anaphylaxis to annatto dye: a case report. Ann.Allergy 1991;66(2):129-131. View abstract.

Nunez, V., Otero, R., Barona, J., Saldarriaga, M., Osorio, R. G., Fonnegra, R., Jimenez, S. L., Diaz, A., and Quintana, J. C. Neutralization of the edema-forming, defibrinating and coagulant effects of Bothrops asper venom by extracts of plants used by healers in Colombia. Braz.J Med Biol Res 2004;37(7):969-977. View abstract.

Otero, R., Nunez, V., Barona, J., Fonnegra, R., Jimenez, S. L., Osorio, R. G., Saldarriaga, M., and Diaz, A. Snakebites and ethnobotany in the northwest region of Colombia. Part III: neutralization of the haemorrhagic effect of Bothrops atrox venom. J.Ethnopharmacol. 2000;73(1-2):233-241. View abstract.

Paumgartten, F. J., De Carvalho, R. R., Araujo, I. B., Pinto, F. M., Borges, O. O., Souza, C. A., and Kuriyama, S. N. Evaluation of the developmental toxicity of annatto in the rat. Food Chem Toxicol 2002;40(11):1595-1601. View abstract.

Rojas, J. J., Ochoa, V. J., Ocampo, S. A., and Munoz, J. F. Screening for antimicrobial activity of ten medicinal plants used in Colombian folkloric medicine: a possible alternative in the treatment of non-nosocomial infections. BMC.Complement Altern Med 2006;6:2. View abstract.

Russell, K. R., Morrison, E. Y., and Ragoobirsingh, D. The effect of annatto on insulin binding properties in the dog. Phytother Res 2005;19(5):433-436. View abstract.

Russell, K. R., Omoruyi, F. O., Pascoe, K. O., and Morrison, E. Y. Hypoglycaemic activity of Bixa orellana extract in the dog. Methods Find.Exp.Clin.Pharmacol. 2008;30(4):301-305. View abstract.

Shilpi, J. A., Taufiq-Ur-Rahman, M., Uddin, S. J., Alam, M. S., Sadhu, S. K., and Seidel, V. Preliminary pharmacological screening of Bixa orellana L. leaves. J Ethnopharmacol 11-24-2006;108(2):264-271. View abstract.

Zegarra, L., Vaisberg, A., Loza, C., Aguirre, R. L., Campos, M., Fernandez, I., Talla, O., and Villegas, L. Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study of Bixa orellana in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms associated to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Int.Braz.J.Urol. 2007;33(4):493-500. View abstract.

De Oliveira, A. C., Silva, I. B., Manhaes-Rocha, D. A., and Paumgartten, F. J. Induction of liver monooxygenases by annatto and bixin in female rats. Braz.J Med Biol Res 2003;36(1):113-118. View abstract.

Dominguez-Balmaseda D, Diez-Vega I, Larrosa M, et al. Effect of a blend of Zingiber officinale Roscoe and Bixa orellana L. herbal supplement on the recovery of delayed-onset muscle soreness induced by unaccustomed eccentric resistance training: A randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Front Physiol. 2020 Jul 21;11:826. View abstract.

Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21. Part 182 -- Substances Generally Recognized As Safe. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=182

Gonçalves MLL, da Mota ACC, Deana AM, et al. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with Bixa orellana extract and blue LED in the reduction of halitosis-A randomized, controlled clinical trial. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2020 Jun;30:101751. View abstract.

Koc E, Arca E, Surucu B, Kurumlu Z. An open, randomized, controlled, comparative study of the combined effect of intralesional triamcinolone acetonide and onion extract gel and intralesional triamcinolone acetonide alone in the treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids. Dermatol Surg 2008;34(11):1507-14. View abstract.

Raddatz-Mota D, Pérez-Flores LJ, Carrari F, et al. Achiote (Bixa orellana L.): a natural source of pigment and vitamin E. J Food Sci Technol 2017;54(6):1729-1741. View abstract.

Raintree tropical plant database, Amazon plants. www.rain-tree.com/plants.htm (Accessed 30 July 1999).

Rivera-Madrid R, Aguilar-Espinosa M, Cárdenas-Conejo Y, Garza-Caligaris LE. Carotenoid derivates in achiote (Bixa orellana) seeds: synthesis and health promoting properties. Front Plant Sci 2016;7:1406. View abstract.

Roehrs M, Conte L, da Silva DT, et al. Annatto carotenoids attenuate oxidative stress and inflammatory response after high-calorie meal in healthy subjects. Food Res Int. 2017;100(Pt 1):771-779. View abstract.

Stein HL. Annatto and IBS. J Clin Gastroenterol 2009;43(10):1014-5. View abstract.

Stohs SJ. Safety and efficacy of Bixa orellana (achiote, annatto) leaf extracts. Phytother Res 2014;28(7):956-60. View abstract.

Vilar Dde A, Vilar MS, de Lima e Moura TF, et al. Traditional uses, chemical constituents, and biological activities of Bixa orellana L.: a review. Scientific World Journal 2014;2014:857292. View abstract.